Math

#1MyBriefcase Flashdrive

Sheet 1 of 7

To Save Your Documents: Always back up your files!

#2Pareto Background

Worksheet 2 of 7

Pareto Principle

In 1906, Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto created a mathematical formula to describe the unequal distribution of wealth in his country, observing that twenty percent of the people owned eighty percent of the wealth. In the late 1940s, Dr. Joseph M. Juran inaccurately attributed the 80/20 Rule to Pareto, calling it Pareto's Principle. While it may be misnamed, Pareto's Principle or Pareto's Law as it is sometimes called, can be a very effective tool to help you manage effectively.

Where It Came From

After Pareto made his observation and created his formula, many others observed similar phenomena in their own areas of expertise. Quality Management pioneer, Dr. Joseph Juran, working in the US in the 1930s and 40s recognized a universal principle he called the "vital few and trivial many" and reduced it to writing. In an early work, a lack of precision on Juran's part made it appear that he was applying Pareto's observations about economics to a broader body of work. The name Pareto's Principle stuck, probably because it sounded better than Juran's Principle.

As a result, Dr. Juran's observation of the "vital few and trivial many", the principle that 20 percent of something always are responsible for 80 percent of the results, became known as Pareto's Principle or the 80/20 Rule.

What It Means

As a result, Dr. Juran's observation of the "vital few and trivial many", the principle that 20 percent of something always are responsible for 80 percent of the results, became known as Pareto's Principle or the 80/20 Rule.

You know 20 percent of your stock takes up 80 percent of your warehouse space and that 80 percent of your stock comes from 20 percent of your suppliers. Also 80 percent of your sales will come from 20 percent of your sales staff. 20 percent of your staff will cause 80 percent of your problems, but another 20 percent of your staff will provide 80 percent of your production. It works both ways.

How It Can Help You

The value of the Pareto Principle for a manager is that it reminds you to focus on the 20 percent that matters. Of the things you do during your day, only 20 percent really matter. Those 20 percent produce 80 percent of your results. Identify and focus on those things. When the fire drills of the day begin to sap your time, remind yourself of the 20 percent you need to focus on. If something in the schedule has to slip, if something isn't going to get done, make sure it's not part of that 20 percent.

Data Analysis Excel 2003

Sheet 2 of 7

Excel 2003 - Installing Data Analysis

Installing and Enabling Excel Add-Ins (Data Analysis)

Add-Ins are special programs that are designed to perform specific tasks in Excel. While Excel includes several add-ins, we will focus only on one, Data Analysis.

Data Analysis is included with all recent versions of Excel. However, if you choose to install Excel using the default options, Data Analysis has been installed during the installation process.

Even after this add-in has been installed, it needs to be enabled (or switched on) in order for it to be available in Excel. To check if this add-in has been enabled, start Excel and click Tools. If you see Data Analysis as a menu options, then the add-in has been enabled on that PC. However, if you do not see it as an add-in, then click Tools\Add-Ins.

To enable Data Analysis, make sure the boxes next to Analysis ToolPak and Analysis ToolPak-VBA are both checked. From here onward, this add-in will be available each time you start Excel on that PC. To access the add-in, simply click Tools and select the appropriate choice in the menu.

#3Illustration

Worksheet 3 of 7		Note: Sheet 1 includes directions for Excel 2007.
Illustration
Table 1 - Raw Data
Failure Categories or $ Spent Frivolously	Defect #1	Defect #2	…	Defect # 7	Total
Day #1
Day #2
…
Day 14
Total
Note: If privacy is a concern, please label them as Items #1, #2, etc.
Note: Steps are directional for Apples and Excel 2007. Sheet 3 gives steps for Excel 2007
Note: Feel free to start on any day of the week.
Table 2 - Summary Data
Failure Categories (or $ spent Frivolously)	Frequency or $*	Relative Frequency	Cumulative Frequency	Relative Cumulative Frequency
Baggage Delay	23	0.46	23	0.46		e.g., Relative Frequency = 23/50 = .46, etc.
Poor Cabin Service	14	0.28	37	0.74		e.g., Cumulative Frequency = 23+14 = 37, etc.
Missed Connection	7	0.14	44	0.88		e.g., Relative Cumulative Frequency = .46+.28+.14 = .88, etc.
Lost Baggage	4	0.08	48	0.96		grav (`) control
Ticketing Error	2	0.04	50	1.00
Total	50	1.00
	* Remember to sort high to low
	** Your study should have 7 categories.
Table 3 - Input Data to Excel
Failure Categories (or $ spent Frivolously)	Frequency or $	Relative Cumulative Frequency
Baggage Delay	23	0.46
Poor Cabin Service	14	0.74
Missed Connection	7	0.88
Lost Baggage	4	0.96
Ticketing Error	2	1.00
** Note that Table label and Total are excluded.
Note that the first 2 categories have RCF closest to .80.
Pareto Chart
Note: To continue with the assignment, please continue to Page 2, Project Description.
Pareto Statement:	Based on the 80/20 rule, ~ 80% of the defects are represented by 2 of the 5 categories. Note: There will be 7 defect categories in your study. The study results will indicate the number of categories out of 7 that represent approximately 80% of your defects.
Note 1:	In the real world, there are time and cost impacts. Category #1 is not necessarily worked first.
	In a related analysis, categories may be weighted by their value and then re-analyzed.
Note 2:	For this study, you data may be more uniformly distributed,
	With only 7/14 days, your data may not fit the Pareto; that is OK for this assignment.

#3Illustration

#4Project Description

Worksheet 4 of 7

Note: Please feel free to share your preliminary results with the professor up to within 3 days of the due date.

Please bring a paper copy to class and upload a copy to Sakai at least one half hour before class starts.

Note: All work is independent.

There are two options for this project. Only one of the options needs to be done.

1. Personal or Work-Related TQM (Total Quality Management) Checklist (Unit tracked = number of defects)

2. Out of Pocket Expense (Discretionary) Analysis (Unit tracked = $)

1. TQM Personal Checklist: Unit Tracked = number of defects

Choose one of the following scenarios: (A) Create your own personal checklist, containing your top 7 defects (opportunities for improvement). (B) Choose a theme (Time Management, Healthy Living, etc.). These must be from a process that you do at least once a day and be phrased as "Failure to ...". (C) Track defects from work (i.e., meet goals of responding to calls, e-mails, co-workers, etc.)

Monitor yourself for 2 weeks (or 14 weekdays), keeping track, day-by-day, of the number of times you are defective for each of your defect categories. A defect is defined as a "failure to" and would score = 1. A success would be = 0. For example, failure to get up on time, failure to exercise, etc. On worksheet Page 1-Illustration, Table 1 shows the data collection format. For Winter/Summer Session, 1 week is sufficient. Use the Rubric to avoid losing points.

2. Out of Pocket Expense Analysis: Unit Tracked = $

From the list below*, choose 7 expense categories that best reflect you. For two weeks minimum, track your expenses (dollars) daily by at least 7 categories of your choice. Please see the data collection table below. Only one week is needed for Winter or Summer Session. Please use the Rubric to avoid losing points.

Note: These seven GREEN total value son the table below are the starting point for the Pareto project. Please remember to sort the data as input to Excel.

(A) Analyze expense categories via Excel and Pareto Analysis. A rubric provides guidance on the project.

Provide a Pareto Statement (The number of categories needed to reach approximately .80.)

(B) Discuss ways that you can reduce your expenses.

* Choose any 7 expense categories (and feel free to augment with others):

Note: Gas should not be included if you need it to get to class.

Note: Obligations such as mortgages, rent, utilities, etc. should not be included.

CDs

Clothes

Coffee

Films

Gambling

Hair products

Hobby 1, etc.

Jewelry

Liquor

Movies

Music downloads

Personal care products

Restaurants

Shoes

Snacks

Take out

Toiletries

Tobacco

Vending Machines

Video games

Others - Please specify.

Do not use gas.

#5Detailed Steps

Worksheet 5 of 7
Directions for Excel 2007 and 2010
Error Category	Frequency	Rel. Cum. Freq.
Baggage Delay	23	0.46
Poor Cabin Service	14	0.74
Missed Connection	7	0.88
Lost Baggage	4	0.96
Ticketing Error	2	1.00
Steps:	Set up Landscape Layout.
Step 1:	Select all data in above table. Include labels and titles
Step 2:	From <INSERT> ribbon, insert a line chart with markers
Step 3:	Right click on "Relative Cumulative Frequency" line on chart
Step 4:	<Format Data Series> In "Series" options, select "Secondary Axis"
Step 5:	Right click on "Frequency" line on chart
Step 6:	<Change Series Chart Type> to Column
Step 7:	For labeling the title, x and y axes: Highlight Chart; then click on <DESIGN>
Step 8:	Under "Chart Layouts", you are given the option for labels on the axes and the title for the chart.
Step 9:	In <Chart Tools> <Design> SAVE the Pareto template to use again!
Step 10:	Always backup your data. See steps on adding a briefcase on MyRutgers account.
Directions for Excel 2003	Columns A, B, and C of Table 3 are the input data set, sorted high to low.
	To produce a Pareto analysis, select the three columns of Table 3 (i.e., Error Category, Frequency and Relative Cumulative Frequency). Do not select the column headings.
	Click on Chart Wizard (bar chart icon).
	Step 1 of 4 - Choose Custom Types
	Cursor down until you see "Line-Columns on 2 Axes"
	Click on Next
	Step 2 of 4 - Click on Next
	Step 3 of 4 - Label the title ("Your Name's" Pareto Chart)
	Label the X axis (Problem Types)
	Label the first Y axis (Frequency)
	Label the second Y axis (Decimal)
	Step 4 of 4 - Choose the option to place the chart as an object with the raw data
	Save with a filename ("Your Name's" Pareto Chart)
	Via Page Setup, select Landscape or Portrait view; insure that no material runs onto another page.
	Always backup your data. See steps on adding a briefcase on MyRutgers account.
MAC
Steps for the MAC are posted Folder #3 Assignment Related Documents under Resources on Sakai.
SQC	Any software can be used.

#5Detailed Steps

Baggage Delay	Baggage Delay
Poor Cabin Service	Poor Cabin Service
Missed Connection	Missed Connection
Lost Baggage	Lost Baggage
Ticketing Error	Ticketing Error

#6Rubric

Worksheet 6 of 7
Rubric			Course Number:	Last (Family) Name:
Directions: Staple the rubric as Page 1 of the paper document. On-Line version is to be posted on Sakai at least 0.5 hour before class starts. Paper version is to be submitted at the start of the class's deadline.			Course Section:	First (Given) Name:
100 Points Maximum				Total Points Earned:
				Total Points Lost:
	0 Points	2 Points	4 Points	Item	Points Lost
1	Either excludes totals or includes 1 total	Includes only two totals	Includes row, column and grand totals	Table 1
2	Does not sort frequencies high to low	X	Sorts frequencies high to low	Tables 2 and 3: Appropriate data sorted high to low.
3	No averages are provided.	Only the row or the column average is provided.	Row and column averages provided.	Averages are calculated.
4	Incorrect	X	Correct	Tables 2: Totals must be the same: either .99, 1.00 or 1.01
5	Incorrect	X	Correct	All 3 tables are provided and are in order. (Tables 1, 2, and 3)
6	2+ tables with column width issues	1 table with a column width issue	X	All tables have sufficient Column Widths.
7	2+ tables with row height issues	1 table with a row height issue	X	All tables have sufficient Row Heights.
8	2+ columns with non-centered data	1 column with uncentered data	X	For all tables: Column headings are centered over columns.
9	2+ columns with unequal decimal places	1 column with unequal decimal places	x	For all tables: Insure an equal number of decimal places within a column.
10	Included fewer than 7 categories	Includes 7 categories	Included 7 categories	7 Categories are required.
11	Incorrect	X	Correct	Print Preview: No tables split between pages
	0 Points	2 Points	4 Points	Item	Points Lost
12	Excludes more than 1 label	Excludes 1 label	Includes title, labels for all axes and for defect categories	Pareto Chart: Includes title, labels for all axes and for defect categories (Title = Pareto Chart of Your Name)
13	3+ errors	2 errors	1 error	Overlapping Defect Category Labels and/or Legend overlapping Chart
14	Incorrect	X	Correct	Descending Bars, with No Total Plotted
15	Incorrect	X	Correct	Relative Cumulative Frequency Line Curve Ends at 1, with the legend included.
16	Incorrect	X	Correct	Relative Cumulative Frequency Line progressively increases.
17	Incorrect	X	Correct	The Number of Series = 2.
18	Incorrect	X	Correct	Print Preview: Chart not split between pages.
19	Excluded Observations	Included 1 observation	Included 2 observations	Post 2 Observations: 1 about What You Saw/Learned about Yourself during the Process and 1 on how you would reduce your defects/spending (1 paragraph each.)
	0 Points	1 Point	2 Points	Other	Points Lost
19	Incorrect	X	Correct	Includes copy of Rubric, stapled as Page 1 of paper submission.
20	Incorrect	X	Correct	No Handwritten Material/Extraneous Materials (except name and class number)
21	> 4 Spelling Errors	1-3 Spelling Errors	No Spelling Errors	Spell Check
22	> 4 Punctuation Errors	1-3 No Punctuation Errors	No Punctuation Errors	Punctuation Errors
	0 Points	4 Points	8 Points	Pareto Statement (place below Pareto Chart)	Points Lost
23	Missing	Incorrect / inaccurate	Correct	Included Pareto Statement "x of the 7 defect categories reflect approximately 80% of the defects."
	0 Points	< ========== >	8 Points	Miscellaneous	Points Lost
24	TBD	TBD	TBD	Miscellaneous: Proof Reading, Grammar, Grids, etc.
	Penalty: 10% for every class that the project is late.

#7Project Submission

Worksheet 7 of 7		Note: Please check the Rubric to avoid losing points.
		Note: More than 1 page can be used for the submission.
Last (Family) Name:			First (Given) Name:
Note: Option 1 is tracking the occurrence (frequency) of the failures; Option 2 is tracking $.
				Data Collection Table 1					Averages
Date	Estimated Dollars ($) Spent
	#1	#2	#3	#4	#5	#6	#7
	Category 1	Category 2	Category 3	Category 4	Category 5	Category 6	Category 7	Total
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Day 4
Day 5
Day 6
Day 7
Day 8
Day 9
Day 10
Day 11
Day 12
Day 13
Day 14
Total
Averages
	Note: Only 7 days is needed for Winter/Summer Sessions.
Table 2 - Summary Data
Failure Categories (or $ spent Frivolously)	Frequency or $*	Relative Frequency	Cumulative Frequency	Relative Cumulative Frequency
Total
Notes:	* Remember to sort high to low
	The Total in Table 1 should equal the Total in Table 2.
	If Table 1 has dollars, then Tables 2 and 3 should have dollars. If Table 1 has counts, then Tables 2 and 3 should have counts.
	** Your study should have 7 categories.
Table 3 - Input Data to Excel
Failure Categories (or $ spent Frivolously)	Frequency or $	Relative Cumulative Frequency
Pareto Statement:
Observation 1:
Observation 2:
Observations should be different from the Pareto Statement.
Please use the rubric as a checklist to avoid losing points.
Pareto Chart Here:

Sheet 7

Sheet 8

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A Step by Step Procedure to Add a Briefcase to a my.rutgers.edu site

In order to save documents that are accessible from any computer, please consider using the Briefcase option in

my.rutgers.edu

1 -Log into my.rutgers.edu

2- Click on the tab where you want the briefcase located.

3- From the tab, look all the way to the far right, in grey, where it says more options; Click this tab.

4- A screen that is a map of each tab comes up; Be sure to click the tab where you want the briefcase located

again; Look at the map and decide where you want the briefcase. Then click the "add channel" button above the

location you want the briefcase.

5 - In the next screen, there will be a #1 and a drop down menu; Select web tools and press "go".

6 – A #2 will be added, with some choices; Click on the briefcase name and press #3; Then add channel below it in

that screen.

7 – The briefcase has been added. If you look at the location you chose, then you will see an actual briefcase that

you can open. Test it out by clicking it to open. At this point, you can either create a folder for a subject or directly

upload a document from your hard drive, flashdrive, etc. and then upload to briefcase. It will now be accessible on

any computer.

Note: At the more options site, you can rearrange the

components of your Rutgers' site around to customize your site.