History Civ I homework help

Direct Results

of the Crusading Era

Results of the Crusades

• Failures – Jerusalem was in Moslem hands

– Christian pilgrims became fewer and more fearful than ever

– The Moslem powers, once tolerant of religious diversity, had been made intolerant by attack

– The effort of the popes to bring peace and unity to Europe had been thwarted by nationalistic ambitions, avarice, and internal dissension

– The influence of the Catholic Church and the position of the pope declined and the schism between the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Church widened

Results of the Crusades

• Failures – Moslem civilization had been victorious over Christian

civilization

– Indigenous eastern Christians were caught in the middle between Crusaders and Moslems, and many who were outraged by the excesses of the Crusaders or who wanted to avoid persecution by Moslem leaders who saw them as collaborators with the Crusaders converted to Islam

• In fact, the Crusades ironically proved instrumental in making the eastern Mediterranean predominantly Moslem

Results of the Crusades

• Successes

– Serfs had used the Crusades to leave their lands and many found new opportunities

– The Turkish capture of Constantinople was delayed until 1453

– The Moslems, even though victorious, had themselves been weakened, and fell more easily when the Mongols attacked

• Remember from Lesson 21

– Trade and exploration were enhanced

Trade

• Italian traders obviously benefited from supplying the Crusades while they were going on, but they also saw an opportunity to expand their market by establishing direct trade with the Moslem world

• The lucrative trade provided great profit to the Italian city- states and ultimately provided the economic basis for the Italian Renaissance we’ll discuss in Lesson 24

Lorenzo de Medici was part of a

family that ruled Florence and

served as bankers for the

Crusades and patrons of the

Renaissance

Trade

• The most important trade

item were spices

– Other items included

cotton, linen, dates, coral,

pearls, porcelain, silk, and

metal goods

• Damascus was a key

center for industry and

commerce and a stopping

point for pilgrims on their

way to Mecca

Egyptian scarf or garment

fragment ca 1395

Trade

• European Christians also became exposed to new ideas as they traveled throughout the Mediterranean basin

– The works of Aristotle

– Islamic science and astronomy

– “Arabic” numerals which the Moslems had borrowed from India

– Techniques for paper production which the Moslems had learned from China

• While the Crusades may have largely failed as military adventures, they helped encourage the reintegration of western Europe into the larger economy of the western hemisphere

Extended Results of the

Crusades in Europe

EXTENDED RESULTS OF

THE CRUSADES

1. ECONOMIC GROWTH

– As the Europeans gained knowledge of the

East they desired items such as spices, luxury

goods, sugar, citrus fruits, cotton cloth,

carpets, paper, glassware and precious

stones.

2. TECHNOLOGY

– Technology such as gunpowder, and new

navigation and sailing methods were

introduced to the Europeans.

3. CULTURAL DIFFUSION

– New ideas were exchanged as Europeans

saw in the East a prosperity with which

they were not familiar, such as great cities,

active trade and industry, and

achievements in the arts and sciences.

Many of these discoveries were brought

back to Europe.

Arabic numbers…

1,2,3,4…

Chemistry / Algebra

4. A RISING MIDDLE CLASS

– Throughout Europe trade increased,

money increasingly replaced bartering,

urban populations grew, and a new social

class arose (the middle class). This class

was composed of merchants, bankers, and

professionals. This class would play an

integral role in the future of western

Europe.

5. INCREASED POWER TO KINGS

(… at least until the Magna Carta)

– As the nobles sold off their lands to kings

to pay for their journeys to the Holy Land,

the monarchs gained more power.

Merchants that favored the stability of a

monarch favored the monarchy over the

power of nobles.

6. THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH GAINED

MORE POWER

– The Crusades provided political power and

wealth to the Catholic Church. The church

was able to have a great influence over

monarchs and the people of Europe.

7. THE STATUS OF WOMEN

IMPROVED

– As they managed the family property while

male members were off at war, women

gained respect and knowledge in running

the estates of Europe. Many women joined

their husbands on the Crusade as well.

8. ITALIAN CITY-STATES FLOURISHED

– Italian city-states such as Venice flourished

and became wealthy selling supplies and

providing ships to transport the crusaders

to the Holy Land.

What did Europe gain from

contact with the Muslim

East? *New Farming ideas and animals:

Windmills, mules, donkeys, Arab horses

*New good from the East:

Cotton, Oil, spices, perfumes, figs, plums, melons

*Knowledge:

decimals, geometry, algebra, medicine, biology, astronomy, military science

Crusading in Western Europe

Results of the Reconquista

The Reconquista of Spain

• The Christians did have better success wresting Sicily and Spain from the Moslems in actions separate from the Crusades

• Sicily was regained relatively easily – Moslems had conquered it in

the 9th Century but in the 1090, after about 20 years of fighting, Norman warriors returned it to Christian hands

• Spain would be a bit more of a challenge

The Reconquista of Spain

• Moslems invaded the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th Century and ruled all but small Christian states such as Catalonia

• In the 1060s Christians began attacking outward from these toeholds

The Reconquista of Spain

• By 1150 Christians had recaptured Lisbon and controlled over half the peninsula

• These successes lured reinforcements from England and France and a new round of campaigning in the 13th Century brought all but Granada into Christian hands

• In 1492, Christian forces conquered Granada and the Reconquista was complete

Immediate Impact of the

Reconquista • After the successful

Reconquista, the devoutly Christian rulers of Spain and Portugal were eager to dominate the Islamic states in North Africa and to convert non-Christians

• The desire to spread Christianity would be one of the motives for the European explorations we’ll discuss in Lesson 25

1492 was the year of both the

completion of the Reconquista and

Columbus’ voyage to the New

World

Results of the Crusades I.F. Turks Traveled they would Trade

• I = Improvements – Ships, Maps, Explorers

• F = Feudalism declines because Feudal lords die or spend too much money on military.

• T = Turks still rule the Holy Land

• T = Travel – Europeans want to travel more

• T = Trade – Europeans want product from the East such as sugar, cotton, silk, spices, etc.

World Impact of the Crusader Era in

Europe

THE AGE OF EXPLORATION