women's health

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womenshealth.docx

Chapter3.pptx

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womenshealth.docx

Part A

Women's Health Reflection Paper

For this reflection paper, you are going to explore your own thoughts/feelings about women's health and what that entails. Write a 2–3-page, double-spaced reflection paper to answer following prompts:

· Who is included and excluded when we talk about women’s health? (6 pts)

· How should we define the category of women when thinking about health? (8 pts)

· Has your opinion changed after reading the textbook and participating in this course? Why or why not? If so, how? (3 pts)

Part B

Think about when and where throughout your life that you have received messages about what constitutes a “good” pregnancy or the “right way” to get pregnant. Some places to consider are school, religion, family, friends, healthcare providers, your own research, the internet, family planning organizations, social media, etc.

For your initial post:

· What have you heard constitutes a "good" pregnancy or the "right way" to get pregnant?

· Name at least 2 sources that have conveyed these messages to you.

· Do you agree or disagree with what you have heard?

· What has influenced your opinions the most?

· Use at least 10 complete sentences.

Chapter3.pptx

CHAPTER 3

Families and Health

The Historical Evolution of Families in the U.S.

Pre-Industrialization: the nuclear structure (i.e., husband-father, wife-mother, and children) was the most prevalent family system

Post-Industrialization: reduced accessibility to extended familial relationships further elevated the role of the nuclear family in society

The past 50 years: the definition of family has evolved to include the diversity of familial composition including:

Transactional, transitional, and situational families

Blended families

LGBTQ+ Families

Changes in American Family Composition

By the end of World War II, the makeup of American families was defined through the close kinship ties shared in communities of proximate multigenerational families.

Over the past 50 years, trends in family units have changed with a reduction in two-parent households and an increase in one-parent mother-led family households.

More than 25% of American children grow up without a father in the household.

5% of children live with their grandparents who are primary caregivers.

Family Composition by Race and Ethnicity

While the number of two-parent family groups has declined, in 2018 most children younger than 18 lived with married parents.

Father-child and mother-child family groups have increased.

Historic and structural racism have contributed to low marriage rates among Black Americans resulting in large numbers of single mother-led households. The rate of Black father engagement with their children is the same as the rate of White father engagement with their children.

Family Composition, Immigrants, and Refugees

The percentage of children younger than 18 years who had at least one foreign-born parent has grown from 15% in 1994 to 26% in 2018, reflecting the changing ethnic composition of American families

Stringent U.S. immigration policies, including the separation of children from parents, have detrimental psychological and physical health impacts on children and parents alike.

Marriage

Social advancements have empowered women to delay or not pursue marriage to begin a family.

The median age at first marriage has increased across all racial and ethnic groups.

U.S. Census Bureau, Decennial Censuses, 1890 to 1940, and Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1947 to 2019. Note: Starting in 2019, estimates for marriages now include same-sex married couples.

Extended Families, Cohabitating Parents, and Fathers

There are an increasing number of extended families and children living in cohabitating family households.

The growing number of children living with extended and cohabitating parents can be attributed to a decrease in marriage and an increase in births outside of marriage

An increasing percentage of American fathers are becoming custodial parents.

Changes in Family Median Income

Although median household income has increased since 2000, disparities exist by gender, race, and ethnicity.

In 2018, married-couple households had the highest median income, followed by single male households, and then single women households.

2018–2019: Black and Hispanic households had the lowest median household incomes due to historic and structural racism’s influence on access to vital resources.

Pew Research Center analysis of the Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements (IPUMS). "Most Americans Say There is Too Much Economic Inequality in the U.S., but Fewer Than Half Call It a Top Priority." https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2020/01/09/trends-in-income-and-wealth-inequality/psdt_01-10-20_economic-inequality_1-0/

Influence on Family Health: Parents in the Workforce

47% of women are in the U.S. labor force, with participation varying by race and ethnicity.

Women’s participation in the workforce is mediated by their educational attainment, marital status, and parental status.

Familial economic efforts are often supported by mothers who engage in non-paid labor including childbearing, childcare, household labor, elderly care, and volunteer work.

In 72.8% of married-couple families, both parents worked outside the home. In those which did not, a majority of stay-at-home parents were White non-Hispanic mothers.

Influence on Family Health: Childcare

In 2016, almost 70% of the 24 million children younger than 5 years not yet enrolled in kindergarten were regularly in some form of nonparental care.

Although varying by race and ethnicity, a majority of parents across all groups had their children in nonparental care.

The cost of childcare is significant and continues to grow, and the demand for federally provided resources to alleviate this burden exceeds the support available.

Poverty and Family Health

In 2018, over 38 million Americans lived in poverty.

Nearly 1 in 6 children in the U.S. lived in poverty in 2018.

Due to historic and structural racism, nearly 73% of poor children are of color.

Growing up in poverty has lifetime implications for educational attainment and future earnings.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2020). HHS Poverty Guidelines for 2020.

Race, Ethnicity, Immigration, and Poverty

In 2019, the U.S. poverty rate decreased to 10.5%, yet Black, Hispanic, and Native American people suffer the burden of income inequality more than White and Asian people.

U.S. refugee and immigrant children made up the 32% of all low-income families due to a lack of immigration documentation and unstable jobs, which limit access to government support programs

Rates of poverty are unequally distributed across U.S. regions, with southern states and rural communities experiencing a greater burden compared to northern states and urban communities.

Poverty and Family Well-Being

There are many health impacts that families living in poverty experience, including:

Low birth weight and infant mortality

Chronic illness

Stress-related illnesses

Poverty also makes families vulnerable to:

Abuse and neglect of children

Food and housing insecurity

Structural Patriarchy and Racism

Patriarchy is a system of oppression that advantages people who identify as male.

Structural racism has restricted access to resources such as health care, safe housing, education, and wealth, thereby impacting the life and wellbeing of people of color.

Both patriarchy and structural racism are responsible for policies that have influenced family composition and function, including public housing, incarceration, access to reproductive care, and immigration policies

Policies, Community Context, and Family Health

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) was developed for the purpose of expanding access to health insurance for more than 27 million Americans.

Poor families have particularly benefited from the ACA because of increased health care access; affordability; and use of preventive, outpatient, and inpatient services

Conclusion

Increasing proportion of women participating in the labor force has increased need for childcare.

Changes in family structure and in the economic system are weakening supports for families.

Patriarchy and structural racism have heavily influenced policies that limit access to resources important for American families.

The ACA has increased access to health care for middle- and low-income families.

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