week 3

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Week3.docx

Book: Clinical Mental Health Counseling in Community, 5e

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Part 1: Week 3: Chapter 6

1A. After reading chapter 6, what are your thoughts about biopsychosocial model, spirituality, wellness and prevention in counseling? Discuss how you can integrate these different approaches into your counseling.

2A. Respond to two students: (50-65 words)

Student 1: R.N.

The biopsychosocial model emphasizes that health is shaped by the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors. Chapter 6 also notes that spirituality is often overlooked in this model, even though mind–body–spirit connections have been recognized for centuries. The wellness model focuses on strengths, asking what is working and how to build on it, with the goal of improving overall quality of life rather than just treating symptoms. Prevention is highlighted as a core part of counseling, emphasizing early support, strengths, and healthy development to reduce future problems.

To integrate these approaches, I would use a client-centered framework that builds resilience, promotes healthy lifestyle habits, and incorporates meaning-making alongside symptom reduction. This allows me to address the whole person mind, body, relationships, and, when appropriate, spirituality while supporting both wellness and prevention.

Student 2: M.P.

What are your thoughts about biopsychosocial model, spirituality, wellness and prevention in counseling?

The biopsychosocial model is a holistic framework that dictates health and illness are determined by the complex interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors.

Spirituality, the biopsychosocial modes do not focus on the spiritual component of mental health counseling. However, for hundreds of years, theologians, philosophers, physicians, and, more recently, mental health professionals have recognized the interrelationship of the mind, body, and spirit (Keyers, 2007).

Wellness, the wellness model asks, “What is working and how do we build upon it?” The wellness model in counseling is a holistic, strength-based framework that focuses on optimizing a client’s overall quality of life rather than jus treating symptoms or illnesses.

Prevention, one of the defining characteristics of the counseling profession is its emphasis on preventing mental health problems by building on strengths and developing resources that facilitate healthy development.

Discuss how you can integrate these different approaches into your counseling.

This requires a client-centered approach. This approach emphasizes building resilience, promoting healthy lifestyle habits, and addressing existential meaning alongside traditional symptom reduction.

Part 2: Week 3: Chapter 7

1B. After reading chapter 7, what are the important roles of outcome evaluation and program evaluation in counseling? Discuss the importance from the perspectives of consultation and advocacy.

2B. Respond to two students: (50-65 words)

Student 1: M.P.

What are the important roles of outcome evaluation and program evaluation in counseling? Discuss the importance from the perspectives of consultation and advocacy.

In counseling outcome evaluation measures the direct impact of therapy on clients (symptom reduction). Outcome evaluation is focused on the “what”: Did the counseling intervention achieve the intended changes for the client? Program evaluation assesses the broader operational success of a clinic, school, or organization (efficiency, staff training). Program evaluation is focused on the “how” and “why”. How well are the systemic operations meeting the needs of the targeted population? Together they ensure ethnic practice, drive continuous improvement, and justify funding. Both are essential for delivering high-quality, impactful, and sustainable mental health services.

Student 2: R.N.

Outcome evaluation and program evaluation play different but equally important roles in counseling. Outcome evaluation measures whether counseling actually helped the client whether symptoms decreased or meaningful change occurred. Program evaluation looks at how well the overall counseling program or organization is functioning, including efficiency, staff training, and whether services meet the needs of the population served. Together, they support ethical practice, continuous improvement, and justification for funding.

From a consultation perspective, these evaluations provide the data needed to make informed recommendations about interventions and organizational functioning. From an advocacy perspective, they help counselors demonstrate effectiveness, secure resources, and support clients and communities by showing that services are impactful and necessary.

Ch06_ECED6240.pptx

Clinical Mental Health Counseling in Community and Agency Settings

Fifth Edition

Chapter 6

Holistic Approaches to Clinical Mental Health Counseling

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Learning Objectives

6.1 Describe the biopsychosocial model, its components, and ways it can be used in counseling

6.2 Understand ways spirituality can be infused into the counseling process

6.3 Recognize the benefits of mindfulness

6.4 Understand wellness-based counseling and wellness models used in counseling

6.5 Discuss the importance of prevention and ways to design a stress management program

Slide 2 is list of textbook LO numbers and statements

Biopsychosocial Model

An approach to medicine and mental health that focuses on the multiple, interrelated ways biology, psychology, and social/cultural factors are conducive or detrimental to health and well-being

Proposed in 1977 by George Engel, a cardiologist, who viewed the prevailing biomedical model as narrow, reductionist, and linear

C A C R E P standards (2016) emphasize the importance of the B P S model to the work of clinical mental health counselors

Biological Components

Include physical, biochemical, and genetic factors that influence mental health (Kaplan & Coogan, 2005)

C A C R E P (2016) standards include knowledge of neurological factors and foundations in standards specific to human development, clinical mental health counseling, and addiction counseling (Miller & Barrio Minton, 2016)

A few of the more pertinent biological factors that affect mental health include neurotransmitters, the limbic system, and biogenetics

Neurotransmitters

Chemicals in the brain that account for the transmission of signals from one neuron to the next across synapses

Produced by glands, such as the pituitary and the adrenal glands

Messenger molecules, released from one neuron to another neuron

They either excite or inhibit the message being sent by the brain across neurons

Several neurotransmitters identified and known to affect mental health:

Acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and gamma-amino butyric acid

Effect of Neurotransmitters

Dopamine

Linked to an increase in hyperactivity and irritability

Norepinephrine

Modulates other transmitters and shares some similarities with dopamine

Serotonin

An inhibitory neurotransmitter that is closely associated with emotion and mood

Too little serotonin can lead to depression, problems with anger control, obsessive-compulsive disorder, other emotional disorders, and suicide

Limbic System

Located on both sides and underneath the thalamus, just under the cerebrum. Includes the hypothalamus, the hippocampus, the amygdala, and several other nearby areas

Primarily responsible for our emotional life, and has a lot to do with the formation of memories (Boeree, 2002)

Genetics (1 of 2)

Many psychiatric conditions have a genetic component that puts individuals at a higher risk for developing certain disorder, such as

Autism disorders

Anxiety disorders

Bipolar disorder

Parkinson’s disease

Schizophrenia

A D H D

Genetics (2 of 2)

Tourette’s syndrome

Alcoholism

In many cases the specific genes related to the disorders are not yet known

Environmental factors are believed to “activate” the genes in some conditions

Psychological Components

Patterns of thinking

Coping skills

Judgment

Perceptions

Emotional intelligence

General temperament

Personality characteristics

Psychological components can influence biological components and vice versa

Social Components

Family relationships

Support systems

Work relationships

Broader cultural environment that intersects one’s personal and cultural identity

Values and beliefs

Environmental conditions

Lifestyle factors

Sociopolitical conditions

Reproductive challenges

BATHE

Background (examines biological, psychological, and social factors that affect a client’s situation)

Affect (attempts to understand a client’s emotional state)

Trouble (explores presenting problem and additional factors)

Handling (Assesses client’s coping style and support systems)

Empathy (Seeks to covey the message that under the circumstances, the client’s response is understandable)

Spirituality

Majority of Americans value spirituality and religion (Cashwell & Young, 2011; Gold, 2010)

In counseling field, there is a long tradition of including spirituality as an important dimension of human life (e.g., Viktor Frankl, Abraham Maslow, Alfred Adler, Rollo May, Carl Jung)

However, spirituality and religion have not always been embraced by mental health professions

During the past two decades, mental health counseling has given increased attention to spirituality (Cashwell et al., 2007)

ASERVIC Definition of Spirituality

[Spirituality is a] capacity and tendency that is innate and unique to all persons. The spiritual tendency moves the individual toward knowledge, love, meaning, peace, hope, transcendence, connectedness, compassion, wellness, and wholeness. Spirituality includes one’s capacity for creativity, growth, and the development of a value system (Summit Results, 1995, p. 30)

Religion

Religion is a social or organized means by which a person expresses spirituality (Burke et al., 2005; Young et al., 2007)

Religiosity often conceptualized as having more organizational and behavioral components, where as spirituality is considered to be oriented toward personal experiences that may be transcendent in nature (Jackson & Bergeman, 2011)

Mindfulness

Unique approach to mental health that consists in helping clients pay attention to the here and now, in a nonjudgmental manner (Kabat-Zinn, 2005)

Core building blocks of mindfulness:

Intention (practicing mindfulness purposefully)

Attention (paying attention to what is going on at the moment; focusing)

Attitude (observing what is going on in a nonjudgmental manner (Shapiro et al., 2006)

Involves being aware of experiences without filters or distortions, thereby allowing people to avoid being critical of themselves and others

Wellness

Myers, Sweeney, and Witmer (2000) defined wellness as

a way of life oriented toward optimal health and well-being in which body, mind, and spirit are integrated by the individual to live life more fully within the human and natural community. Ideally, it is the optimum state of health and well-being that each individual is capable of achieving (p. 252)

A holistic approach to counseling, which addresses biological, psychological, social, and spiritual components, includes wellness

Wellness-based counseling is salutogenic (i.e., health enhancing)

Models of Counseling-Based Wellness

Wheel of Wellness (Myers, Sweeney, & Witmer, 2000)

Rooted in Individual Psychology

Five major life tasks: spirituality, self-direction, work and leisure, friendship, and love

Spirituality, at the center of the wheel, is considered the most important component of well-being

Indivisible Self model (I S-Wel model)

Primary factor - global wellness

Secondary-order factors -creative, coping, social, essential, and physical self

Tertiary factors -17 third-order factors

Contexts -local, institutional, global, and chronometrical

Ways to Use the Indivisible Self Model in Counseling

Introduction of the Wellness Model

Assessment of the Wellness Components

Development of a Personal Wellness Plan

Evaluation and Follow-Up

Prevention

Three types of prevention (Caplan, 1964)

Primary Prevention

Occurs “before the fact” and refers to prevention efforts that attempt to reduce the number of new occurrences of a disorder

Secondary Prevention

Targeted toward people at risk of developing a mental health problem or who are exhibiting early symptoms of a disorder

Tertiary Prevention

Aimed at reducing the debilitating effects of an existing disorder

Treatment, remediation, or reactive intervention

Prevention Models

Configural Equation (Bloom, 1996)

Increasing individual strengths and decreasing individual limitations

Increasing social supports and decreasing social stresses

Enhancing environmental resources

Incidence Formula (Albee & Gullotta, 1997)

Bolstering people’s coping skills, self esteem, and support systems

Recognizing personal power and powerlessness (Lewis et al., 2003)

Stress Management

Components of a stress management program:

Education about the causes and consequences of stress

Training in methods to reduce psychological and physical arousal

General problem-solving and decision-making skills

General cognitive skills

Physical ways of coping with stress

Time management

Skills for increasing self-control and self-esteem

Social skills (McNamara, 2000)

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Ch07_ECED6240.pptx

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