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Chapter12.pdf

Chapter 12

Racism, Ethnocentrism, and Strategies for Advancing Social

and Economic Justice

Charles Zastrow | Sarah L. Hessenauer, Introduction to Social Work and Social Welfare: Empowering People, 13th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Learning Objectives (1 of 2)

• Define and describe ethnic groups, ethnocentrism, racial groups, racism, prejudice, discrimination, oppression, and institutional discrimination

• Outline the sources of prejudice and discrimination • Summarize the effects and costs of discrimination and oppression

Learning Objectives (2 of 2)

• Understand background material on racial groups: African Americans, Latinos, Native Americans, and Asian Americans

• Outline strategies for advancing social and economic justice • Describe social work’s commitment to ending racial discrimination and

oppression • Forecast the pattern of race and ethnic relations in the United States

in the future

Define and Describe Ethnic Groups, Ethnocentrism, Racial Groups, Racism,

Prejudice, Discrimination, Oppression, and Institutional Discrimination

Ethnic Groups and Ethnocentrism • Ethnic group - Distinct group of people who share cultural background

and characteristics, such as religion, language, dietary practices, national origin, and a common history, and who regard themselves as a distinct group

• Ethnocentrism - Characterized or based on the belief that one’s own group is superior; leads members of ethnic groups to view their culture as the best

Race and Racism • Race - Common set of physical characteristics • Racism - Belief that race is the primary determinant of human

capacities and traits and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race

Prejudice, Discrimination, and Oppression • Prejudice - a preconceived adverse opinion or judgment formed

without just grounds or before sufficient knowledge (negative prejudgment)

• Discrimination - the unfair treatment of a person, racial group, or minority; it is an action based on prejudice – Unprejudiced nondiscriminator, unprejudiced discriminator, prejudiced

nondiscriminator, prejudiced discriminator – De jure, de facto

• Oppression - the unjust or cruel exercise of authority or power

Racial and Ethnic Stereotypes and Discrimination • Stereotypes - generalizations, or assumptions, that people make

about the characteristics of all members of a group, based on an image (sometimes wrong) about what people in a group are like

• Minority - a group, or a member of a group, of people of a distinct religious, ethnic, racial, or other demarcation that is smaller or less powerful than society’s controlling group

• Racial and ethnic discrimination - denying to members of minority groups equal access to opportunities, residential housing areas, membership in religious and social organizations, involvement in political activities, access to community services, and so on

Race as a Social Concept • A social definition is based on the way members of a society classify

one another by physical characteristics • The sociological classification of races is indicated by different

definitions of a race among various societies

Institutional Racism and Institutional Discrimination

• Institutional racism refers to discriminatory acts and policies against a racial group that pervade the major macrosystems of society, including the legal, political, economic, and educational systems

• Institutional discrimination is the unfair treatment of an individual that is due to the established operating procedures, policies, laws, or objectives of large organizations

White Privilege • White people (and White men in particular) have privileges that other

Americans do not have

Outline the Sources of Prejudice and Discrimination

Causes of Racial Discrimination and Oppression – Projection – Frustration-aggression – Insecurity and inferiority – Authoritarianism – History – Competition and exploitation – Socialization patterns – Belief in “The One True Religion” ▪ White supremacy

– The eye of the beholder

Summarize the Effects and Costs of Discrimination and Oppression

The Effects and Costs of Discrimination and Oppression

• Discrimination has psychological costs, leads to lower self-esteem, high costs for the majority group, impacts life expectancy, and undermines nations political goals

• Intersectionality of Multiple Factors

– Intersectionality holds that the classical models of oppression within society (such as those based on race, ethnicity, religion, gender, class, age, or disability) do not act independently of one another; instead, these forms of oppression interrelate, creating a system of oppression that reflects the “intersection” of multiple forms of discrimination

• Stereotyping and Multiculturalism: A Perspective

Understand Background Material on Racial Groups: African Americans, Latinos, Native Americans, and Asian Americans

Background of Racial Groups (1 of 2)

• African Americans • Latinos • Mexican Americans

– Puerto Ricans – Cubans

Table 12.1 - Hispanic Population by National Origin (Self-Identified Ethnicity, Not by Birthplace)

Table 12.1 Hispanic Population by National Origin (Self-Identified Ethnicity, Not by Birthplace)

Hispanic Group Hispanics (%) Mexican 61.9 Puerto Rican 9.6 Cuban 3.9 Salvadoran 3.8 Dominican 3.4 Guatemalan 2.0 Other Hispanic or Latino 15.4

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, July 2019.

Background of Racial Groups (2 of 2)

• Native Americans • Asian Americans

– Japanese Americans – Chinese Americans

Outline Strategies for Advancing Social and Economic Justice

Strategies for Advancing Social and Economic Justice (1 of 2)

• Mass media appeals • Greater interaction among the races • Civil rights laws • Activism • Affirmative action programs

Strategies for Advancing Social and Economic Justice (2 of 2)

• Confrontation of racist and ethnic remarks and actions • Minority-owned businesses • Asset-based community development

Describe Social Work’s Commitment to Ending Racial Discrimination and Oppression

Multicultural Social Work Practice • Multicultural or ethnic-sensitive practice seeks to incorporate

understanding of diverse ethnic, cultural, and minority groups into the theories and principles that guide social work practice.

• Dual perspective • Empowerment • Strengths perspective • Culturally competent practice • Cultural humility

Cultural Competence Guidelines (1 of 2)

1. Be aware of culture and its pervasive influence 2. Learn about their own culture 3. Learn about other cultures, particularly of the major client groups they

serve 4. Adapt social work skills and intervention approaches to best serve

clients of diverse groups 5. Function in accordance with the ethics, values, and standards of the

profession 6. Be knowledgeable about community resources and services, and

make appropriate referrals for their diverse clients

Cultural Competence Guidelines (2 of 2)

7. Be aware of the impacts of social policies and programs on diverse client populations, and advocate for improvements in these programs

8. Advocate for personnel practices (in hiring, admission, and retention) in social work agencies and educational programs that facilitate diversity within the social work profession

9. Participate in training and educational programs that advance cultural competence in social work practice

10.Provide or advocate for the conveying of information and services (including using interpreters) in language that clients comprehend

Forecast the Pattern of Race and Ethnic Relations in the United States in the Future

The Future of American Race and Ethnic Relations • Impacted by politics

• Anglo-conformity assumes the desirability of maintaining modified English institutions, language, and culture as the dominant standard in American life

• The melting pot views the future American society not as a modified England but rather as a totally new blend, both culturally and biologically, of all the various groups that inhabit the United States

• Cultural pluralism is the form that race and ethnic relations are presently taking and may take in the future

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