psychology
discussion
due 8/18/23 9PM
3 years ago 12
sweetstudy81823.docx
OpenStax_Psychology2e_CH01_LectureSlides-ADA1.pptx
sweetstudy81823.docx
After reading chapters 1 and 13 in your textbook, you should have more of an understanding of the history of psychology, including some of the historical leaders in the field. Taking your knowledge from these chapters, including the lesson on organizational psychology and leadership, view the article by Dr. Ronald Riggio, a modern organizational psychologist about “What is Servant Leadership and Why Does it Matter?’ Consider the leadership styles mentioned in the textbook, along with the servant leadership style. Discuss which style you think a good leader should possess and why.
Make sure you mention at least one concept from your textbook and reference from an external article too.
Reference:
Riggio, R. E. (2018, December 9). What is servant leadership and why does it matter? Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/cutting-edge-leadership/201812/what-is-servant-leadership-and-why-does-it-matter
Task 1: Create a new discussion topic on or before the required date/time by clicking the **REPLY HERE** post from your instructor. Develop a substantive main thread addressing each part of the prompt in full. Remember, APA format is primarily used in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. For more information about APA Style, please review the APA resources provided within the course. PLEASE NOTE: Once you submit your initial response, you cannot edit or delete posts, so make sure you fully develop your substantive response before posting.
ATTATCHING POWERPOINT SUMMARY OF CHAPTERS 1 AND 13 LISTED ABOVE.
150 words apa style
OpenStax_Psychology2e_CH01_LectureSlides-ADA1.pptx
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
PowerPoint Image Slideshow
Psychology 2e
Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. (credit "background": modification of work by Nattachai Noogure; credit "top left": modification of work by U.S. Navy; credit "top middle-left": modification of work by Peter Shanks; credit "top middle-right": modification of work by "devinf"/Flickr; credit "top right": modification of work by Alejandra Quintero Sinisterra; credit "bottom left": modification of work by Gabriel Rocha; credit "bottom middle-left”: modification of work by Caleb Roenigk; credit "bottom middle-right": modification of work by Staffan Scherz; credit "bottom right": modification of work by Czech Provincial Reconstruction Team)
What Is psychology
Antonio Canova's sculpture depicts Eros and Psyche.
What is psychology
What is psychology?
Psych – Soul
Ology – Scientific study of
Psychology – Scientific study of the mind and behavior.
Psychologists study everything about the human experience from the basic workings of the human brain to consciousness, memory, language, reasoning, personality and mental health.
hISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY
Psychological perspectives
Structuralism – understanding the conscious experience through introspection.
Wilhelm Wundt
Functionalism – focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment.
William James
Psychoanalytic Theory – focuses on the role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior.
Sigmund Freud
Gestalt Psychology – Focuses on humans as a whole rather than individual parts.
Wertheimer, Koffka, Kohler
Behaviorism – focuses on observing and controlling behavior.
Pavlov, Watson, Skinner
Humanism - emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
Wilhelm Wundt is credited as one of the founders of psychology. He created the first laboratory for psychological research.
Wundt emphasized structuralism. He focused on understanding the structure and characteristics of the mind through introspection.
Introspection - Process by which someone examines their own conscious experience in an attempt to break it into its component parts
wILHELM WUNDT (structuralism)
William James, shown here in a self-portrait, was the first American psychologist.
James drew from the functionality of cognitive processes, establishing functionalism.
Functionalism - emphasized how mental activities contributed to basic environmental survival.
WILLIAM JAMES (functionalism)
Sigmund Freud was a highly influential figure in the history of psychology.
One of his many books, A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis, shared his ideas about psychoanalytical therapy; it was published in 1922.
SIGMUND FREUD
SIGMUND FREUD (psychoanalytic theory)
Founded Psychoanalytic theory, a perspective which dominated clinical psychology for many decades.
Studied “hysteria” and neurosis.
Theorized that many of his patients’ problems arose from the unconscious mind.
Believed that one way the unconscious mind could be accessed was through dream analysis.
Psychoanalytic theory focuses on the role of a person’s unconscious and early childhood experiences.
Freud’s Couch (credit: BBC)
Gestalt psychology
Kohler, Koffka and Wertheimer were German psychologists who immigrated to the U.S. to escape Nazi Germany.
Gestalt – “Whole”
Based on the idea that although a sensory experience can be broken down into individual parts, how those parts relate to each other as a whole is often what the individual responds to in perception.
Ideas of Gestalt continue to influence research on sensation and perception.
Kohler, Koffka, Wertheimer (credit: Elearning Industry)
IVAN PAVLOV (CLASSICAL CONDITIONING)
Discovered the concept of classical conditioning.
Studied conditioned reflexes in which an animal produced a reflex (unconscious) response to a stimulus (salivating in the presence of food) and, over time, was conditioned to produce the response to a different stimulus (salivating to the sound of a bell) that the experimenter associated with the original stimulus (Food and bell became associated).
(Credit: Emaze)
John B. Watson is known as the father of behaviorism within psychology.
Believed that objective analysis of the mind was impossible.
Instead he focused on observable behavior and ways to bring that behavior under control.
Today, behaviorism is used in behavioral and cognitive-behavioral therapy.
John b. watson (BEHAVIORISM)
B. F. Skinner
Concentrated on how behavior was affected by its consequences.
Studied the principles of modifying behavior through reinforcement and punishment which he saw as major factors in driving behavior (operant conditioning).
Proposed a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior.
Maslow asserted that so long as basic needs necessary for survival were met (e.g., food, water, shelter), higher-level needs (e.g., social needs) would begin to motivate behavior.
ABRAHAM MASLOW (humanism)
Carl Rogers developed a client-centered therapy method that has been influential in clinical settings.
Client-centered therapy involves the patient taking a lead role in the therapy session.
Rogers believed therapists need:
unconditional positive regard
genuineness
empathy
(credit: "Didius"/Wikimedia Commons)
CARL ROGERS (humanism)
The cognitive Revolution
By the 1950’s, new disciplinary perspectives in linguistics, neuroscience, and computer science were emerging.
The mind became the new focus of scientific inquiry.
Noam Chomsky
Noam Chomsky was very influential in beginning the cognitive revolution.
He believed psychology needed to incorporate mental functioning into its focus in order to fully understand human behavior.
Margaret Floy Washburn
First woman to earn a doctorate in Psychology
Researched on animal behavior, and published an authoritative text on the subject.
Contemporary psychology
Branches of psychology
Biopsychology and Evolutionary Psychology
Sensation and Perception
Cognitive Psychology
Developmental Psychology
Personality Psychology
Social Psychology
Health Psychology
Industrial-Organizational Psychology
Sports and Exercise Psychology
Clinical Psychology
Forensic Psychology
biopsychology
Research can include:
Sensory and motor systems
Sleep
Drug use and abuse
Ingestive behavior
Reproductive behavior
Neurodevelopment
Plasticity of the nervous system
Biological correlates of psychological disorders
Biological psychologists study how the structure and function of the nervous system generate behavior.
When you look at this image, you may see a duck or a rabbit. The sensory information remains the same, but your perception can vary dramatically.
Sensation and perception
This area of study focuses on both physiological aspects of sensory systems and the psychological experience of sensory information.
Sensation – Sensory information (sights, sounds, touch, smell).
Perception – Experience of the world which is influenced by where we focus our attention, our previous experiences, and our cultural backgrounds.
dEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Developmental psychology studies the physical and mental attributes of aging and maturation.
This can include various skills that are acquired throughout growth.
Moral Reasoning
Cognitive Skills
Social Skills
Jean Piaget is famous for his theories regarding changes in cognitive ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood.
Personality psychology
Focuses on behaviors and thought patterns that are unique to each individual.
Studies in this field include conscious and unconscious thinking and identifying personality traits.
FIVE FACTOR MODEL Figure 1.14
Each of the dimensions of the Five Factor model is shown in this figure.
The provided description would describe someone who scored highly on that given dimension. Someone with a lower score on a given dimension could be described in opposite terms.
Social psychology
How individuals interact and relate with others and how such interactions can affect behavior.
Prejudice
Attraction
Interpersonal conflicts
Obedience
Health psychology
Branch that focuses on how individual health is directly related or affected by biological, psychological, and sociocultural influences.
The biopsychosocial model suggests that health/illness is determined by an interaction of these three factors.
Cognitive-behavioral therapists take cognitive processes and behaviors into account when providing psychotherapy. This is one of several strategies that may be used by practicing clinical psychologists.
Clinical psychology
Focuses on diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and problematic patterns of behavior.
Study involves clinical therapy and counseling.
Industrial-organizational
Branch that applies psychological theories, principles and research to industrial and organizational settings.
Involves issues related to personnel management, organizational structure and workplace environment.
SPORTS & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY
Focus on psychological aspects regarding sports and physical performance.
Study includes motivation, performance related anxiety, and general mental well being.
FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY
Branch of psychology dealing with justice system.
Tasks of Forensic Psychologists include assessment of individuals' mental competency to stand in trial, sentencing and treatment suggestions, and advisement regarding eyewitness testimonies.
This field of psychology requires a strong understanding of the legal system.
Doctoral degrees are generally conferred in formal ceremonies involving special attire and rites. (credit: Public Affairs Office Fort Wainwright)
Careers in psychology
Most careers in psychology require a PhD or a Masters degree.
A few career options:
Teaching
Research
Clinical psychologist
Counseling psychologist
Social Work
Corporate and Marketing jobs
Individuals earning a PhD in psychology have a range of employment options.
Employment in different sectors
Job opportunities
| Top Occupations Employing Graduates with a BA in Psychology (Fogg, Harrington, Harrington, & Shatkin, 2012) | |
| Ranking | Occupation |
| 1 | Mid- and top-level management (executive, administrator) |
| 2 | Sales |
| 3 | Social work |
| 4 | Other management positions |
| 5 | Human resources (personnel, training) |
| 6 | Other administrative positions |
| 7 | Insurance, real estate, business |
| 8 | Marketing and sales |
| 9 | Healthcare (nurse, pharmacist, therapist) |
| 10 | Finance (accountant, auditor) |
This OpenStax ancillary resource is © Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.
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sweetstudy81823.docx
After reading chapters 1 and 13 in your textbook, you should have more of an understanding of the history of psychology, including some of the historical leaders in the field. Taking your knowledge from these chapters, including the lesson on organizational psychology and leadership, view the article by Dr. Ronald Riggio, a modern organizational psychologist about “What is Servant Leadership and Why Does it Matter?’ Consider the leadership styles mentioned in the textbook, along with the servant leadership style. Discuss which style you think a good leader should possess and why.
Make sure you mention at least one concept from your textbook and reference from an external article too.
Reference:
Riggio, R. E. (2018, December 9). What is servant leadership and why does it matter? Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/cutting-edge-leadership/201812/what-is-servant-leadership-and-why-does-it-matter
Task 1: Create a new discussion topic on or before the required date/time by clicking the **REPLY HERE** post from your instructor. Develop a substantive main thread addressing each part of the prompt in full. Remember, APA format is primarily used in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. For more information about APA Style, please review the APA resources provided within the course. PLEASE NOTE: Once you submit your initial response, you cannot edit or delete posts, so make sure you fully develop your substantive response before posting.
ATTATCHING POWERPOINT SUMMARY OF CHAPTERS 1 AND 13 LISTED ABOVE.
150 words apa style
OpenStax_Psychology2e_CH01_LectureSlides-ADA1.pptx
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
PowerPoint Image Slideshow
Psychology 2e
Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. (credit "background": modification of work by Nattachai Noogure; credit "top left": modification of work by U.S. Navy; credit "top middle-left": modification of work by Peter Shanks; credit "top middle-right": modification of work by "devinf"/Flickr; credit "top right": modification of work by Alejandra Quintero Sinisterra; credit "bottom left": modification of work by Gabriel Rocha; credit "bottom middle-left”: modification of work by Caleb Roenigk; credit "bottom middle-right": modification of work by Staffan Scherz; credit "bottom right": modification of work by Czech Provincial Reconstruction Team)
What Is psychology
Antonio Canova's sculpture depicts Eros and Psyche.
What is psychology
What is psychology?
Psych – Soul
Ology – Scientific study of
Psychology – Scientific study of the mind and behavior.
Psychologists study everything about the human experience from the basic workings of the human brain to consciousness, memory, language, reasoning, personality and mental health.
hISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY
Psychological perspectives
Structuralism – understanding the conscious experience through introspection.
Wilhelm Wundt
Functionalism – focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment.
William James
Psychoanalytic Theory – focuses on the role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior.
Sigmund Freud
Gestalt Psychology – Focuses on humans as a whole rather than individual parts.
Wertheimer, Koffka, Kohler
Behaviorism – focuses on observing and controlling behavior.
Pavlov, Watson, Skinner
Humanism - emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
Wilhelm Wundt is credited as one of the founders of psychology. He created the first laboratory for psychological research.
Wundt emphasized structuralism. He focused on understanding the structure and characteristics of the mind through introspection.
Introspection - Process by which someone examines their own conscious experience in an attempt to break it into its component parts
wILHELM WUNDT (structuralism)
William James, shown here in a self-portrait, was the first American psychologist.
James drew from the functionality of cognitive processes, establishing functionalism.
Functionalism - emphasized how mental activities contributed to basic environmental survival.
WILLIAM JAMES (functionalism)
Sigmund Freud was a highly influential figure in the history of psychology.
One of his many books, A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis, shared his ideas about psychoanalytical therapy; it was published in 1922.
SIGMUND FREUD
SIGMUND FREUD (psychoanalytic theory)
Founded Psychoanalytic theory, a perspective which dominated clinical psychology for many decades.
Studied “hysteria” and neurosis.
Theorized that many of his patients’ problems arose from the unconscious mind.
Believed that one way the unconscious mind could be accessed was through dream analysis.
Psychoanalytic theory focuses on the role of a person’s unconscious and early childhood experiences.
Freud’s Couch (credit: BBC)
Gestalt psychology
Kohler, Koffka and Wertheimer were German psychologists who immigrated to the U.S. to escape Nazi Germany.
Gestalt – “Whole”
Based on the idea that although a sensory experience can be broken down into individual parts, how those parts relate to each other as a whole is often what the individual responds to in perception.
Ideas of Gestalt continue to influence research on sensation and perception.
Kohler, Koffka, Wertheimer (credit: Elearning Industry)
IVAN PAVLOV (CLASSICAL CONDITIONING)
Discovered the concept of classical conditioning.
Studied conditioned reflexes in which an animal produced a reflex (unconscious) response to a stimulus (salivating in the presence of food) and, over time, was conditioned to produce the response to a different stimulus (salivating to the sound of a bell) that the experimenter associated with the original stimulus (Food and bell became associated).
(Credit: Emaze)
John B. Watson is known as the father of behaviorism within psychology.
Believed that objective analysis of the mind was impossible.
Instead he focused on observable behavior and ways to bring that behavior under control.
Today, behaviorism is used in behavioral and cognitive-behavioral therapy.
John b. watson (BEHAVIORISM)
B. F. Skinner
Concentrated on how behavior was affected by its consequences.
Studied the principles of modifying behavior through reinforcement and punishment which he saw as major factors in driving behavior (operant conditioning).
Proposed a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior.
Maslow asserted that so long as basic needs necessary for survival were met (e.g., food, water, shelter), higher-level needs (e.g., social needs) would begin to motivate behavior.
ABRAHAM MASLOW (humanism)
Carl Rogers developed a client-centered therapy method that has been influential in clinical settings.
Client-centered therapy involves the patient taking a lead role in the therapy session.
Rogers believed therapists need:
unconditional positive regard
genuineness
empathy
(credit: "Didius"/Wikimedia Commons)
CARL ROGERS (humanism)
The cognitive Revolution
By the 1950’s, new disciplinary perspectives in linguistics, neuroscience, and computer science were emerging.
The mind became the new focus of scientific inquiry.
Noam Chomsky
Noam Chomsky was very influential in beginning the cognitive revolution.
He believed psychology needed to incorporate mental functioning into its focus in order to fully understand human behavior.
Margaret Floy Washburn
First woman to earn a doctorate in Psychology
Researched on animal behavior, and published an authoritative text on the subject.
Contemporary psychology
Branches of psychology
Biopsychology and Evolutionary Psychology
Sensation and Perception
Cognitive Psychology
Developmental Psychology
Personality Psychology
Social Psychology
Health Psychology
Industrial-Organizational Psychology
Sports and Exercise Psychology
Clinical Psychology
Forensic Psychology
biopsychology
Research can include:
Sensory and motor systems
Sleep
Drug use and abuse
Ingestive behavior
Reproductive behavior
Neurodevelopment
Plasticity of the nervous system
Biological correlates of psychological disorders
Biological psychologists study how the structure and function of the nervous system generate behavior.
When you look at this image, you may see a duck or a rabbit. The sensory information remains the same, but your perception can vary dramatically.
Sensation and perception
This area of study focuses on both physiological aspects of sensory systems and the psychological experience of sensory information.
Sensation – Sensory information (sights, sounds, touch, smell).
Perception – Experience of the world which is influenced by where we focus our attention, our previous experiences, and our cultural backgrounds.
dEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Developmental psychology studies the physical and mental attributes of aging and maturation.
This can include various skills that are acquired throughout growth.
Moral Reasoning
Cognitive Skills
Social Skills
Jean Piaget is famous for his theories regarding changes in cognitive ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood.
Personality psychology
Focuses on behaviors and thought patterns that are unique to each individual.
Studies in this field include conscious and unconscious thinking and identifying personality traits.
FIVE FACTOR MODEL Figure 1.14
Each of the dimensions of the Five Factor model is shown in this figure.
The provided description would describe someone who scored highly on that given dimension. Someone with a lower score on a given dimension could be described in opposite terms.
Social psychology
How individuals interact and relate with others and how such interactions can affect behavior.
Prejudice
Attraction
Interpersonal conflicts
Obedience
Health psychology
Branch that focuses on how individual health is directly related or affected by biological, psychological, and sociocultural influences.
The biopsychosocial model suggests that health/illness is determined by an interaction of these three factors.
Cognitive-behavioral therapists take cognitive processes and behaviors into account when providing psychotherapy. This is one of several strategies that may be used by practicing clinical psychologists.
Clinical psychology
Focuses on diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and problematic patterns of behavior.
Study involves clinical therapy and counseling.
Industrial-organizational
Branch that applies psychological theories, principles and research to industrial and organizational settings.
Involves issues related to personnel management, organizational structure and workplace environment.
SPORTS & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY
Focus on psychological aspects regarding sports and physical performance.
Study includes motivation, performance related anxiety, and general mental well being.
FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY
Branch of psychology dealing with justice system.
Tasks of Forensic Psychologists include assessment of individuals' mental competency to stand in trial, sentencing and treatment suggestions, and advisement regarding eyewitness testimonies.
This field of psychology requires a strong understanding of the legal system.
Doctoral degrees are generally conferred in formal ceremonies involving special attire and rites. (credit: Public Affairs Office Fort Wainwright)
Careers in psychology
Most careers in psychology require a PhD or a Masters degree.
A few career options:
Teaching
Research
Clinical psychologist
Counseling psychologist
Social Work
Corporate and Marketing jobs
Individuals earning a PhD in psychology have a range of employment options.
Employment in different sectors
Job opportunities
| Top Occupations Employing Graduates with a BA in Psychology (Fogg, Harrington, Harrington, & Shatkin, 2012) | |
| Ranking | Occupation |
| 1 | Mid- and top-level management (executive, administrator) |
| 2 | Sales |
| 3 | Social work |
| 4 | Other management positions |
| 5 | Human resources (personnel, training) |
| 6 | Other administrative positions |
| 7 | Insurance, real estate, business |
| 8 | Marketing and sales |
| 9 | Healthcare (nurse, pharmacist, therapist) |
| 10 | Finance (accountant, auditor) |
This OpenStax ancillary resource is © Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.