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2 SPIRITUALITY AND JOB SATISFACTION

Spirituality and Job Satisfaction

Megan Johnson

School of Psychology, Liberty University

Results

Descriptive Analysis

Descriptive analyses of the age variable indicated that the youngest participant was 18 years of age and the oldest participant being 41 years of age. The mean age of the sample was M = 30.00, SD = 6.805.

Table 1.

Report
Age
Mean	N	Std. Deviation
30.0000	20	6.80557

Hypothesis Testing

In this current section, a statistical analysis was used to test the significance between a person’s spirituality and how they are satisfied with their job. This study demonstrated a significant positive relationship between a person’s job satisfaction and their spirituality based on the reviewed literature. A regression was necessary in the statistical test since the independent variable and the dependent variable are considered quantitative variables.

Table 2: Descriptive Statistics

Above in Table 2, it demonstrates the descriptive summary of the DV (dependent) and IV (independent) variables of the conducted study. The mean of spirituality was M = 90.70, SD = 26.232 and N = 20, with job satisfaction being M = 68.50, SD = 16.195 and N = 20.

Table 3: Model Summary

A screenshot of a computer Description automatically generated

Table 3 provides a summary of the goodness to fit regression model, in this model it provides a coefficient of R = .642, R² = 0.412, SD = 12.758, which accounts for 41% of job satisfaction. There is a positive link between spirituality and job satisfaction, as shown in the coefficient correlation. When spirituality was present amongst the workers, job satisfaction was present as well. This shows evidence to reject the null hypothesis.

Discussion

This study showed an example of 20 participants varying from the ages of 18 to 41 years, to understand the link between job satisfaction and spirituality. The study demonstrated a regression analysis to calculate the significance of spirituality and job satisfaction. The data presented by the regression showed that spirituality was able to predict job satisfaction, accounting for 41% of the variation in job satisfaction.

Researchers Koenig and Büssing (2010) found that job satisfaction was linked to spirituality and the physical wellbeing of employees. The data from this study showed that workers with a sense of spirituality showed healthier physical lifestyles when compared to the workers that claimed to not be spiritual. This study is also supported by Horvath (2015), which discovered that religious chief executive officers had higher job satisfaction ratings than non-religious chief executive officers. This study credited the positive correlation to the levels of trust by spiritual leaders, which led to higher job performances and an increase in job satisfaction. Dennis and Dennis (2003) discovered that there was a positive correlation between spirituality and job satisfaction using his study that included participants from different countries. In this study, researchers noted that most spiritual employees think of their jobs as doing a service to other people, which in turn is linked to an increase in their satisfaction levels based on positive emotions from a sense of accomplishment.

This study showed a link between spirituality and job satisfaction, which was supported by scales used to measure the given variables. However, there was no test to determine the reliability and validity of the measures given. This lead opens to the chance of the scales not being measured accurately. This study continues to show that job satisfaction can improve when spirituality in the workplace exists. If job satisfaction increases, then the efficiency of the job being done increases, which shows the importance of jobs promoting and supporting spirituality within the workplace. Additional studies should be conducted to determine whether there is a link between the mental health of workers and spirituality, as most studies are concerned with the physical well-being of workers.

Reference

Dennis, D., & Dennis, B. (2003). Spirituality@Work.Health. American Journal of Health Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2003.10603566

Horvath, M. (2015). Predicting work outcomes from religiosity and perceived calling. Career Development Quarterly, 63(2), 141–155. https://doi.org/10.1002/cdq.12010

Koenig, H. G., & Büssing, A. (2010). The Duke University Religion Index (DUREL): a Five-Item measure for use in epidemological studies. Religions, 1(1), 78–85. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel1010078

The Correlation Between Negative Religious Coping and Loneliness

Pamela Kriton

School of Psychology, Liberty University

Author Note

Pamela Kriton

I have no known conflict of interest to disclose.

Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Pamela Kriton. Email: Pkriton@liberty.edu

Results

The sample size for this study consisted of 23 participants who completed a survey on negative religious coping and loneliness. Of those 23 surveys, only 22 were completed as instructed and used for analyses (N = 22). Ages ranged from 28 to 78, with a mean age of 58 and a standard deviation of 13.95912.

The study's objective was to investigate whether there was a relationship between negative religious coping and loneliness. A Pearson's r correlation test revealed no significant relationship between loneliness and negative religious coping r (20) = .591, p > .05 (two-tailed; see Table 1). The null hypothesis fails to be rejected. See Figure 1.

Table 1

Pearson's r Correlation Test for Negative Religious Coping and Loneliness

Figure 1

Discussion

This study aimed to investigate whether there was a relationship between negative religious coping and loneliness. The study consisted of a survey that included Pargament et al. (2011) Negative subscale of the Brief Religious Coping Scale (RCOPE) and the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (RULS-6) by Wongpakaran et al. (2020). The results were entered into the IBM SPSS Statistics (Version 29), and a Pearson's r correlation test was conducted and did not reveal a statistically significant relationship between negative religious coping and loneliness.

Limitations include the population of my friends on Facebook, where a link to the survey was posted. This population was limited to an older age group that may have more feelings of loneliness. In addition, the selection of friends on Facebook mostly has positive religious coping. These two combined factors have been found in earlier research to have a statistically significant effect on feeling less lonely among the elderly (Johnson & Mullins, 1989). Consequently, the population of participants reflects a sampling bias, resulting in threats to external validity.

As aforementioned in the introduction, numerous research studies have explored the complex interaction between religiosity and loneliness with many factors and varying measurement components. Bjorck and Thurman (2007) investigated whether there was a relationship between positive and negative religious coping, psychological functioning, and negative life events. Although their study was not predominately focused on negative religious coping and loneliness, their analysis found a relationship between negative religious coping and a decrease in the quality of life (Bjorck & Thurman, 2007). Ryff (2021) explains the findings of his earlier research on negative religious coping and its relationship to significant facets of the human experience, such as social isolation and meaning in life, with Passmore and Howell (2014) hypothesizing how these factors may affect loneliness.

Collectively, this empirical research demonstrates the impact of positive and negative religious coping on the quality of life and the need for the variables of interest in this study, negative religious coping, and loneliness, to be investigated cohesively. Thus, providing valuable information for professional healthcare workers, counselors, and clergymen to better serve the population relevant to the variables of interest.

Further research among a larger, randomized sample across all age groups is suggested to provide unbiased results with no threats to external validity.

 

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RELIGIOSITY AND LONELINESS 2

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References

Bjorck, J. P., & Thurman, J. W. (2007). Negative life Events, patterns of positive and negative religious coping, and psychological functioning.  Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 46(2), 159-167.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2007.00348.x

Doyle, P. J., & Mullins, L. C. (1989). Religiosity and loneliness among the elderly.  Journal of Applied Gerontology,  8(1), 110-131.  https://doi.org/10.1177/073346488900800109

Pargament, K., Feuille, M., & Burdzy, D. (2011). The Brief RCOPE: Current psychometric status of a short measure of religious coping.  Religions, 2(1), 51-76.  https://doi.org/10.3390/rel2010051

Passmore, H., & Howell, A. J. (2014). Nature involvement increases hedonic and eudaimonic well-being: A two-week experimental study.  Ecopsychology, 6(3), 148-154.

Ryff, C. D. (2021). Spirituality and well-being: Theory, science, and the nature connection.  Religions, 12(11), 914.  https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12110914

Wongpakaran, N., Wongpakaran, T., Pinyopornpanish, M., Simcharoen, S., Suradom, C., Varnado, P., & Kuntawong, P. (2020). Development and validation of a 6-item Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (RULS-6) using Rasch analysis.  British Journal of Health Psychology, 25(2), 233-256.  https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12404

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