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Unit3ch6.pdf

Unit3ch5.pdf

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Unit3studyguide.pdf

Unit3ch6.pdf

Reflect and Relate, 6th Edition

Chapter 6: Understanding

Gender

Understanding Gender

We are moving away from gender polarization in which

“virtually every other aspect of human experience” is

connected to male–female sex distinctions.

Nonbinary, gender fluid, or genderqueer

Sex, Gender, and Gender Identity (1 of 3)

Sex: Anatomical, biological distinctions

• External genitalia

• Internal reproductive sex organs

• Hormones

• Chromosomes

Sex, Gender, and Gender Identity (2 of 3)

Gender identity: Deeply felt awareness or inner sense of

being

• A boy, man, or male

• A girl, woman, or female

• An alternative

▪ Genderqueer

▪ Gender-nonconforming

▪ Gender-neutral

Sex, Gender, and Gender Identity (3 of 3)

Gender: The social, psychological, and behavioral

attributes that a particular culture associates with an

individual’s biological sex

• Beliefs about individual characteristics

o Strength, leadership, emotionality

• Beliefs about roles in society

o Parent, teacher, politician, CEO

Gender Is Learned

A variety of sources contribute.

• Family and friends

• Schools

• Mass media

Gender Is Socially Constructed

Primary way we understand gender is by interacting with

others in society, as well as with societal structures.

• Hospitals

• Stores

• Public restrooms

Doing Gender

Gender is not static.

We cannot opt out of doing gender.

Gender is interactional.

Typical expectation: Gender expression coincides with

sex.

Examples of societal resource for doing gender:

• Public restrooms

• “Lady Doritos”

Considering Gender Roles

Gender roles: Shared societal expectations for conduct

and behaviors that are deemed appropriate for girls or

women and boys or men

• Girls and boys across the world encounter unequal

gender expectations and stereotypes.

• Differences are socially, not biologically, determined.

Gender and Verbal Communication

Do differences exist?

Do we focus on the differences or the similarities?

Bulk of recent research suggests a lack of gender

differences in verbal communication.

Gender and Nonverbal Communication

The ways we use our bodies, voices, faces, and personal

space

• Emotional “mask” for boys and men

How we choose our clothing, accessories, personal

objects

How we convey our emotions

Gender and Relationships (1 of 3)

Same-sex friendships:

• Are men’s same-sex friendships more “task-based or

activity-orientated” and women’s more “supportive and

disclosive”?

Gender and Relationships (2 of 3)

Romantic relationships:

• Assumptions:

▪ Heterosexual bias

▪ Men and women completely different

▪ Men and women as homogenous groups

• The Rules: Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus

Gender and Relationships (3 of 3)

Reflecting on gender in our relationships:

• We are never just one category, or piece of ourselves,

but rather the sum total of all of our individual

experiences, cultures, and co-cultures.

Moving Beyond Gender Stereotypes

Hostile sexism:

• Hostility toward women

• Attitudes like “women are too easily offended”

Benevolent sexism:

• Promotion of traditional roles

• Attitudes like “women should be cherished”

Unit3ch5.pdf

Reflect and Relate, 6th Edition

Chapter 5: Understanding Culture

Understanding Culture

Culture: An established, coherent set of beliefs, attitudes,

values, and practices shared by a large group of people

Influences: Nationality, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual

orientation, physical abilities, age

Culture Defined

Culture is:

• Learned

• Communicated

• Layered

• Lived

Intercultural communication: Communicating with

someone from a different culture

Co-cultures (1 of 2)

In any society, there are groups of people who have more

power than others.

Co-cultural Communication Theory: People who have

more power within a society determine the dominant

culture.

Co-cultures: Members of a society who don’t conform to

the dominant culture

Co-cultural communication: Underrepresented groups

interact with people from the dominant group.

Co-cultures (2 of 2)

Members of co-cultures develop communication practices

for dealing with members of the dominant culture.

• Use overly polite language.

• Suppress reactions to offensive comments.

• Try to excel to counteract negative stereotypes.

• Conform to negative stereotypes in an exaggerated way.

• Try to act, look, and talk like members of the dominant

culture.

• Openly disparage their own co-culture.

• Express co-cultural identity through appearance,

actions, and words.

Cultural Identity

Intersectionality: A notion that we are the sum total of

our overlapping experiences, rather than a singular