peer response week 8 physio

150 words respond each student- 1 citation for one only.

Due before midnight tonight.oct 7th

Student # 1

Ariel

The menstrual cycle consists of four phases that last for 28 days. The first phase is the menstrual phase (1-5 days). During this phase, the uterine lining is shredding so, this causes menstruation. There’s no fertilization during this phase.  The second phase is the follicular phase (1-13 days). During this phase, the FSH promotes the growth of ovarian follicles. One follicle will mature causing estrogen production to increase. Estrogen will help to rebuild the uterine lining. The next phase is ovulation (day 14).  LH triggers the release of the mature egg from the ovary. Fertilization is mostly to happen in this phase. The last phase is the luteal phase (15-28 days). During this phase, the follicle that produced the mature egg will transform into the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum produces progesterone to maintain the uterine lining. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum disintegrates this will lead to a drop in hormone levels and menstruation to start all over. Spermatogenesis is the production of sperm. There are three stages for spermatogenesis. The first phase is the spermatogonial phase. This is when the spermatogonia cells undergo mitosis to produce the primary spermatocytes. The second phase is the meiotic phase. The primary spermatocytes will undergo meiosis to form secondary spermatocytes and the spermatids. In the next phase, spermiogenesis, the spermatids will mature and develop into spermatozoa. This whole process takes about 64 to 72 days but, it is continuous, and millions of sperm are being produced daily. For males, if they allow chlamydia to go untreated the symptoms can be mild or absent but may include discharge from the penis, burning sensation during urination, pain or swelling in the testicles, and itching or irritation inside the penis.  For females with untreated chlamydia, the symptoms can be abnormal vaginal discharge, burning sensation during urination, pain during intercourse, abdominal or pelvic pain, and bleeding between periods. Many women are asymptomatic if they have chlamydia. The long-term prognosis for untreated chlamydia in males is epididymitis, potential infertility, and increased risk of HIV. For females, it can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and an increased risk of HIV.

Reference:

Carmichael MA, Thomson RL, Moran LJ, Wycherley TP. The Impact of Menstrual Cycle Phase on Athletes' Performance: A Narrative Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Feb 9;18(4):1667. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18041667. PMID: 33572406; PMCID: PMC7916245.

Neto FT, Bach PV, Najari BB, Li PS, Goldstein M. Spermatogenesis in humans and its affecting factors. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2016 Nov;59:10-26. doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.04.009. Epub 2016 Apr 30. PMID: 27143445.

Student # 2

Christine

Males and females go through separate reproductive processes. For instance, females experience menstrual cycles which is a series of hormonal changes that occur on a monthly basis. This happens because females “produce gametes in monthly cycles (average 28 days; normal range 24-35 days)” and they are “marked by a 3-7 period of bloody uterine discharge” (Silverthorn, 2019). There are various contributions to the menstrual cycle such as changes in the ovarian follicles, the ovarian cycle, or in the endometrial lining of the uterus. The ovarian cycle consists of three phases. The first phase is the follicular phase, which is a “period of follicular growth in the ovary”, lasting from 10-21 days (Silverthorn, 2019). The second phase is ovulation “once one or more follicles have ripened, the ovary releases the oocyte(s)” (Silverthorn, 2019). The third phase is the luteal phase as it “comes from the transformation of a ruptured follicle into a corpus luteum” that will secrete hormones to prepare the body for pregnancy (Silverthorn, 2019). In addition to the ovarian cycle, there is the uterine cycle which corresponds to the menstrual bleeding. Throughout the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, the endometrium of the uterus “adds a new layer of cells in anticipation of pregnancy” and “if no pregnancy occur, the superficial layers of the secretory endometrium are lost during menstruation” (Silverthorn, 2019). Spermatogenesis is the process of sperm production in males, which occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. The first step of sperm production is when “spermatogonia, the germ cells that undergo meiotic division to become sperm, are found clustered near the basal ends of the Sertoli cells…to produce future spermatogonia…and become primary spermatocytes” (Silverthorn, 2019). Spermatocytes will differentiate into sperm as they undergo meiosis I and II to become spermatids. After, “spermatids remain embedded in the apical membrane of Sertoli cells while they complete the transformation into sperm losing most of their cytoplasm and developing a flagellated tail” (Silverthorn, 2019). Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacteria chlamydia trachomatis. The signs and symptoms in females include painful urination, “vaginal discharge, intermenstrual bleeding” but is usually “asymptomatic in up to 70% of cases” (Horner, 2010). In men, infections can lead to “urethritis, epididymitis, prostatitis, proctitis, or reactive arthritis” along with penile discharge and painful urination (Mohseni, Sung, Takov, 2023). In both males and females, the long-term prognosis is that it can cause “pelvic inflammatory disease in women and epididymo orchitis in men, or development of sexually acquired reactive arthritis” (Horner, 2010). Overall, long-term prognosis can ultimately result in infertility in both males and females. 

Horner P. (2010). Chlamydia (uncomplicated, genital).  BMJ clinical evidence,  2010.

Mohseni M, Sung S, Takov V. (2023). Chlamydia. Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing. 

Silverthorn, D. U. (2019) Human physiology: an integrated approach. Pearson Education.