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PSY 321 Part 3 Guide

Research Proposal Part 3 Guide: Methods and Discussion

Assignment Guidelines

Write an APA formatted methods section and discussion section. Use the Research Proposal

Part 3 Template to structure research proposal part 3. Notice that the Part 3 Template includes

your introduction and literature review sections from Research Proposal Part 2. It is important to

include all these sections in your Part 3 Proposal. Submit your paper via Canvas. Required

format is PDF.

Assignment Requirements

1. Methods Requirements

a. Participants

i. Who will you study?

1. Why are these participants ideal for your specific research study?

2. Are there any relevant demographic characteristics of your

participants?

ii. Why are the participants you selected appropriate for your study? iii.

How many participants?

iv. How will you recruit participants?

1. Will they receive any incentives to participate?

2. Why is this method of recruitment appropriate?

b. Design and Procedure

i. What type of research design?

1. Why is this research design appropriate? ii. What is your research

procedure?

1. When, where and how will you collect your data?

c. Measures

i. What type of measures will you use?

1. Must be directly related to your hypothesis(es).

2. Must be peer reviewed published measures.

ii. Why will you use these measures?

d. Proposed Analysis

i. What statistical test will you use?

ii. Why will you use this test?

2. Discussion Requirements

PSY 321 Part 3 Guide

a. Implications

i. Include two implications of your research proposal. These implications

can be theoretical and/or practical implications.

1. Theoretical Implications help us answer the following questions:

a. Why is your study proposal important to the field?

b. How can it deepen our understanding of your topic?

c. Why should researchers care about your proposal?

2. Practical Implications help us answer the following questions:

a. Why is your study important in practice?

b. Why should practitioners care about your proposal?

b. Limitations and Future Directions

i. Include two limitations and future directions of your study design.

1. What are some aspects of your design that may impact the validity

and/or generalizability of your study?

2. Are there any aspects of your design that may impact the reliability

of your study?

3. How can future studies address these limitations?

3. APA Format

a. APA formatted title page

b. APA formatted page numbers

c. APA formatted headings

d. APA formatted in-text citations

e. APA formatted reference page

4. Writing

a. Clear writing and grammatically correct

b. Include your introduction and literature review from Part 2 Proposal and provide a

complete paper with all sections of your research proposal. This includes:

i. Title Page

ii. Introduction

iii. Literature Review iv. Methods

v. Discussion

vi. Reference Page

PSY 321 Part 3 Guide

Assignment Resources: Methods and Discussion

See the Research Proposal Part 3 Template for guidance on how to structure the introduction and

literature review section.

If you are not sure where to start, see the optional (non-graded) Methods Section Supplemental

Worksheet and the Discussion Section Supplemental Worksheet to help you work through each

component of the methods section. These supplemental worksheets have been created to guide

you and support your success on these parts of your proposal.

Assignment Resources: APA Formatting

APA Format Guides

make sure you are on track and support your success! If you can’t make office hours, please

send an email to set up another time to meet.

Assignment Rubric

Methods Section

1) Participants:

a) Who will you study? _____ of 1 point

b) Why will you study this group _____ of 1 point

c) How many participants? _____ of 1 point

d) How will you recruit participants? _____ of 1 point

2) Design and Procedure:

a) What type of research design _____ of 1 point

b) What is your research procedure? _____ of 1 point

3) Measures:

a) What type of measures will you use? _____ of 1 point

b) Why will you use these measures? _____ of 1 point

4) Proposed Analysis:

a) What statistical test will you use? _____ of 1 point

b) Why will you use this test? _____ of 1 point

Discussion Section

PSY 321 Part 3 Guide

5) Implications _____ of 2 points

6) Limitations and Future Directions _____ of 2 points

Format and Writing

7) APA format

a) Title Page _____ of 1 point

b) Page numbers _____ of 1 point

c) Headings _____ of 1 point

d) In-text citations _____ of 1 point

e) Reference page _____ of 1 point

8) Writing

a) Clear and grammatically accurate _____ of 1 point

b) Include Introduction and Literature Review from Part 2 _____ of 1 point

Total _____ of 21 points

PSY 321 Part 3 Guide

  • Assignment Guidelines
  • Assignment Requirements
  • Assignment Resources: Methods and Discussion
  • Assignment Resources: APA Formatting

part3template.pdf

1

Title

Define your topic. This would be a good place to introduce the importance of your topic.

Describe what is known about the topic. Describe what is not known about the topic. Describe

what you will do in this research proposal to fill the gap in knowledge about the topic.

Literature Review

Topic sentence. Describe what was being assessed in the first empirical research article

that is being reviewed. Describe who or what was measured. Identify and describe the method

2

used in the article. Describe the results/major findings of the article. Transition sentence.

Topic sentence. Describe what was being assessed in the second empirical research

article that is being reviewed. Describe who or what was measured. Identify and describe the

method used in the article. Describe the results/major findings of the article. Transition

sentence.

Topic sentence. Describe what was being assessed in the third empirical research article

that is being reviewed. Describe who or what was measured. Identify and describe the method

used in the article. Describe the results/major findings of the article. Transition sentence.

Topic sentence. Describe what was being assessed in the fourth empirical research article

that is being reviewed. Describe who or what was measured. Identify and describe the method

used in the article. Describe the results/major findings of the article. Transition

sentence.

Topic sentence. Describe what was being assessed in the fifth empirical research article

that is being reviewed. Describe who or what was measured. Identify and describe the method

used in the article. Describe the results/major findings of the article. Transition sentence.

Tie the findings from the prior reviewed articles together. Describe what is similar among

all the articles and if findings are consistent. Describe what is different between the articles and

identify inconsistencies. Consider why inconsistencies might exist (if there are no

inconsistencies, why)? What are the implications of the summarized articles - what do the

summarized articles teach us about your selected topic? What do we still need to learn about this

topic? Given the prior review of the literature, and in line with X theory, I thus hypothesize the

following:

Hypothesis : _________________________________

3

[Your hypothesis needs to be a testable statement. You may have one hypothesis or more than

one hypothesis. For example, Hypothesis 1: As X increases, Y will increase AND/OR

Hypothesis 2: Group 1 will be higher on Y compared to Group 2.]

Method

Participants

In this section, you should describe who you will study (your ideal research population).

Describe relevant demographic characteristics of the participants. Describe why these types of

participants are appropriate. Describe how many participants you will recruit and study.

Describe how you will recruit the participants and whether or not they will receive an incentive

to participate. Describe why this method of recruitment is appropriate.

Design and Procedure

Describe the research design and why the research design is appropriate (e,.g.,

correlational, experimental, field-based, etc.). When, where, and how you will collect your

data. The procedure portion may be longer for complex experimental designs and shorter for

survey designs.

Measures

What type of measures will you use? Only include measures directly related to your

hypothesis(es). Make sure to only include peer-reviewed published measures and cite the original

publication of the measure. You should define the construct (thing that you’re measuring),

describe the purpose of the measure, describe how many items are in the measure, describe the

scale of the measure (e.g., 1-5 from “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree”), provide an example

item from the measure.

4

Proposed Analysis

Properly identify a reasonable statistical test to test your hypothesis, given the ways in

which you are measuring the operationalized variables. Describe why this is an appropriate test.

Discussion

Implications

Describe why your study is important to the field. Describe how your study can deepen

our understanding of your topic. Provide two implications (theoretical and/or practical) For

theoretical implications, explain why researchers should care about your research proposal. For

practical implications, explain why your study is important in practice (for practitioners).

Limitations and Future Directions

Describe two limitations and future directions of your study design. Describe limitations

of your design that may impact the validity and/or generalizability of your study. Identify any

limitations of your design that may impact the reliability of your study. Describe

how future studies can address the identified limitations.

References

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume

number(issue number), pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume

number(issue number), pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume

number(issue number), pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy

5

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume

number(issue number), pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume

number(issue number), pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy

  • Title
  • Literature Review
  • Participants
  • Design and Procedure
  • Measures
  • Proposed Analysis
  • Implications
  • Limitations and Future Directions
  • References

RP.docx

Research Proposal 2

Research Proposal Part 2

Student Name

University Name

Course Code

Dated

Research Proposal

There is a significant impact of social media on the self-esteem and self-confidence of young adults, which may also result in social depression (Galanis et al., 2023). It is well-known that digital platforms encourage interpersonal interactions and self-perception. That’s why it has become necessary to understand the effect of excessive social media usage on people's mental and physical health. The existing research on this matter shows that the self-esteem of young people has been dramatically affected by social media engagement, as it shows that the rate of depression increases in such people who have used social media for a long time. The gaps in this research indicate the importance of determining how social media affects mental well-being. The purpose of this research proposal is to identify these gaps by exploring the relationship between social depression, self-esteem, and social media among young adults in this interconnected world.

Literature Review

Throuvala, M. A., Griffiths, M. D., Rennoldson, M., & Kuss, D. J. (2021). Perceived challenges and online harms from social media use on a severity continuum: a qualitative psychological stakeholder perspective. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(6), 3227. 

The purpose of this research study is to determine the challenges as well as online damages experienced by adolescents because of using social media. This study examined stakeholder perspectives from students, parents, and teachers. It included the implication of Thematic Analysis for analyzing the data collected from individual interviews and focus groups (Throuvala et al., 2021). The sample included 42 students, nine teachers, and nine parents from three UK secondary schools. The analysis showed the impact of using social media on adolescents, which is conceptualized on a severity continuum. The themes included individual vulnerabilities, sensory overload, peer judgment, and time displacement. The findings stated that people's overall health is affected adversely by using social media for a long time.

Filice, E., Raffoul, A., Meyer, S. B., & Neiterman, E. (2020). The impact of social media on body image perceptions and bodily practices among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men: A critical review of the literature and extension of theory. Sex Roles, 82, 387-410.

This research study aimed to determine the impact of social media on perceptions regarding body image and practices among bisexual, gay, and other men who are related to GBMSM. It aimed to extend the existing theory and develop a theoretical model. For this purpose, the researchers employed a critical review methodology and surveyed the current literature to derive a theoretical model. The primary focus was identifying gaps in empirical evidence and defining different ways associated with social media usage to body image concerns among GBMSM. The findings of this research include the extension of the transactional model of social media and body image concern by including different individual vulnerability factors such as gender nonconformity and perceived self-discrepancy (Filice et al., 2020). Moreover, the gaps in empirical evidence were also identified to encourage future researchers to explore additional directions for the relationship between social media and body image among GBMSM.

Cataldo, I., Lepri, B., Neoh, M. J. Y., & Esposito, G. (2021). Social media usage and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence: a review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 508595.

The purpose of this research was to explore the impact of social media on the mental health and behavior of adolescents, including neurodevelopment disorders, cyberbullying, suicidal ideation, self-harm, and substance use. The targeted subjects were young adults and adolescents to examine the effects of social media on them. The researchers used a comprehensive literature review approach to extract valuable findings from the existing research studies regarding this topic. Different measures were used in this concern, such as neuroscientific investigations, qualitative interviews, cross-sectional analyses, and longitudinal studies to deeply determine social media's impact. This research included large-scale surveys of thousands of participants aged 10 to 25 (Cataldo et al., 2021). The findings of this study showed the relationship between the usage of social media and different mental health and behavioral outcomes in young adults and adolescents. The outcomes included cyberbullying victimization, self-harm and suicidal ideation, substance use, and addiction

adults. 

Shin, M., Juventin, M., Chu, J. T. W., Manor, Y., & Kemps, E. (2022). Online media consumption and depression in young people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Computers in Human Behavior, 128, 107129.

This research study aims to explore the relationship between depressive symptoms and online media consumption in young people aged 10 to 24 with the help of meta-analysis and a systematic review. The measures of online media and the role of different media types have also been explored from 531 studies extracted from 6 databases, where 52 are longitudinal, and 476 are cross-sectional. The impact of online media was determined using different measures, such as self-reported time spent on online media and addiction scales. The findings of this research study showed the bi-directional association between depressive symptoms and online media use in young people (Shin et al., 2022). Different types of online media include online gaming, social media, etc., whose excessive use leads to sleep disturbance, cyberbullying experiences, and many more. 

Sarmiento, I. G., Olson, C., Yeo, G., Chen, Y. A., Toma, C. L., Brown, B. B., ... & Mares, M. L. (2020). How does social media use relate to adolescents’ internalizing symptoms? Conclusions from a systematic narrative review. Adolescent Research Review, 5, 381-404.

This research study aimed to determine the relationship between the usage of social media and symptoms like loneliness, anxiety, and depression in adolescents aged 12 to 18 years. It examined the studies conducted from 2000 to 2017 to understand the relationships between the factors affecting these connections. A systematic narrative review approach was used to analyze 68 qualifying empirical studies to determine the direction, strength, and consistency of associations between internalizing symptoms and social media usage. The findings highlighted the impact of individual, media-based, and contextual factors that meet these direct efforts. It also underscored the need to develop more theory-driven approaches to determine this relationship in detail (Sarmiento et al., 2020). Moreover, integrating clinical psychology, developmental psychology, and communication science was also suggested to understand such relationships better.

Article Analysis and Hypothesis

Similarities and Differences

The significant similarity in all the summarized articles is the focus on online media consumption and mental health outcomes, such as internalizing symptoms and depression among young people. All the selected research studies evaluated the impact of online media on the overall well-being of young individuals. However, the methodology used by every research study differed; some conducted meta-analyses, including quantitative methods, while others chose systematic narrative reviews to explore the qualitative data.

Inconsistencies

The significant inconsistency among all the research studies is the difference in findings regarding the strength and direction of the relationship between online media use and mental health outcomes. Some research studies show positive associations, while some determine contradictory results influenced by media-based, contextual, or individual factors. These inconsistencies may occur due to the differences in sample demographics, measurement methods, and study designs.

Implications

The review of selected research studies highlights the need for practical approaches to studying the relationship between online media use and mental health outcomes by considering some essential factors like developmental stages, duration of use, specific media types, and addiction. It is necessary to understand this relationship to develop support mechanisms and targeted interventions for young adults and adolescents going through mental health issues due to the consumption of social media.

Unanswered questions

Some unanswered questions related to this field include the long-term effects of using online media on mental health. It also provides for the effectiveness of interventions that aim to mitigate the impact of online media on mental wellness and the role of individual differences in determining adverse outcomes. Moreover, research must be conducted to determine the benefits of using online media to deal with mental health issues.

Hypothesis

"Increased exposure to online media, particularly through addictive usage patterns, is associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms and internalizing problems among adolescents and young adults."

References Cataldo, I., Lepri, B., Neoh, M. J., & Esposito, G. (2021). Social media usage and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence: a review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 508595. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.508595 Filice, E., Raffoul, A., Meyer, S. B., & Neiterman, E. (2020). The impact of social media on body image perceptions and bodily practices among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men: A critical review of the literature and extension of theory. Sex Roles, 387-410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-019-01063-7 Galanis, P., Katsiroumpa, Z., Katsiroumpa, A., Tsakalaki, A., & Vasilopoulos, S. (2023). Relationship between sexting and self-esteem, depression, anxiety, and stress among young people. medRxiv, 2023-02. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.02.01.23285354 Sarmiento, I. G., Olson, C., Yeo, G., Chen, Y. A., Toma, C. L., Brown, B. B., & Mares, M. L. (2020). How does social media use relate to adolescents’ internalizing symptoms? Conclusions from a systematic narrative review. Adolescent Research Review, 381-404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-018-0095-2 Shin, M., Juventin, M., Chu, J. T., Manor, Y., & Kemps, E. (2022). Online media consumption and depression in young people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Computers in Human Behavior, 107129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.107129 Throuvala, M. A., Griffiths, M. D., Rennoldson, M., & Kuss, D. J. (2021). Perceived challenges and online harms from social media use on a severity continuum: a qualitative psychological stakeholder perspective. International journal of environmental research and public health, 3227. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063227