PADM530Wk2
3 years ago 6
Introduction.pdf
Weknowthatitisimportanttohaveagoodworkingrelation.docx
References.pdf
ThePolicyProcessDefined.pdf
ThePolicyProcessModel.pdf
Tomorrowsgovernmenttoday.pdf
Overview.pdf
Introduction.pdf
Introduction
This week, we examine a few of the theories of public policy and politics. Remember that we use
theories to analyze how policy is made. More than one theory will often apply to a decision. Some of
the more common theories are:
• Elite Theory
• Group Theory
• Institutional Theory
• Rational choice Theory
• Political System Theory
Weknowthatitisimportanttohaveagoodworkingrelation.docx
Image Citations
"The United States Capitol" by https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Uscapitolindaylight.jpg.
"Flooding after Hurricane Harvey" by https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Support_during_Hurricane_Harvey_(TX)_(50).jpg.
"President Trump signing the Hurricane Harvey bill." by https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:President_Trump_signing_Hurricane_Harvey_bill_(cropped).jpg.
"Flooding from Hurricane Harvey" by https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Texas_Army_National_Guard_Hurricane_Harvey_Response.jpg.
References.pdf
References Anyebe, A.A. (2018). An overview of approaches to the study of public policy. International Journal of Political Science. 4(1) pp8-17 retrieved June 22, 2021, from https://www.arcjournals.org/pdfs/ijps/v4-i1/2.pdf
Easton, D. (1965). A Systems Analysis of Political Life. New York: Wiley. Foreign Assistance: Selected Agencies’ Monitoring and Evaluation Policies Generally Address Leading Practices (Rep. No. GAO -16- 861R). (2016). Retrieved from https://www.gao.gov/assets/690/680042.pdf
The University of Texas at Austin. (n.d.). The Public Policy Process. Retrieved from http://www.laits.utexas.edu/gov310/PEP/policy/
ThePolicyProcessDefined.pdf
The Policy Process Defined
The International Journal of Policy Science (https://www.arcjournals.org/pdfs/ijps/v4-i1/2.pdf)has
some good information about these.
As you study theory, remember a hypothesis is a best guess at the answer to a question with an
unknown answer. It is a tentative explanation or an educated guess. On the other hand, a theory is a
principle that explains phenomena that has already occurred and has been proven. It is imperative to
remember that they are not the same.
It is important to remember that theories are used to analyze. In this case, they are used to analyze
how public policy is made. Often, more than one theory will apply to a policy decision. First, we will
examine �ve of the more common theories and as we move on from theory to practice. The policy
process model will look at the various stages of the policy process, and the roles and relationships of
policy actors within each stage. This model is the logical sequence of activities regarding any new
public policy, and there are six basic stages of the public policy process.
ThePolicyProcessModel.pdf
The Policy Process Model
As we examine policy process, we notice the policy process model examines the stages and roles of the
relationships in each state.
For the sake of simplicity, we will look at the procedure for federal law. Remember, this may be
somewhat different at the state and local levels.
The University of Texas at Austin (http://www.laits.utexas.edu/gov310/PEP/policy/) shows the
public policy process as a cycle with the most common steps included as:
01 Problem identi�cation
02 Agenda setting
03 Policy making
04 Budgeting
05 Implementation
06 Education
While various sources have countless steps, with many use different names, most follow the same
outlined procedure above. You can begin anywhere in the cycle, but we will begin with the
identi�cation of the problem. A policy problem exists because there is a need or a dissatisfaction with
the current state of affairs. People begin to look for alternatives and �nd a place on the agenda so the
issue can be presented. Once the issue is on the agenda, those who create policy put the alternative
they wish to implement before Congress and the alternative goes through the process of becoming
accepted.
A detailed description as to how Congress enacts law(s) in how laws are made is designed to assist you
learn about the legislative process. At the federal level, this process requires congressional and
presidential action as de�ned in Article 1, Section 7 of the U.S. Constitution. While it has become more
complicated with many more details the basic idea is that it has to pass both houses of Congress before
going to the President for a signature. If the President vetoes the bill, it is returned to Congress.
Congress can override that veto by passing the bill again with a two-thirds majority, in which case the
law becomes a law without the President’s signature. The president might also take no action. After
ten days (not including Sundays), the bill becomes a law, but only if congress is still in session.
Complicated, sure! However, the process is not yet complete. Congress must further provide
appropriations prior to funds allocated on the new law. This brings issues of its own as the only money
Congress has to spend is money it collects in taxes and fees (generally paid by the people) or borrows
(which increases the debt).
This leads to implementation of the policy, in which the executive branch carries out the new law. As
the law begins to affect the people, Congress and the General Accounting Of�ce (GAO) evaluate what
they have done. Outside entities, such as think tanks, the media, and citizens also evaluate how the law
has worked or not worked. In addition to examining the intended effects of policy, these groups
examine the unintended consequences. For example, in one area, taxes might be raised so much that
people who are working leave the area in greater numbers than before. This could result in a net loss of
tax income since there are fewer taxpayers to pay the taxes.
Tomorrowsgovernmenttoday.pdf
Emerging technologies in government
Tomorrow's government today
Emerging technologies create extraordinary opportunities for governments to enhance how they fulfill their missions. But governments will need to continue the pace of modernization by adopting and embracing new technology, or they risk being left behind as the private sector rushes forward.
Privacy - Terms
Lorna Stark
National Sector Leader, Government & Public Sector, KPMG LLP
Tomorrow’s government today draws on surveys and interviews with federal and state government leaders and constituents, along with our experience working with public sector organizations. We explore how governments serve a unique role in driving innovation, the forces and investments fueling the next great wave of breakthroughs and how public sector leaders are approaching emerging technologies. View the highlights below and download the full report for the trends, tools, and leading practices that can help governments accelerate their technology-enabled transformation.
Tomorrow’s government today
Dive into our thinking:
Embracing emerging technologies
Download PDF
Technologically equipped
Leaders show broad confidence.
1
Technologies with impact
Emerging technologies drive change.
2
Constituent experience
Personalization and efficiency are key.
3
Data and privacy protection
Leaders face the challenge head-on.
4
A future-ready workforce
Tools and training lead strategies.
5
Leaders express confidence in current technology
Ninety-four percent of the leaders surveyed report that their agencies are either well-equipped
or moderately equipped with the technology needed for their mission.
6% of leaders report being poorly-equipped with technology needed for the mission
62% report being moderately-equipped
32% report being well-equipped with technology needed for the mission
Preferences surface for technology implementations
Leaders seek to address current challenges through emerging technologies. They perceive cloud
technologies, generative AI and machine learning as the technologies with the greatest potential
for agency improvement.
1 Cloud Technologies
2 Generative AI
3 Machine Learning
Prioritizing the constituent experience a top goal
Government leaders report that they will prioritize technology use over the next 3 to 5 years to
create services more responsive to constituents, with nearly half very focused on streamlining
and personalizing constituent interactions.
44% of leaders very focused over the next 3-5 years on using technology to streamline and/or personalize the constituent experience
An emphasis on data protection ranks high
Alongside its rewards, digitalization brings new risks, leading to a targeted effort by leaders to
prevent compromised data security and privacy breaches. In fact, 68 percent of leaders list data
protection as a highly focused objective.
68% of leaders very focused over the next 3-5 years on preventing compromised data security and privacy
Building the workforce of tomorrow
With a vision for the future of government, nearly half of leaders are very focused on services
aimed at helping the US workforce become future-ready, such as programs to support upskilling
and reskilling. A combination of emerging technologies and well-structured training will be
required to support that vision.
46% of leaders very focused over the next 3-5 years on supporting upskilling/re- skilling to help the U.S. workforce to be future ready
Our recommendations
Establish or refine the incubation process within your agency
Any agency can adopt aspects of an incubation model within their organization. This requires ensuring practices are flexible enough to encourage prototyping and pilot programs while establishing a disciplined process to refine ideas into secure and cost- effective solutions.
Adapt technologies to your environment with an ecosystem approach
Many government agencies have access to an abundance of technology products and licenses. The challenge is determining how to effectively utilize technologies and fit solutions into an agency’s unique environment. Avoid treating applications in isolation and instead take an ecosystem approach that maps how technologies fit together and serve an overall purpose.
Determine when to maintain legacy systems or build new ones
Advanced technologies cannot function without accurate, accessible, and secure data. However, governments often work with data and IT systems that are fragmented or insufficient for the latest technologies and methods. Agencies may benefit from simply building new systems in a cloud environment that will be easier to keep secure and update over time. Consider building new environments using a now-popular modular approach and platforms that can integrate both new and legacy systems.
Cultivate strategic partnerships to strengthen your talent community
Recruiting tech talent is difficult across industries, but the challenges are often amplified for governments. Strategic partnerships can help. We are seeing more agencies develop private-sector working groups to collaborate on shared challenges such as cybersecurity. Agencies can also engage with educational institutions to align on talent training. Interagency rotational programs that encourage upskilling are another option to develop talent.
Are you prepared to shape the future of innovation and the future of tomorrow?
Download Tomorrow's government today for additional survey results, insights and analysis.
Meet our team
Contact Us
Explore more
Insight
Insights for Governments and the Public Sector
Read more
Insight
Modern government: Connected. Powered. Trusted.
Read more
Ins
Nav digit
Read
Explore other services tailored to your business
Some or all of the services described herein may not be permissible for KPMG audit clients and
their affiliates or related entities.
Legal
Lorna Stark
National Government & Public Sector Leader, KPMG US
Ty Enmark
Principal, Federal Advisory, KPMG US
Read bio Read bio
Government and Public Sector
Industry
Read more
Privacy
Accessibility
Cookie Preferences
Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information
The information contained herein is of a general nature and is not intended to address the circumstances of any particular individual or entity. Although we endeavor to provide accurate and timely information, there can be no guarantee that such information is accurate as of the date it is received or that it will continue to be accurate in the future. No one should act upon such information without appropriate professional advice after a thorough examination of the particular situation. KPMG LLP does not provide legal services.
The information contained herein is not intended to be “written advice concerning one or more Federal tax matters” subject to the requirements of section 10.37(a)(2) of Treasury Department Circular 230.
© 2023 KPMG LLP, a Delaware limited liability partnership and a member firm of the KPMG global organization of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Limited, a private English company limited by guarantee. All rights reserved.
For more detail about the structure of the KPMG global organization please visit https://home.kpmg/governance.
Overview.pdf
Overview
Welcome to Week 2.
This week we continue our exploration of public policy by looking at the theories
of politics and public policy. It is important to remember that theories are used to
analyze. In this case, they are used to analyze how public policy is made. Often,
more than one theory will apply to a policy decision. We are going to examine four
of the more common theories.
Course Objectives
01 CO1: Evaluate the theoretical basis of policymaking process.
02 CO4: Evaluate the policymaking process.
Introduction.pdf
Introduction
This week, we examine a few of the theories of public policy and politics. Remember that we use
theories to analyze how policy is made. More than one theory will often apply to a decision. Some of
the more common theories are:
• Elite Theory
• Group Theory
• Institutional Theory
• Rational choice Theory
• Political System Theory
Weknowthatitisimportanttohaveagoodworkingrelation.docx
Image Citations
"The United States Capitol" by https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Uscapitolindaylight.jpg.
"Flooding after Hurricane Harvey" by https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Support_during_Hurricane_Harvey_(TX)_(50).jpg.
"President Trump signing the Hurricane Harvey bill." by https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:President_Trump_signing_Hurricane_Harvey_bill_(cropped).jpg.
"Flooding from Hurricane Harvey" by https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Texas_Army_National_Guard_Hurricane_Harvey_Response.jpg.
References.pdf
References Anyebe, A.A. (2018). An overview of approaches to the study of public policy. International Journal of Political Science. 4(1) pp8-17 retrieved June 22, 2021, from https://www.arcjournals.org/pdfs/ijps/v4-i1/2.pdf
Easton, D. (1965). A Systems Analysis of Political Life. New York: Wiley. Foreign Assistance: Selected Agencies’ Monitoring and Evaluation Policies Generally Address Leading Practices (Rep. No. GAO -16- 861R). (2016). Retrieved from https://www.gao.gov/assets/690/680042.pdf
The University of Texas at Austin. (n.d.). The Public Policy Process. Retrieved from http://www.laits.utexas.edu/gov310/PEP/policy/
ThePolicyProcessDefined.pdf
The Policy Process Defined
The International Journal of Policy Science (https://www.arcjournals.org/pdfs/ijps/v4-i1/2.pdf)has
some good information about these.
As you study theory, remember a hypothesis is a best guess at the answer to a question with an
unknown answer. It is a tentative explanation or an educated guess. On the other hand, a theory is a
principle that explains phenomena that has already occurred and has been proven. It is imperative to
remember that they are not the same.
It is important to remember that theories are used to analyze. In this case, they are used to analyze
how public policy is made. Often, more than one theory will apply to a policy decision. First, we will
examine �ve of the more common theories and as we move on from theory to practice. The policy
process model will look at the various stages of the policy process, and the roles and relationships of
policy actors within each stage. This model is the logical sequence of activities regarding any new
public policy, and there are six basic stages of the public policy process.
ThePolicyProcessModel.pdf
The Policy Process Model
As we examine policy process, we notice the policy process model examines the stages and roles of the
relationships in each state.
For the sake of simplicity, we will look at the procedure for federal law. Remember, this may be
somewhat different at the state and local levels.
The University of Texas at Austin (http://www.laits.utexas.edu/gov310/PEP/policy/) shows the
public policy process as a cycle with the most common steps included as:
01 Problem identi�cation
02 Agenda setting
03 Policy making
04 Budgeting
05 Implementation
06 Education
While various sources have countless steps, with many use different names, most follow the same
outlined procedure above. You can begin anywhere in the cycle, but we will begin with the
identi�cation of the problem. A policy problem exists because there is a need or a dissatisfaction with
the current state of affairs. People begin to look for alternatives and �nd a place on the agenda so the
issue can be presented. Once the issue is on the agenda, those who create policy put the alternative
they wish to implement before Congress and the alternative goes through the process of becoming
accepted.
A detailed description as to how Congress enacts law(s) in how laws are made is designed to assist you
learn about the legislative process. At the federal level, this process requires congressional and
presidential action as de�ned in Article 1, Section 7 of the U.S. Constitution. While it has become more
complicated with many more details the basic idea is that it has to pass both houses of Congress before
going to the President for a signature. If the President vetoes the bill, it is returned to Congress.
Congress can override that veto by passing the bill again with a two-thirds majority, in which case the
law becomes a law without the President’s signature. The president might also take no action. After
ten days (not including Sundays), the bill becomes a law, but only if congress is still in session.
Complicated, sure! However, the process is not yet complete. Congress must further provide
appropriations prior to funds allocated on the new law. This brings issues of its own as the only money
Congress has to spend is money it collects in taxes and fees (generally paid by the people) or borrows
(which increases the debt).
This leads to implementation of the policy, in which the executive branch carries out the new law. As
the law begins to affect the people, Congress and the General Accounting Of�ce (GAO) evaluate what
they have done. Outside entities, such as think tanks, the media, and citizens also evaluate how the law
has worked or not worked. In addition to examining the intended effects of policy, these groups
examine the unintended consequences. For example, in one area, taxes might be raised so much that
people who are working leave the area in greater numbers than before. This could result in a net loss of
tax income since there are fewer taxpayers to pay the taxes.
Tomorrowsgovernmenttoday.pdf
Emerging technologies in government
Tomorrow's government today
Emerging technologies create extraordinary opportunities for governments to enhance how they fulfill their missions. But governments will need to continue the pace of modernization by adopting and embracing new technology, or they risk being left behind as the private sector rushes forward.
Privacy - Terms
Lorna Stark
National Sector Leader, Government & Public Sector, KPMG LLP
Tomorrow’s government today draws on surveys and interviews with federal and state government leaders and constituents, along with our experience working with public sector organizations. We explore how governments serve a unique role in driving innovation, the forces and investments fueling the next great wave of breakthroughs and how public sector leaders are approaching emerging technologies. View the highlights below and download the full report for the trends, tools, and leading practices that can help governments accelerate their technology-enabled transformation.
Tomorrow’s government today
Dive into our thinking:
Embracing emerging technologies
Download PDF
Technologically equipped
Leaders show broad confidence.
1
Technologies with impact
Emerging technologies drive change.
2
Constituent experience
Personalization and efficiency are key.
3
Data and privacy protection
Leaders face the challenge head-on.
4
A future-ready workforce
Tools and training lead strategies.
5
Leaders express confidence in current technology
Ninety-four percent of the leaders surveyed report that their agencies are either well-equipped
or moderately equipped with the technology needed for their mission.
6% of leaders report being poorly-equipped with technology needed for the mission
62% report being moderately-equipped
32% report being well-equipped with technology needed for the mission
Preferences surface for technology implementations
Leaders seek to address current challenges through emerging technologies. They perceive cloud
technologies, generative AI and machine learning as the technologies with the greatest potential
for agency improvement.
1 Cloud Technologies
2 Generative AI
3 Machine Learning
Prioritizing the constituent experience a top goal
Government leaders report that they will prioritize technology use over the next 3 to 5 years to
create services more responsive to constituents, with nearly half very focused on streamlining
and personalizing constituent interactions.
44% of leaders very focused over the next 3-5 years on using technology to streamline and/or personalize the constituent experience
An emphasis on data protection ranks high
Alongside its rewards, digitalization brings new risks, leading to a targeted effort by leaders to
prevent compromised data security and privacy breaches. In fact, 68 percent of leaders list data
protection as a highly focused objective.
68% of leaders very focused over the next 3-5 years on preventing compromised data security and privacy
Building the workforce of tomorrow
With a vision for the future of government, nearly half of leaders are very focused on services
aimed at helping the US workforce become future-ready, such as programs to support upskilling
and reskilling. A combination of emerging technologies and well-structured training will be
required to support that vision.
46% of leaders very focused over the next 3-5 years on supporting upskilling/re- skilling to help the U.S. workforce to be future ready
Our recommendations
Establish or refine the incubation process within your agency
Any agency can adopt aspects of an incubation model within their organization. This requires ensuring practices are flexible enough to encourage prototyping and pilot programs while establishing a disciplined process to refine ideas into secure and cost- effective solutions.
Adapt technologies to your environment with an ecosystem approach
Many government agencies have access to an abundance of technology products and licenses. The challenge is determining how to effectively utilize technologies and fit solutions into an agency’s unique environment. Avoid treating applications in isolation and instead take an ecosystem approach that maps how technologies fit together and serve an overall purpose.
Determine when to maintain legacy systems or build new ones
Advanced technologies cannot function without accurate, accessible, and secure data. However, governments often work with data and IT systems that are fragmented or insufficient for the latest technologies and methods. Agencies may benefit from simply building new systems in a cloud environment that will be easier to keep secure and update over time. Consider building new environments using a now-popular modular approach and platforms that can integrate both new and legacy systems.
Cultivate strategic partnerships to strengthen your talent community
Recruiting tech talent is difficult across industries, but the challenges are often amplified for governments. Strategic partnerships can help. We are seeing more agencies develop private-sector working groups to collaborate on shared challenges such as cybersecurity. Agencies can also engage with educational institutions to align on talent training. Interagency rotational programs that encourage upskilling are another option to develop talent.
Are you prepared to shape the future of innovation and the future of tomorrow?
Download Tomorrow's government today for additional survey results, insights and analysis.
Meet our team
Contact Us
Explore more
Insight
Insights for Governments and the Public Sector
Read more
Insight
Modern government: Connected. Powered. Trusted.
Read more
Ins
Nav digit
Read
Explore other services tailored to your business
Some or all of the services described herein may not be permissible for KPMG audit clients and
their affiliates or related entities.
Legal
Lorna Stark
National Government & Public Sector Leader, KPMG US
Ty Enmark
Principal, Federal Advisory, KPMG US
Read bio Read bio
Government and Public Sector
Industry
Read more
Privacy
Accessibility
Cookie Preferences
Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information
The information contained herein is of a general nature and is not intended to address the circumstances of any particular individual or entity. Although we endeavor to provide accurate and timely information, there can be no guarantee that such information is accurate as of the date it is received or that it will continue to be accurate in the future. No one should act upon such information without appropriate professional advice after a thorough examination of the particular situation. KPMG LLP does not provide legal services.
The information contained herein is not intended to be “written advice concerning one or more Federal tax matters” subject to the requirements of section 10.37(a)(2) of Treasury Department Circular 230.
© 2023 KPMG LLP, a Delaware limited liability partnership and a member firm of the KPMG global organization of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Limited, a private English company limited by guarantee. All rights reserved.
For more detail about the structure of the KPMG global organization please visit https://home.kpmg/governance.
Overview.pdf
Overview
Welcome to Week 2.
This week we continue our exploration of public policy by looking at the theories
of politics and public policy. It is important to remember that theories are used to
analyze. In this case, they are used to analyze how public policy is made. Often,
more than one theory will apply to a policy decision. We are going to examine four
of the more common theories.
Course Objectives
01 CO1: Evaluate the theoretical basis of policymaking process.
02 CO4: Evaluate the policymaking process.
- The case study (Coleen Colombo and Colleagues Resist Mortgage Fraud, page 250) will include a Synopsis and three Findings of...
- mis
- economic
- Finance worksheet- preferably word
- module 5
- The U.S. Government and the Policing Organizations in the United States
- 2 pages
- LAW/421 Week 3 Article Review
- Emergency Management
- Case study: pivot initiative taken at Midwest bank Apply the following techniques to improve product quality. Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA)• (choose any product ) u will find example i attached Screen Shot 2015-03-29 at 6.22.11 PM.png