n w 8 part 4

Name of Test

Test Type

Normal Adult Findings

Indications for Test

Interfering Factors

Clinical Significance of Findings

Cystoscopy

Endoscopic Study

Normal structure and function of the urethra, bladder, ureters, and prostate (in males)

Commonly performed for patients with hematuria, recurrent or resistant urinary tract infections, or other urinary symptoms. Used to evaluate patients with suspected pathologic conditions of the urethra, bladder, and lower ureters.

Inability to remain still (due to pain or mental status).

Lower urologic tract tumors- bladder cancers and polyps. Bladder or ureter stones, prostatic hypertrophy, prostate cancer, inflammation of the bladder and urethra, urethral, ureteral stricture

Serum Albumin

KUB

Kidneys

Ureters

Bladder

a.k.a. flat plate of the abdomen

Pyelography

X-ray study

Normal size, shape, and position of the kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, & bladder.

Normal kidney excretory function

Pain compatible with urinary stones, blood in the urine, proposed pelvic surgery to locate the ureters, trauma to the urinary system, urinary output obstruction, or a suspected kidney tumor

Fecal material, gas, retained barium in the bowel, or abnormal renal function may obscure findings.

Allergies to iodine/shellfish, severe dehydration, renal insufficiency, multiple myeloma, contraindications

An x-ray study that uses radiopaque contrast material to visualize the structures. Contrast can be injected intravenously, through a catheter in the ureter (retrograde pyelography) or through a catheter in the proximal renal collecting system (antegrade pyelography)

Findings can include pyelonephritis or glomerulonephritis, tumors, stones, trauma, or prostate enlargement

Cystography

X-ray study

Normal bladder structure and function

Used in patients with hematuria, recurrent UTIs, and suspected bladder trauma

Urethral or bladder infection or injury. Can cause worsening of existing bladder injury due to instillation of dye into the bladder.

Bladder tumor (Primary cancers can be seen), pelvic tumor or hematoma, bladder trauma (laceration or perforation of the bladder would show dye outside of the bladder), vesicoureteral reflux (reflux of urine or dye from the bladder into the ureter)

Urinalysis

See Basic Diagnostic Test Grid

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See Basic Diagnostic Test Grid

See Basic Diagnostic Test Grid

See Basic Diagnostic Test Grid

Urine Culture

& sensitivity

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See Basic Diagnostic Test Grid

See Basic Diagnostic Test Grid

See Basic Diagnostic Test Grid

See Basic Diagnostic Test Grid

Name of Test

Test Type

Normal Adult Findings

Indications for Test

Interfering Factors

Clinical Significance of Findings

24-hour urine

Urine

Varies depending on which component is being looked at

Helps to diagnose kidney problems- measures protein, hormones, minerals and other chemical compounds

Certain foods (coffee, tea, cocoa, bananas, citrus fruits), acute stress, vigorous exercise, not keeping urine cold while collecting it, losing urine from the collection

Information obtained from https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/24hour-urine-collection

The patient is instructed to void and discard the first specimen of the day- this is noted as the start time of the 24-hour period. All urine for the next 24 hours is collected. Some analytes are excreted at different rates throughout the day/night and may be missed with random urine specimens.

Blood urea nitrogen

(BUN)

Serum Creatinine

Creatinine Clearance

Serum Electrolytes

See Basic Diagnostic Test Grid

See Basic Diagnostic Test Grid

See Basic Diagnostic Test Grid

See Basic Diagnostic Test Grid

See Basic Diagnostic Test Grid

Renal

Angiogram

X-ray Study

Normal arterial vasculature

To evaluate arterial occlusive disease of the adrenal gland and kidneys

Allergies to shellfish or dye

Uncooperative or agitated

Pregnancy

Renal Disorders

Dehydration

Unstable cardiac disorders

Provides an accurate picture of the vascular anatomy of the structures

Involves the injection of radiopaque contrast dye into the arteries