Lab 2
see attachment
2 years ago 5
LAB2instructions.docx
Lab2discussionWebbHubbleCombinetoCreateMostColourfulViewofUniverse_ESA_Hubble.pdf
LAB2instructions.docx
LAB 2
Your assignment for this discussion post is to find a press release for the Hubble Space Telescope, posting a summary and your thoughts, and replying to another student's post about another press release.
1) Visit https://www.spacetelescope.org/news/ Links to an external site. , and choose an article of interest to you.
2) After reading the article, write a brief summary (~4 sentences) of the observations/discoveries/etc. in your own words. After your summary, write a brief response (~3-4 sentences) to the article (why you chose it, what you learned, why you think it's important, etc.).
This is the story I picked
https://esahubble.org/news/heic2310/
Lab2discussionWebbHubbleCombinetoCreateMostColourfulViewofUniverse_ESA_Hubble.pdf
heic2310 — Photo Release
Webb, Hubble Combine to Create Most
Colourful View of Universe
The result: a vivid landscape of galaxies along with more than a dozen newly found time-varying objects 9 November 2023
(https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/screen/heic2310a.jpg)
(https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/screen/heic2310b.jpg)
(https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/screen/heic2310c.jpg)
(https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/screen/heic2310d.jpg)
The NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope and the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope have united to
study an expansive galaxy cluster known as MACS0416. The resulting panchromatic image combines visible
and infrared light to assemble one of the most comprehensive views of the Universe ever obtained.
Located about 4.3 billion light-years from Earth, MACS0416 is a pair of colliding galaxy clusters that will
eventually combine to form an even bigger cluster.
About the Release
Release No.: heic2310
Images
(/images/heic2310a/)
PR Image
heic2310a(/images/heic2310a/)
Galaxy cluster MACS0416 (Hubble
and Webb composite image)
(/images/heic2310b/)
PR Image
heic2310b(/images/heic2310b/)
Galaxy cluster MACS0416 with
Mothra pullout
The image reveals a wealth of details that are only possible by combining the power of both space telescopes.
It includes a bounty of galaxies outside the cluster and a sprinkling of sources that vary over time, likely due to
gravitational lensing — the distortion and ampli�cation of light from distant background sources.
This cluster was the �rst of a set of unprecedented, super-deep views of the Universe from an ambitious,
collaborative Hubble programme called the Frontier Fields, inaugurated in 2014. Hubble pioneered the search
for some of the intrinsically faintest and youngest galaxies ever detected. Webb’s infrared view signi�cantly
bolsters this deep look by going even farther into the early Universe with its infrared vision.
To make the image, in general the shortest wavelengths of light were colour-coded blue, the longest
wavelengths red, and intermediate wavelengths green. The broad range of wavelengths, from 0.4 to 5 microns,
yields a particularly vivid landscape of galaxies.
Those colours give clues to galaxy distances: the bluest galaxies are relatively nearby and often show intense
star formation, as best detected by Hubble, while the redder galaxies tend to be more distant and are best
detected by Webb. Some galaxies also appear very red because they contain copious amounts of cosmic dust
that tends to absorb bluer colours of starlight.
While the new Webb observations contribute to this aesthetic view, they were taken for a speci�c scienti�c
purpose. The research team combined their three epochs of observations, each taken weeks apart, with a
fourth epoch from the CANUCS (CAnadian NIRISS Unbiased Cluster Survey) research team. The goal was to
search for objects varying in observed brightness over time, known as transients.
They identi�ed 14 such transients across the �eld of view. Twelve of them were located in three galaxies that
are highly magni�ed by gravitational lensing, and they are likely to be individual stars or multiple-star systems
that are brie�y very highly magni�ed. The remaining two transients are within more moderately magni�ed
background galaxies and are likely to be supernovae.
The �nding of so many transients with observations spanning a relatively short timeframe suggests that
astronomers could �nd many more transients in this cluster and others like it through regular monitoring with
Webb.
Among the transients the team identi�ed, one stood out in particular. Located in a galaxy that existed about 3
billion years after the Big Bang, it is magni�ed by a factor of at least 4000. The team nicknamed the star system
Mothra in a nod to its ‘monster nature’, being both extremely bright and extremely magni�ed. It joins another
lensed star that the researchers previously identi�ed and that they nicknamed Godzilla. Both Godzilla and
Mothra are giant monsters known as kaiju in Japanese cinema.
Interestingly, Mothra is also visible in the Hubble observations that were taken nine years earlier. This is
unusual, because a very speci�c alignment between the foreground galaxy cluster and the background star is
needed to magnify a star so greatly. The mutual motions of the star and the cluster should have eventually
eliminated that alignment.
The most likely explanation is that there is an additional object within the foreground cluster that is adding
more magni�cation. The team was able to constrain its mass to be between 10 000 and 1 million times the
mass of our Sun. The exact nature of this ‘milli-lens’, however, remains unknown. It is possible that the object is
a globular star cluster that’s too faint for Webb to observe directly.
The Webb data shown here were obtained as part of PEARLS (Prime Extragalactic Areas for Reionization and
Lensing Science), GTO program 1176(https://www.stsci.edu/jwst/science-execution/program-information?
id=1176).
(/images/heic2310c/)
PR Image
heic2310c(/images/heic2310c/)
Galaxy cluster MACS0416 (Hubble
and Webb composite image,
annotated)
(/images/heic2310d/)
PR Image
heic2310d(/images/heic2310d/)
Galaxy cluster MACS1416 (Hubble
and Webb images)
Also see our
Press Releases on
esawebb.org(https://esawebb.org/news/)
More information The James Webb Space Telescope is the largest, most powerful telescope ever launched into space. Under an
international collaboration agreement, ESA provided the telescope’s launch service, using the Ariane 5 launch
vehicle. Working with partners, ESA was responsible for the development and quali�cation of Ariane 5
adaptations for the Webb mission and for the procurement of the launch service by Arianespace. ESA also
provided the workhorse spectrograph NIRSpec and 50% of the mid-infrared instrument MIRI, which was
designed and built by a consortium of nationally funded European Institutes (The MIRI European Consortium)
in partnership with JPL and the University of Arizona. Webb is an international partnership between NASA, ESA
and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA).
The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between NASA and ESA. NASA’s Goddard
Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, manages the telescope. The Space Telescope Science Institute
(STScI) in Baltimore, Maryland, conducts Hubble and Webb science operations. STScI is operated for NASA by
the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, in Washington, D.C.
Image Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, J. Diego (Instituto de Física de Cantabria, Spain), J. D’Silva (U. Western
Australia), A. Koekemoer (STScI), J. Summers & R. Windhorst (ASU), and H. Yan (U. Missouri)
Links ESA Webb Seeing Farther Interactive Brochure(https://www.esa.int/About_Us/ESA_Publications/ESA_BR-
348_Webb_Seeing_farther)
Release on ESA/Webb website(https://esawebb.org/news/weic2327/)
Release on STScI website (Webb release)(https://webbtelescope.org/contents/news-releases/2023/news-
2023-146)
Release on STScI website (Hubble release)(https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/2023/news-
2023-146)
Release on NASA website(https://www.nasa.gov/missions/webb/nasas-webb-hubble-combine-to-create-
most-colorful-view-of-universe/)
Yan et al. paper (The Astrophysical Journal)(https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.07579)
Diego et al. paper (Astronomy & Astrophysics)(https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202347556)
Contacts Bethany Downer
ESA/Webb Chief Science Communications O�cer
Email: Bethany.Downer@esawebb.org(mailto:Bethany.Downer@esawebb.org)
Ninja Menning
ESA Newsroom and Media Relations O�ce
Email: media@esa.int(mailto:media@esa.int)
Usage of ESA/Hubble Images and Videos(/copyright/)
Are you a journalist? Subscribe to the ESA/Hubble Media Newsletter.(/press/mailinglist)
Privacy policy(/about/privacy/)
Accelerated by CDN77(http://www.cdn77.com)
LAB2instructions.docx
LAB 2
Your assignment for this discussion post is to find a press release for the Hubble Space Telescope, posting a summary and your thoughts, and replying to another student's post about another press release.
1) Visit https://www.spacetelescope.org/news/ Links to an external site. , and choose an article of interest to you.
2) After reading the article, write a brief summary (~4 sentences) of the observations/discoveries/etc. in your own words. After your summary, write a brief response (~3-4 sentences) to the article (why you chose it, what you learned, why you think it's important, etc.).
This is the story I picked
https://esahubble.org/news/heic2310/
Lab2discussionWebbHubbleCombinetoCreateMostColourfulViewofUniverse_ESA_Hubble.pdf
heic2310 — Photo Release
Webb, Hubble Combine to Create Most
Colourful View of Universe
The result: a vivid landscape of galaxies along with more than a dozen newly found time-varying objects 9 November 2023
(https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/screen/heic2310a.jpg)
(https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/screen/heic2310b.jpg)
(https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/screen/heic2310c.jpg)
(https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/screen/heic2310d.jpg)
The NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope and the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope have united to
study an expansive galaxy cluster known as MACS0416. The resulting panchromatic image combines visible
and infrared light to assemble one of the most comprehensive views of the Universe ever obtained.
Located about 4.3 billion light-years from Earth, MACS0416 is a pair of colliding galaxy clusters that will
eventually combine to form an even bigger cluster.
About the Release
Release No.: heic2310
Images
(/images/heic2310a/)
PR Image
heic2310a(/images/heic2310a/)
Galaxy cluster MACS0416 (Hubble
and Webb composite image)
(/images/heic2310b/)
PR Image
heic2310b(/images/heic2310b/)
Galaxy cluster MACS0416 with
Mothra pullout
The image reveals a wealth of details that are only possible by combining the power of both space telescopes.
It includes a bounty of galaxies outside the cluster and a sprinkling of sources that vary over time, likely due to
gravitational lensing — the distortion and ampli�cation of light from distant background sources.
This cluster was the �rst of a set of unprecedented, super-deep views of the Universe from an ambitious,
collaborative Hubble programme called the Frontier Fields, inaugurated in 2014. Hubble pioneered the search
for some of the intrinsically faintest and youngest galaxies ever detected. Webb’s infrared view signi�cantly
bolsters this deep look by going even farther into the early Universe with its infrared vision.
To make the image, in general the shortest wavelengths of light were colour-coded blue, the longest
wavelengths red, and intermediate wavelengths green. The broad range of wavelengths, from 0.4 to 5 microns,
yields a particularly vivid landscape of galaxies.
Those colours give clues to galaxy distances: the bluest galaxies are relatively nearby and often show intense
star formation, as best detected by Hubble, while the redder galaxies tend to be more distant and are best
detected by Webb. Some galaxies also appear very red because they contain copious amounts of cosmic dust
that tends to absorb bluer colours of starlight.
While the new Webb observations contribute to this aesthetic view, they were taken for a speci�c scienti�c
purpose. The research team combined their three epochs of observations, each taken weeks apart, with a
fourth epoch from the CANUCS (CAnadian NIRISS Unbiased Cluster Survey) research team. The goal was to
search for objects varying in observed brightness over time, known as transients.
They identi�ed 14 such transients across the �eld of view. Twelve of them were located in three galaxies that
are highly magni�ed by gravitational lensing, and they are likely to be individual stars or multiple-star systems
that are brie�y very highly magni�ed. The remaining two transients are within more moderately magni�ed
background galaxies and are likely to be supernovae.
The �nding of so many transients with observations spanning a relatively short timeframe suggests that
astronomers could �nd many more transients in this cluster and others like it through regular monitoring with
Webb.
Among the transients the team identi�ed, one stood out in particular. Located in a galaxy that existed about 3
billion years after the Big Bang, it is magni�ed by a factor of at least 4000. The team nicknamed the star system
Mothra in a nod to its ‘monster nature’, being both extremely bright and extremely magni�ed. It joins another
lensed star that the researchers previously identi�ed and that they nicknamed Godzilla. Both Godzilla and
Mothra are giant monsters known as kaiju in Japanese cinema.
Interestingly, Mothra is also visible in the Hubble observations that were taken nine years earlier. This is
unusual, because a very speci�c alignment between the foreground galaxy cluster and the background star is
needed to magnify a star so greatly. The mutual motions of the star and the cluster should have eventually
eliminated that alignment.
The most likely explanation is that there is an additional object within the foreground cluster that is adding
more magni�cation. The team was able to constrain its mass to be between 10 000 and 1 million times the
mass of our Sun. The exact nature of this ‘milli-lens’, however, remains unknown. It is possible that the object is
a globular star cluster that’s too faint for Webb to observe directly.
The Webb data shown here were obtained as part of PEARLS (Prime Extragalactic Areas for Reionization and
Lensing Science), GTO program 1176(https://www.stsci.edu/jwst/science-execution/program-information?
id=1176).
(/images/heic2310c/)
PR Image
heic2310c(/images/heic2310c/)
Galaxy cluster MACS0416 (Hubble
and Webb composite image,
annotated)
(/images/heic2310d/)
PR Image
heic2310d(/images/heic2310d/)
Galaxy cluster MACS1416 (Hubble
and Webb images)
Also see our
Press Releases on
esawebb.org(https://esawebb.org/news/)
More information The James Webb Space Telescope is the largest, most powerful telescope ever launched into space. Under an
international collaboration agreement, ESA provided the telescope’s launch service, using the Ariane 5 launch
vehicle. Working with partners, ESA was responsible for the development and quali�cation of Ariane 5
adaptations for the Webb mission and for the procurement of the launch service by Arianespace. ESA also
provided the workhorse spectrograph NIRSpec and 50% of the mid-infrared instrument MIRI, which was
designed and built by a consortium of nationally funded European Institutes (The MIRI European Consortium)
in partnership with JPL and the University of Arizona. Webb is an international partnership between NASA, ESA
and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA).
The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between NASA and ESA. NASA’s Goddard
Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, manages the telescope. The Space Telescope Science Institute
(STScI) in Baltimore, Maryland, conducts Hubble and Webb science operations. STScI is operated for NASA by
the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, in Washington, D.C.
Image Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, J. Diego (Instituto de Física de Cantabria, Spain), J. D’Silva (U. Western
Australia), A. Koekemoer (STScI), J. Summers & R. Windhorst (ASU), and H. Yan (U. Missouri)
Links ESA Webb Seeing Farther Interactive Brochure(https://www.esa.int/About_Us/ESA_Publications/ESA_BR-
348_Webb_Seeing_farther)
Release on ESA/Webb website(https://esawebb.org/news/weic2327/)
Release on STScI website (Webb release)(https://webbtelescope.org/contents/news-releases/2023/news-
2023-146)
Release on STScI website (Hubble release)(https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/2023/news-
2023-146)
Release on NASA website(https://www.nasa.gov/missions/webb/nasas-webb-hubble-combine-to-create-
most-colorful-view-of-universe/)
Yan et al. paper (The Astrophysical Journal)(https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.07579)
Diego et al. paper (Astronomy & Astrophysics)(https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202347556)
Contacts Bethany Downer
ESA/Webb Chief Science Communications O�cer
Email: Bethany.Downer@esawebb.org(mailto:Bethany.Downer@esawebb.org)
Ninja Menning
ESA Newsroom and Media Relations O�ce
Email: media@esa.int(mailto:media@esa.int)
Usage of ESA/Hubble Images and Videos(/copyright/)
Are you a journalist? Subscribe to the ESA/Hubble Media Newsletter.(/press/mailinglist)
Privacy policy(/about/privacy/)
Accelerated by CDN77(http://www.cdn77.com)