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Homeland Security

Homeland security is described as the "home game" and the lead federal agency really depends on the specific challenge at hand. If the issue is border or transporta�on security, then the Department of Homeland Security is the lead federal agency. However, if the challenge is countering terrorism domes�cally, then the Department of Jus�ce with the Federal Bureau of Inves�ga�on (FBI) is the lead federal agency. If there is a biological event, then the Department of Health and Human Services and their Centers for Disease Control and Preven�on (CDC) may be lead.

Suppor�ng all these efforts, the U.S. Intelligence Community (IC) works with and within these agencies to support the constella�on of agencies with a role in protec�ng the homeland from the federal, state and local levels. It is important to note that homeland security" is much more than just DHS. It is only one part of a larger Homeland Security Enterprise that includes Departmental leaders and components, state, local, tribal, territorial and private sector partners and others.

References

Clapper, J. (2014). The Na�onal Intelligence Strategy of the United States of America. h�ps://www.dni.gov/files/2014_NIS_Publica�on.pdf

Joint Chiefs of Staff. (2015). Na�onal Military Strategy of the United States. h�p://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Publica�ons/Na�onal_Military_Strategy_2015.pdf

Joint Chiefs of Staff. (2018). Na�onal Military Strategy of the United States. h�ps://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2018-Na�onal-Defense-Strategy-Summary.pdf

Kazon, O. (2013, June 17). Gentlemen reading each other’s' mail: A brief history of diploma�c spying. The Atlan�c. h�ps://www.theatlan�c.com/interna�onal/archive/2013/06/gentlemen-reading-each-others-mail-a-brief-history- of-diploma�c-spying/276940/

Kahan, J. (2013). What’s in a name? The meaning of homeland security. Journal of Homeland Security Educa�on. h�p://www.journalhse.org/s�710/kahanjhsear�clefinal2.pdf

ODNI. (2018) Members of the IC. h�ps://www.dni.gov/index.php/what-we-do/members-of-the-ic

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military intelligence; the National Geospatial Intelligence Agency, which charts and maps the physical earth and human activity for national security purposes; and the National Reconnaissance Office, which designs, builds, launches, and maintains US spy satellites.

Then there's the FBI'S counterintelligence unit, which helps protect the American homeland from foreign intelligence operations here. For the 2015 fiscal year, the White House requested $60 billion for two programs that fund all of these agencies combined. But that's known as the black budget because the breakdown beyond that top line is classified. Earlier this year, two House Democrats introduced legislation that would force the White House to reveal more details about how that funding is actually spent.

America's intelligence community, explainedAmerica's intelligence community, explained

US Intelligence and Homeland Security Intelligence

Intelligence has played a cri�cal role for this country since our earliest days as a rebellion against Great Britain. How many of you have seen the TV series “Turn” that chronicled the ac�vi�es of “Washington’s Spies”. Throughout the Civil War, World War I and World War II, Korea, Vietnam, and Opera�on Enduring Freedom/Opera�on Iraqi Freedom, the importance of intelligence has con�nued to grow. One very famous example is the intercep�on and decryp�on of foreign messages was well developed during World War 1, but the "Cipher Bureau" was ended a�er the war by Secretary of State Henry S�mson who famously stated, "Gentlemen do not read each other's mail" (Khazon, 2013).

This meant that when WWII approached, American intelligence collec�on, decryp�on, and analysis capabili�es had to all be restarted from scratch -- with a lot of help from our Bri�sh Allies. Similarly, as the Cold War ended as the Berlin Wall came down, many leaders sought to cash in on the "peace dividend" and slashed budgets at many agencies like the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). This caused the CIA to roll back many dangerous Human Intelligence (HUMINT) collec�on ac�vi�es and rely on mainly long-distance technological means. As the 9/11 Commission Report (2004) described, "The challenge of technology, however, is a daun�ng one...Some of the advanced technologies gave us insight into the closed-off territories of the Soviet Union during the Cold War are of limited use in iden�fying and tracking individual terrorists" (p. 88). Therefore, a�er the shocking terrorist a�acks of September 2001, these HUMINT capabili�es for the CIA and other agencies like the Federal Bureau of Inves�ga�ons (FBI) all had to be built up over long periods.

Homeland Defense

Of course, intelligence serves a cri�cal role today both overseas as well as providing support to protec�ng the homeland. There are two major thrusts by the government to protect this na�on: Homeland Defense and Homeland Security. The Department of Defense (DoD) is the lead federal agency for Homeland Defense and as laid out in the 2015 Na�onal Military Strategy of the United States we strive to employ an ac�ve, layered defense. Specifically:

Provide for Military Defense of the Homeland. Emerging state and non-stare capabili�es pose varied and direct threats to our homeland. Thus, we are striving to interdict a�ack prepara�ons abroad, defend against limited ballis�c missile a�acks, and protect cyber systems and physical infrastructure. Key homeland defense capabili�es include resilient space-based and terrestrial indica�ons and warning systems; an integrated intelligence collec�on, analysis, and dissemina�on architecture; a Ground-Based Interceptor force; a Cyber Mission Force; and, ready ground, air and naval forces. We also are leveraging domes�c and regional partnerships to improve informa�on sharing and unity of effort. These capabili�es will be�er defend us against both high technology threats and terrorist dangers (Joint Chiefs of Staff, 2015, p. 11).

In the 2018 Na�onal Military Strategy of the United States the relevant statement is that the "Homeland is no longer a sanctuary" (p. 2) rings true as we realize that no longer is our na�on protected by the oceans that we so long relied upon.

America is a target, whether from terrorists seeking to a�ack our ci�zens; malicious cyber ac�vity against personal, commercial, or government infrastructure; or poli�cal and informa�on subversion. New threats to commercial and military use of space are emerging, while increasing digital connec�vity of all aspects of life, business, government, and military creates significant vulnerabili�es. During conflict, a�acks against our cri�cal defense, government, and economic infrastructure must be an�cipated (Joint Chiefs of Staff, 2018, p. 3).

In short, homeland defense focuses on the "away game". We would prefer to eliminate the problem before it ever reaches our shores. Also remember, there is no hard and fast “line” between the two. This has been the subject of a great deal of published material, war games and debate at the na�on’s war colleges!

The Na�onal Intelligence Strategy

The Na�onal Intelligence Strategy (NIS) describes the IC's mission is to support effec�ve na�onal security ac�on. The focus of these 18 different agencies and organiza�ons is to:

Provide ac�onable, �mely, and agile intelligence support to achieve and maintain opera�onal decision advantage; Integrate and collaborate with diverse partners to maximize the effec�veness and reach of intelligence capabili�es in support of opera�ons; Conduct sensi�ve intelligence opera�ons to support effec�ve na�onal security ac�on (Clapper, 2014, p. 8).

The NIS recognizes that there are steps in elimina�ng barriers to sharing intelligence with domes�c partners, such as state and local law enforcement agencies, but that there is s�ll a long way to go. Before 2001, the government focused intelligence primarily on foreign intelligence, which meant na�onal intelligence agencies like the CIA and Na�onal Security Agency (NSA) worked overseas to collect military, poli�cal, and economic intelligence outside the country focusing on HUMINT, Signal Intelligence (SIGINT), and other collec�on disciplines. However, domes�c efforts were mainly law enforcement or counter-intelligence efforts conducted inside our borders, but this figura�ve "wall" between intelligence and law enforcement contributed to the government lapses leading to the 9/11 a�acks. In response, some described the need for Homeland Security Intelligence or HSINT, although it is not a collec�on discipline.

HSINT, however, is generally not source specific as it includes both na�onal technical and nontechnical means of collec�on. For example, HSINT includes human intelligence collected by federal border security personnel or state and local law enforcement officials, as well as SIGINT collected by the Na�onal Security Agency. Reasonable individuals can differ, therefore, with respect to the ques�on of whether HSINT is another collec�on discipline, or whether homeland security is simply another purpose for which the current set of collec�on disciplines is being harnessed.

It is also important to note that all intelligence ac�vi�es are governed by many laws and regula�ons, and chief among them is Execu�ve Order 12333 United States Intelligence Ac�vi�es. In the end, consider the following,...if there is a threat to the United States,...does the general public care if it is a homeland security event or a homeland defense? They don’t…they just want the threat neutralized.

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Updated April 7, 2023

The Director of National Intelligence (DNI)

As provided in statute, the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) oversees the integration of the intelligence functions of the 18 statutory elements of the Intelligence Community (IC), spearheads the support the IC provides to the military and senior policymakers across the government, and serves as principal intelligence advisor to the President. The DNI is appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.

Creation of DNI Position Congress created the position of DNI recognizing a need for a senior official to provide dedicated leadership of efforts to improve coordination and information sharing among IC elements and between intelligence and law enforcement agencies. Prior to the creation of the position of DNI, the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) was responsible for managing the diverse elements of the IC, in addition to leading the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and advising the President on intelligence matters. Following the attacks on the U.S. homeland of September 11, 2001, however, the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States (also called the 9/11 Commission) recommended replacing the triple-hatted position of DCI with a central coordinating authority over the IC elements. This position would be dedicated to mitigating administrative and operational barriers impeding the lawful sharing of information and intelligence. Acting on the commission’s recommendation, Congress established the DNI position through provisions in the 2004 Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act (P.L. 108-458 or IRTPA). With the passage of IRTPA, Congress abolished the position of DCI; the DNI assumed responsibility as both manager of the IC and principal intelligence advisor to the President, while leadership of the CIA was left to the Director of the CIA.

Table 1. DNIs to Date

2005-2007 Ambassador John Negroponte

2007-2009 VADM (Ret.) J. Michael McConnell

2009-2010 ADM (Ret.) Dennis Blair

2010-2017 LTGEN (Ret.) James Clapper

2017-2019 Former Senator Daniel Coats

2019-2020 VADM (Ret.) Joseph McGuire (acting)

2020-2020 Ambassador Richard Grenell (acting)

2020-2021 Former Representative John L. Ratcliffe

2021-present Ms. Avril D. Haines

Responsibilities The IRTPA, as amended, includes provisions governing DNI responsibilities (50 U.S.C. §§3023-3024). Among them, the DNI is responsible for:

 Serving as head of the IC and principal advisor to the President on intelligence matters.

 Ensuring that timely, accurate, and objective national intelligence is provided to policymakers.

 Overseeing and providing advice to the President and the National Security Council with respect to all ongoing and proposed covert action programs.

 Establishing objectives and priorities for collection, analysis, production, and dissemination of national intelligence.

 Overseeing the management and directing the implementation of the National Intelligence Program (NIP).

 Collaborating with the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security (USD(I&S)) in the development and execution of the Military Intelligence Program (MIP).

 Managing intelligence and counterintelligence relationships with domestic and foreign intelligence partners.

 Developing personnel policies and programs to enhance joint intelligence operations, and facilitate community management functions.

Authorities To carry out these responsibilities the DNI has the statutory authority to:

 Act as the decisionmaking authority on major intelligence-related acquisitions, with the exception of acquisitions involving DOD programs. In those cases, the DNI shares authority with the Secretary of Defense.

 Establish Mission and Functional Managers to serve as principal substantive advisors on intelligence collection and analysis related to designated countries, regions, or functional areas such as cyber threat intelligence.

 Establish councils related to IC-wide management and intelligence integration.

 Establish policies and procedures that require sound IC-wide analytic methods and tradecraft, analysis based upon all available sources, and competitive analysis of analytic products.

 Develop and oversee implementation of the National Intelligence Program (NIP) budget.

 Direct how congressionally appropriated funds flow from the Department of the Treasury to each of the cabinet level agencies containing IC

The Director of National Intelligence (DNI)

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elements, including through transferring or reprogramming funds within certain limits and with Office of Management and Budget (OMB) approval.

 Spearhead security clearance process improvements, and IC-wide security clearance reciprocation policy.

 Establish uniform security and information technology standards, protocols, and interfaces.

 Develop an IC information sharing architecture.

 Establish and direct national intelligence centers.

 Transfer IC personnel for up to two years, with OMB and agency head approval.

 Encourage assignment rotation whereby IC personnel have a chance to work in other IC elements.

 Establish and implement procedures to protect intelligence sources and collection methods.

 Manage and direct the tasking, collection, analysis, production, and dissemination of national intelligence by approving requirements and promoting integration and efficiency of effort.

 Appoint the deputy directors of national intelligence, the Director of the National Counterproliferation and Biosecurity Center (NCBC), the Director of the Foreign Malign Influence Center (FMIC), the IC Chief Financial Officer (CFO), the Civil Liberties Protection Officer, and Chief of Science and Technology.

 Coordinate with cabinet secretaries who require DNI concurrence on nominations of departmental intelligence component heads. Consult in appointments to positions for which DNI concurrence is not required: the USD(I&S), the Assistant Attorney General for National Security, the Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), and the uniformed heads of Service intelligence elements (including the intelligence element of the U.S. Coast Guard).

Office of the DNI The IRTPA also established the Office of the DNI (ODNI), a statutory element of the IC, including permanent government employees, contractors, and those detailed from other IC agencies. The DNI has periodically reorganized the ODNI consistent with administration policy and priorities. Congress, too, has influenced ODNI organization. The Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Years 2018, 2019, and 2020, for example, established within the ODNI both a Climate Security Advisory Council (Section 5321 of Division E of P.L. 116-92). Currently, the principal organizational components of the ODNI include:

 The Mission Integration Division, which includes some of the most visible responsibilities of the DNI involved with intelligence analysis, integration, and prioritization, such as the National Intelligence Council (NIC); the President’s Daily Brief (PDB); Mission Performance, Analysis and Collection; and the National Intelligence Management Council (NIMC).

 Five Mission Centers: the National Counterintelligence and Security Center (NCSC); the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC); the National Counterproliferation and Biosecurity Center (NCBC); the Foreign Malign Influence Center (FMIC); and the Cyber Threat Intelligence Integration Center (CTIIC).

 The Policy and Capabilities Division, which includes offices involved with community management, planning, and acquisition, such as IC Human Capital; IC Acquisition, Procurement and Facilities; Requirements, Cost and Effectiveness; Policy and Strategy; and Domestic Engagement and Information Sharing. The Division also includes the Intelligence Advanced Projects Research Agency (IARPA).

 The ODNI also includes offices responsible for various aspects of oversight: Civil Liberties, Privacy and Transparency (CLPT); Equal Employment Opportunity and Diversity (EEOD); the Inspector General of the IC (ICIG); and the Office of General Counsel (OGC).

Relevant Statutes

Title 50, U.S. Code, §§3023-3034a

CRS Products

CRS In Focus IF10525, Defense Primer: National and Defense

Intelligence, by Michael E. DeVine

CRS In Focus IF10523, Defense Primer: Under Secretary of

Defense for Intelligence and Security, by Michael E. DeVine

CRS In Focus IF10524, Defense Primer: Budgeting for National

and Defense Intelligence, by Michael E. DeVine

Other Resources

Executive Order 12333, United States Intelligence Activities

ODNI Intelligence Activities Procedures Approved by the Attorney

General Pursuant to E.O. 12333

ICD-900, Integrated Mission Management

Michael E. DeVine, Analyst in Intelligence and National

Security

IF10470

The Director of National Intelligence (DNI)

https://crsreports.congress.gov | IF10470 · VERSION 15 · UPDATED

Disclaimer

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Na�onal Security Strategy

Suppor�ng the Na�onal Security Strategy are the IC’s member agencies that include two independent agencies—the Office of the Director of Na�onal Intelligence (ODNI) and the CIA. In addi�on, there are nine Department of Defense elements—the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), the Na�onal Security Agency (NSA), the Na�onal Geospa�al-Intelligence Agency (NGA), the Na�onal Reconnaissance Office (NRO), and intelligence elements of the five DoD services; the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Space Force.

Next are seven elements of other departments and agencies—the Department of Energy’s Office of Intelligence and Counter-Intelligence; the Department of Homeland Security’s Office of Intelligence and Analysis and U.S. Coast Guard Intelligence; the Department of Jus�ce’s Federal Bureau of Inves�ga�on and the Drug Enforcement Agency’s Office of Na�onal Security Intelligence; the Department of State’s Bureau of Intelligence and Research; and the Department of the Treasury’s Office of Intelligence and Analysis (Members of the IC, n.d.).