Human Resource Management Week 10 Assignment: Capstone Integrative Proposal Project

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The Question, Theory, and Survey Instrument Selection

Tierainie C. Johnson

Capella University

HS Capstone for MS Learners- HMSV 5993

Dr. Christine Malone

November 30, 2023

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The Question, Theory, and Survey Instrument Selection

Opioid addiction is a critical contemporary public health crisis. The pandemic affects

approximately 16 million currently grappling with opioid use disorder, resulting in over 120,000

annual opioid-related deaths globally (Dydyk et al., 2022). Diagnostic criteria for opioid

addiction include enduring cravings, heightened tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms upon

cessation. Recognizing the gravity of this issue, healthcare providers must grasp the intricacies of

opioid use. Affected individuals should be directed to appropriate substance use disorder

treatment facilities. Understanding and addressing opioid addiction are pivotal for fostering a

more comprehensive and compassionate approach to its prevention and treatment. This paper

formulate a narrowly focused research question, applies a human service theory to the identified

problem, and selects a survey instrument.

Research/Program Evaluation Question

Research Question

"How effective are Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT) centers in combating opioid addiction

among diverse populations, considering factors such as race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and

gender?" The question emphasizes the need to understand the differential impact of MAT

centers on diverse populations and identify barriers preventing equitable access. The question

incorporates diversity, equity, and inclusion elements to address the unique challenges faced by

different subpopulations in combating opioid addiction.

Theory

Behavioral Theory Overview

Behavioral Theory posits that human behavior is learned and can be modified through

reinforcement, punishment, and modeling. Behavioral Theory focuses on observable and

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measurable aspects of human behavior rather than delving into the internal and unconscious

realms. Behaviorism emphasizes understanding psychology through outwardly displayed actions.

It disregards internal factors, favoring a lens that interprets motivation, behavior, and

psychological study regarding tangible human actions (Edwards, 2021). For example, addictive

behavior in behaviorism is viewed through the prism of pleasure, reward systems, or

motivational influences rather than being linked to past trauma or insecurity. This approach

underscores behavior as the key to unraveling psychological phenomena, promoting a practical

and observable understanding of human actions. Applied to opioid addiction, this Theory focuses

on understanding the learned behaviors contributing to addiction and developing interventions to

modify these behaviors. Two key constructs of Behavioral Theory relevant to the opioid

addiction problem are reinforcement and modeling.

Reinforcement refers to the consequences of drug use that influence the likelihood of

continued use. Positive reinforcement involves the pleasurable effects of opioids, while negative

reinforcement includes the relief from withdrawal symptoms (Perales et al., 2020). MAT centers

aim to modify reinforcement by providing medications that reduce cravings and withdrawal

symptoms, thus altering the reinforcing effects of opioids.

Modeling in Behavioral Theory emphasizes the influence of observing and imitating

others' behaviors. Individuals struggling with opioid addiction may model their behavior based

on the experiences of peers or family members. Interventions based on Behavioral Theory target

these modeling behaviors, promoting positive changes through role modeling and reinforcement

of healthier behaviors.

Survey Instrument: Addiction Severity Index (ASI)

Value of Survey Research

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Survey research possess ability to collect quantifiable data on the attitudes, actions, and

attributes of a target community. It allows researchers to examine trends, discover patterns, and

reach statistically significant conclusions. It also provides organized and efficient means of

gathering information. The methodological rigor inherent in survey design improves the

trustworthiness of findings and essential component of evidence-based decision-making.

Surveys offer a streamlined approach to assess the effectiveness of interventions like

Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT) across diverse populations (Taherdoost, 2021). They

enable the quantitative data collection on treatment outcomes and allow for nuanced analyses

that inform policy and intervention strategies. Surveys ensures a systematic and objective

exploration of critical aspects. It also facilitates a comprehensive understanding of complex

issues while adhering to the highest research methodology standards.

Evaluation of ASI for Proposed Research Question

ASI includes comprehensive sections covering substance use, medical status,

employment/support, and psychiatric status. For the proposed research question, specific

modifications would be necessary to ensure a focus on the effectiveness of MAT centers and

diversity, equity, and inclusion issues. Customizing the substance use section to evaluate MAT

outcomes and incorporating metrics assessing diversity-related factors within medical,

employment, and psychiatric sections will ensure a nuanced examination. The ASI's substance

use section could be modified to inquire about MAT's impact on opioid use, tailoring questions

to demographic backgrounds for a nuanced analysis (Ljungvall et al., 2019). The medical status

section may be adjusted to capture health improvements specific to MAT engagement.

Employment/support and psychiatric status sections could be adapted to gauge MAT's influence

on employment or educational activities and mental health, considering diversity factors. With

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appropriate modifications, the ASI proves to be a valuable survey instrument for investigating

MAT effectiveness and addressing diversity, equity, and inclusion issues in opioid addiction

research. The modifications capture the intersectionality of substance use treatment

effectiveness, considering diverse backgrounds and promoting equitable access to MAT

interventions.

Conclusion

Opioid addiction epidemic is a complex issue requiring immediate attention. The

proposed research question, focusing on the effectiveness of MAT centers in combating opioid

addiction among diverse populations, aligns with the need for targeted interventions. Behavioral

Theory provides a suitable framework for understanding and modifying behaviors contributing

to opioid addiction. The Addiction Severity Index (ASI) is a valuable survey instrument, with

necessary modifications to address the research question's variables. This research aims to

contribute to evidence-based practices for opioid addiction treatment, acknowledging the diverse

nature of the affected population. Utilizing Behavioral Theory and a well-established survey

instrument can inform policymakers, healthcare providers, and researchers about the

effectiveness of MAT centers. The approach also considers diversity, equity, and inclusion issues

in addressing opioid addiction epidemic. Continuously refining understanding and interventions

is crucial in the ongoing battle against opioid addiction. The proposed research question,

grounded in a behavioral theoretical framework and supported by a relevant survey instrument,

offers a pathway to gather valuable insights. Such focused research efforts can help combat the

opioid addiction epidemic and ensure interventions are tailored to diverse populations, promoting

equity and inclusion in the process.

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References

Dydyk, A. M., Jain, N. K., & Gupta, M. (2022, June 21). Opioid Use Disorder. PubMed;

StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553166/

Edwards, D. J. (2021). Ensuring effective public health communication: insights and modeling

efforts from theories of behavioral economics, heuristics, and behavioral analysis for

decision making under risk. Frontiers in Psychology, 12.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.715159

Ljungvall, H., Persson, A., Åsenlöf, P., Heilig, M., & Ekselius, L. (2019). Reliability of the

Addiction Severity Index self-report form (ASI-SR): a self-administered questionnaire

based on the Addiction Severity Index composite score domains. Nordic Journal of

Psychiatry, 74(1), 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2019.1666300

Perales, J. C., King, D. L., Navas, J. F., Schimmenti, A., Sescousse, G., Starcevic, V., van Holst,

R. J., & Billieux, J. (2020). Learning to lose control: A process-based account of

behavioral addiction. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 108, 771–780.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.025

Taherdoost, H. (2021). Data Collection methods and tools for research: a Step-by-step guide to

choose data collection technique for academic and business research projects.

International Journal of Academic Research in Management (IJARM), 10(1), 10–38.

https://hal.science/hal-03741847/document

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Opioid Addiction Epidemic

Tierainie C. Johnson

Capella University

HS Capstone for MS Learners – HMSV5993

Dr. Christine Malone

October 28, 2023

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Opioid Addiction Epidemic

Opioid addiction is a pressing and plaguing public health crisis today. Opioid use

disorder is a chronic condition characterized by prolonged and distressing use of opioids.

According to Dydyk et al. (2022), about 60 million people use opioids, and 16 million are in a

period of opioid disorder. Alarmingly, over 120,000 opioid-related deaths are reported

worldwide each year. Criteria for Opioid addiction diagnosis entail persistent craving for opioids,

increased tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation. The widespread prevalence

of opioid use disorder underscores the significance of healthcare providers comprehending

opioids and referring patients to suitable substance use disorder treatment centres. This paper

explores the problem of opioid addiction and, provides an overview of the issue, analyzes the

diversity, equity, and inclusion aspects of the problem.

Problem Statement

Opioid epidemic affects diverse population and transcends traditional boundaries. It

impacts individuals from different racial and ethnic backgrounds, different age groups, genders,

and socioeconomic statuses. The population diversity presents unique challenges, as factors

contributing to opioid addiction may vary significantly among subgroups. Recognizing and

addressing the distinctive needs of the subpopulations in developing effective prevention and

intervention strategies.

There has been a significant surge in the use and misuse of prescription and illicit drugs

in recent years. The most distressing consequence of this situation is the heightened availability

of highly addictive opioids, contributing to the escalating opioid epidemic. Opioid epidemic is a

multifaceted crisis categorized by excessive use and abuse of opioid substances. Opioid epidemic

has profoundly impacted society and caused widespread devastation. Many lives have been lost

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as a result of surge in addiction and loss of countless lives to overdoses. Overdoses often result

from consumption of potent opioids like fentanyl. Families and communities face shattered

relationships, increased crime, and economic strain. It disrupts family dynamics, contributes to

child welfare issues, and increases crime rates (Friedman et al., 2020). The crisis has exacerbated

healthcare costs, overwhelmed treatment facilities, and strained social services. Individuals

struggling with opioid addiction often face social stigma and discrimination, increasing difficulty

seeking help and treatment. Stigma and discrimination further isolate those in need of help.

Racial, socioeconomic, and geographical disparities have persisted, and vulnerable populations

are disproportionately affected. Opioid crisis significantly burdens healthcare costs, reduces

workforce productivity, and strains social welfare programs.

The opioid epidemic is a well-documented crisis with extensive research and data

available. Over-prescribing opioid pain relievers, such as oxycodone and hydrocodone partly

drove it. Many individuals who became addicted to prescription opioids transitioned to heroin,

often seeking a more affordable alternative. Proliferation of synthetic opioids has significantly

increased the risk of overdose deaths due to their potency. Opioid epidemic exhibits geographical

variations, and some areas, such as Appalachia, experience disproportionately high rates of

addiction and overdose. Despite efforts to expand access to addiction treatment, significant gaps

remain, preventing many individuals from receiving the necessary care.

Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Issues

Addressing the opioid epidemic requires recognizing the diversity of those affected and

ensuring equitable access to resources and treatment. People from different racial, ethnic, and

socio-economic backgrounds may experience the opioid epidemic differently, and disparities in

access to care and support services must be addressed (Jalali et al., 2020). For instance, African-

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American and Hispanic communities have been disproportionately affected and experience

higher rates of opioid-related deaths. Equity issues are particularly relevant as individuals in

underserved communities may face more significant barriers to treatment and support. Lower-

income communities often lack access to quality healthcare and addiction treatment services,

exacerbating the problem (Altekruse et al., 2020). Inclusion is another critical aspect to consider.

Individuals with opioid addiction may face stigma and discrimination, further hindering their

recovery efforts. Creating inclusive and supportive environments is essential to ensure that

everyone, regardless of their background, can access treatment and resources without fear of

judgment or discrimination.

Literature Review

Best practices for managing opioid addiction are medication-assisted treatment, harm

reduction strategies, prevention programs and integrated healthcare services. Medication-assisted

treatment, like methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone, is recognized as one of the most

effective approaches for opioid addiction treatment (Taylor et al., 2021). MAT helps individuals

reduce cravings, withdrawal symptoms, and relapse risk. Harm reduction programs minimize

negative consequences of drug use without requiring abstinence. Prevention programs like

school-based programs, community awareness campaigns, and prescription drug monitoring

programs have shown promise in preventing opioid misuse and addiction (Compton et al., 2019).

Integrating addiction treatment with primary healthcare services reduces barriers to care.

Areas for continued investigation are barriers to treatment access, long-term recovery

support, and impact on families and communities. Many individuals with opioid addiction still

face barriers to accessing care. Secondly, there is need for more research on strategies to support

long-term recovery and prevent relapse, including psychosocial interventions, employment

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support, and housing stability (Kiburi et al., 2022). Opioid epidemic has far-reaching

consequences on families and communities. Exploring the social and economic impact of opioid

addiction on a broader scale is essential to inform policy and intervention strategies.

Conclusion

The opioid addiction epidemic is a complex and multifaceted problem that demands

immediate attention. It affects a diverse population and presents numerous equity and inclusion

challenges. While best practices are in place to address this crisis, some areas merit further

investigation barriers to treatment access, co-occurring disorders, long-term recovery support,

and the broader societal impact. Literature review highlights significance of evidence-based

approaches, such as Medication-Assisted Treatment and harm reduction strategies. However,

continued research is needed to bridge gaps in our understanding of opioid addiction. Opioid

addiction epidermis can be combated through comprehensive understanding of the problem and a

commitment to addressing diversity, equity, and inclusion.

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References

Altekruse, S. F., Cosgrove, C. M., Altekruse, W. C., Jenkins, R. A., & Blanco, C. (2020).

Socioeconomic risk factors for fatal opioid overdoses in the United States: Findings from

the Mortality Disparities in American Communities Study (MDAC). PLOS ONE, 15(1),

e0227966. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227966

Compton, W. M., Jones, C. M., Baldwin, G. T., Harding, F. M., Blanco, C., & Wargo, E. M.

(2019). Targeting youth to prevent later Substance Use Disorder: An underutilized

response to the us opioid crisis. American Journal of Public Health, 109(S3), S185–S189.

https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2019.305020

Dydyk, A. M., Jain, N. K., & Gupta, M. (2022, June 21). Opioid Use Disorder. PubMed;

StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553166/

Friedman, S. R., Krawczyk, N., Perlman, D. C., Mateu-Gelabert, P., Ompad, D. C., Hamilton, L.,

Nikolopoulos, G., Guarino, H., & Cerdá, M. (2020). The opioid/overdose crisis as a

dialectics of pain, despair, and one-sided struggle. Frontiers in Public Health, 8.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.540423

Jalali, M. S., Botticelli, M., Hwang, R. C., Koh, H. K., & McHugh, R. K. (2020). The opioid

crisis: a contextual, social-ecological framework. Health Research Policy and Systems,

18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-020-00596-8

Kiburi, S. K., Mwangi, J., & Maina, G. (2022). Exploring the experiences of clients receiving

opioid use disorder treatment at a methadone clinic in Kenya: a qualitative study.

Addiction Science & Clinical Practice, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13722-022-00352-

z

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Taylor, J. L., Johnson, S., Cruz, R., Gray, J. R., Schiff, D., & Bagley, S. M. (2021). Integrating

Harm Reduction into Outpatient Opioid Use Disorder Treatment Settings. Journal of

General Internal Medicine, 36(12), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-06904-4