Human Development

Module 3:

Prenatal Period and Stages Part 1

PSYC 283

Human development

Introduction

Have you ever wondered which

factor, heredity or environment,

is most important in the

development of a baby?

In this Module you will discover

in what ways these variables

affect human development,

which begins right at the

moment of conception.

INHERITANCE

ENVIRONMENT

Objectives

Explain the process of human conception.

Identify areas of study of heredity and environment on behavior.

Analyze how the combination of genetic and environmental factors influence human development.

Conception

 In a sexually mature woman, ovulation (rupture of a mature follicle in either of the ovaries and expulsion of the ovum) occurs approximately every 28 days until menopause.

 The ovum is transported through the fallopian tube by means of small hair cells called cilia to the uterus or womb.

 Fertilization usually occurs when the ovum passes through the fallopian tube (Papalia, Wendkos, & Feldman, 2009).



Conception

 The creation of a new life depends on the right combination

of two reproductive cells (the ovum and the sperm) that

contain in their nucleus the necessary genetic information.

 While body cells have 46 chromosomes in the nucleus

organized into 23 pairs, germ (or reproductive; ovum and sperm)

cells only have 23 simple chromosomes.

 When conception occurs (fertilization or fertilization), the 23

chromosomes of the ovum are combined with the 23 of the

sperm, giving rise to a new cell called a zygote in whose nucleus

there will be 46 chromosomes organized in 23 pairs (that is,

body cells, the beginning of life).

Inheritance and environment

Heredity can be divided into two areas of

study:

1. What we inherit as a species

(what all human beings have in

common).

2. What distinguishes one person

from the other (specific and

unique combinations of genes

inherited by each erson).

Inheritance and environment

 The inheritance of the species includes the needs for oxygen

and food, in addition to the behaviors we perform, such as

breathing and eating. We also require a biological mother.

 In this context, it is possible to consider that other things are

common to every normal human being, such as the beginning

of language development and the formation of attachment

bonds between infants and caregivers.

Inheritance and environment

 Individual inheritance is the biological differences that

distinguish one person from another.

 A child may go through a longer prenatal period than another

due to genetic differences or may acquire language more easily

than another.

 When we study a behavior that differs clearly between

individuals, it is necessary to keep in mind heredity.

Inheritance and environment

Just as heredity can be divided into two areas, the same

can be done with the environment.:

What we all necessarily experience.

What sets us apart from

others.

Inheritance and

environment  The environmental influences of

the species are the experiences through which every human being goes through to develop.

 For a child to survive, it requires attention and help to feed, for example. In this way, part of what will be the personality of the adult is shared with the rest of the men in regards to experience and biology.

 In addition, people are usually in contact with some form of language, growing up in some kind of culture, etc.; experience that produces certain commonalities in development and behavior.

Inheritance and environment

 Individual environmental influences are those that

change from one person to another.

 For example, food takes many forms: in different cultures,

people eat with knives and forks, with spoons, with chopsticks,

in a wooden container or with their fingers.

 Subjects also learn different languages and all these

differences influence their development (Craig y Baucum,

2009).

¡Congratulations has completed the theoretical

summary of this week's topic!

Actively participate in collaborative sessions.

Remember that to successfully build your learning it is important that:

Review as many times as you require the information contained in the modules folder

(includes this presentation).

Read the reference material to clarify doubts.

Develop all activities as stated in the instructions.

Submit assignments on the date indicated through the educational platform.

Module 3: Prenatal Period and Stages

Part 2

PSYC 283

Human development

Introduction

Because the prenatal environment is the mother's body,

almost everything that affects her well-being, be it a

genetic or environmental factor, internal or external;

from what

she eats up to her mood, alters the

environment of the unborn and affects its growth.

Prenatal development begins at the very moment of

conception and ends with birth. During this period the

unborn child goes through processes of Impressive developments that will culminate in birth,

when you will begin your journey through life outside

the mother's womb.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND

Objectives

Describe the prenatal stages.

Explain how teratogens affect human development.

Identify the differences between the types of childbirth and the advantages/disadvantages of humanized

childbirth versus "medicalized" childbirth.

Prenatal stage: From conception to birth

Tomado de: Papalia, Feldman y Martorell (2012).

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under

CC BY-NC-ND

Stages of Prenatal Development

STAGE / PERIOD EVENTS

Embryonic stage

(From the second

to the eighth week).

• The main apparatuses and organic systems are formed:

respiratory and digestive systems and the nervous

system.

• It is a critical period, during which the embryo is most

vulnerable to destructive influences from the prenatal

environment.

• The most damaged embryos do not survive the first

trimester of pregnancy.

• Three out of four abortions occur in the first trimester.

• Smoking, alcoholism and drug addiction increase the risk

of a miscarriage.

Stages of Prenatal Development

ETAPA / PERIODO EVENTS

Etapa fetal

(De la novena

semana hasta el

nacimiento).

• The first bone cells appear.

• The fetus grows rapidly to about 20 times its anterior

length and the apparatus and organs increase its level of

complexity.

• Until birth, the development of nails and the eyelids.

• Breathes, kicks, turns, flexes, startsles, swallows, clenps,

hiccups, sucks his finger and feels pain.

Factors Affecting Development

GENETIC

 Genetic abnormalities

and Chromosomal

 Defects due to

dominant or recessive

inheritance

 Inheritance defects

linked to sex

Factors Affecting Development

ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES: Maternal Factors

Nutrition and weight of the mother

 Malnutrition

 Physical activity and strenuous work

 Drug use

 Diseases of the mother

 Maternal anxiety and stress

 Mother's age

 Risks of the external environment

(Environmental pollution, etc.)

Factors Affecting Development

ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES: Parental

Factors

If a man is exposed to lead, marijuana, or

cigarette smoke, large amounts of alcohol or

radiation, insecticides, or elevated ozone levels,

he may have abnormal or poor-quality sperm.

Men who smoke are more likely to pass on

genetic abnormalities.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

Types of Birth Labor

 Natural childbirth- It is the physiological process with which the woman finishes her gestation at term (between 37 and 42 weeks completed). Its onset is spontaneous, develops and ends without complications, culminates with the birth of a baby and does not need more intervention than comprehensive and respectful support.

 Cesarean section - Recommended when labor proceeds too slowly, when the fetus appears to be in trouble, or when the mother has vaginal bleeding.

 Prepared delivery - Method that includes education, breathing exercises, and social support to induce controlled physical responses to uterine contractions and lessen fear and pain.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-ND

Congratulations you have completed the theoretical

summary of this week's topic!

Actively participate in collaborative sessions.

Remember that to successfully build your learning it is important that:

Review as many times as you require the information contained in the modules folder

(includes this presentation).

Read the reference material to clarify doubts.

Develop all activities as stated in the instructions.

Submit assignments on the date indicated through the educational

platform.