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TheAmericanYawpReader.docx

The American Yawp Reader

https://www.americanyawp.com/reader/reconstruction/

Reconstruction Reader

This political cartoon uses themes of the Shakespearean play Othello to mock President Andrew Johnson. Open the image page for a full description.

Thomas Nast, “Reconstruction and How It Works,” Harper’s Weekly, 1866, via HarpWeek .

 

 

Introduction

After the Civil War, much of the South lay in ruins. How would these states be brought back into the Union? Would they be conquered territories or equal states? How would they rebuild their governments, economies, and social systems? What rights did freedom confer upon formerly enslaved people? The answers to many of Reconstruction’s questions hinged upon the concepts of citizenship and equality. The era witnessed perhaps the most open and widespread discussions of citizenship since the nation’s founding. It was a moment of revolutionary possibility and violent backlash. African Americans and Radical Republicans pushed the nation to finally realize the Declaration of Independence’s promises that “all men were created equal” and had “certain, unalienable rights.” Conservative white Democrats granted African Americans legal freedom but little more. When Black Americans and their radical allies succeeded in securing citizenship for freedpeople, a new fight commenced to determine the legal, political, and social implications of American citizenship. Resistance continued, and Reconstruction eventually collapsed. In the South, limits on human freedom endured and would stand for nearly a century more. These sources gesture toward both the successes and failures of Reconstruction.

 

Documents

1. Freedmen discuss post-emancipation life with General Sherman, 1865

Reconstruction began before the War ended. After his famous March to the Sea in January of 1865, General William T. Sherman and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton met with twenty of Savannah’s African American religious leaders to discuss the future of the freedmen of the state of Georgia. In the excerpt below, Garrison Frazier, the chosen spokesman for the group, explains the importance of land for freedom. The result of this meeting was Sherman’s famous Field Order 15, which set aside confiscated plantation lands along the coast from Charleston, S.C. to Jacksonville, FL. for Black land ownership. The policy would later be overruled and freedpeople would lose their right to the land. 

2. Jourdon Anderson writes his former enslaver, 1865

Black Americans hoped that the end of the Civil War would create an entirely new world, while white southerners tried to restore the antebellum order as much as they could. Most former enslavers sought to maintain control over their laborers through sharecropping contracts. P.H. Anderson of Tennessee was one such former enslaver. After the war, he contacted his former enslaved laborer Jourdon Anderson, offering him a job opportunity. The following is Jourdon Anderson’s reply.

3. Charlotte Forten teaches freed children in South Carolina, 1864

Charlotte Forten was born into a wealthy Black family in Philadelphia. After receiving an education in Salem, Massachusetts, Forten became the first Black American hired to teach white students. She lent her educational expertise to the war effort by relocating to South Carolina in 1862 with the goal of educating freed people. This excerpt from her diary explains her experiences during this time. 

4. Mississippi Black Code, 1865

Many southern governments enacted legislation that reestablished antebellum power relationships. South Carolina and Mississippi passed laws known as Black Codes to regulate Black behavior and impose social and economic control. While they granted some rights to African Americans – like the right to own property, to marry or to make contracts – they also denied other fundamental rights. Mississippi’s vagrant law, excerpted here, required all freedmen to carry papers proving they had means of employment. If they had no proof, they could be arrested, fined, or even re-enslaved and leased out to their former enslaver.

5. General Reynolds describes lawlessness in Texas, 1868

Most histories of the Civil War claim that the war ended in the summer of 1865 when Confederate armies surrendered. However, violent resistance and terrorism continued in the South for over a decade. In this report, General J.J. Reynolds describes the lawlessness of Texas during Reconstruction. 

6. A case of sexual violence during Reconstruction, 1866

These documents chronicle a case in the wider wave of violence that targeted people of color during Reconstruction. The first document includes Frances Thompson and Lucy Smith’s testimony about their assault, rape, and robbery in 1866. The second document, demonstrates one way that white Southerners denied these claims. In 1876, Thompson was exposed for cross-dressing. For twenty years she successfully passed as a woman. Southerners trumpeted this case as evidence that widely documented cases of violence, sexual and otherwise, were fabricated.  

7. Frederick Douglass on remembering the Civil War, 1877

Americans came together after the Civil War largely by collectively forgetting what the war was about. Celebrations honored the bravery of both armies, and the meaning of the war faded. Frederick Douglass and other Black leaders engaged with Confederate sympathizers in a battle of historical memory. In this speech, Douglass calls on Americans to remember the war for what it was—a struggle between an army fighting to protect slavery and a nation reluctantly transformed into a force for liberation. 

 

Media

Johnson and Reconstruction cartoon, 1866

This political cartoon uses themes of the Shakespearean play Othello to mock President Andrew Johnson. Open the image page for a full description.

Thomas Nast, “Reconstruction and How It Works,” Harper’s Weekly, 1866, via HarpWeek .

 

This print mocks Reconstruction by making several allusions to Shakespeare. The center illustration shows a Black soldier as Othello and President Andrew Johnson as Iago. Johnson’s slogans “Treason is a crime and must be made odious” and “I am your Moses” are on the wall. The top left shows a riot in Memphis and at the top a riot in New Orleans. At the bottom, Johnson is trying to charm a Confederate Copperhead. General Benjamin Butler is at the bottom left, accepting the Confederate surrender of New Orleans in 1862. This scene is contrasted to the bottom right where General Philips Sheridan bows to Louisiana Attorney General Andrew Herron in 1866, implying a defeat for Reconstruction. Click on the image for more information. 

Fifteenth Amendment print, 1870

The Fifteenth Amendment gave male citizens, regardless of race, color, or previous status (i.e. slavery), the right to vote. While the amendment was not all encompassing in that women were not included, it was an extremely significant ruling in establishing the liberties of African American men. This print depicts a huge parade held in Baltimore, Maryland, on May 19, 1870, surrounded by portraits of abolitionists and scenes of African Americans exercising their rights.

Thomas Kelley, “The Fifteenth Amendment,” 1870, via  Wikimedia .

This 1870 print celebrated the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment. Here we see several of the themes most important to Black Americans during Reconstruction: The print celebrates the military achievements of Black veterans, the voting rights protected by the amendment, the right to marry and establish families, the creation and protection of Black churches, and the right to own and improve land. Unfortunately, many of these freedoms would be short-lived as the United States retreated from Reconstruction. 

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ChiefJosephDiscussion.docx

Chief Joseph Discussion

All primary discussion posts must be 100 words or more and at least 75 words when you are replying to another student and you must reply to at least one student.

 

Now that Chief Joseph has surrendered, what does he say he wants for himself and his people? Compare his post-surrender goals to those we traditionally associate with the American dream--are they more alike or more dissimilar? What accounts for that?

Response Paper #1

Please choose any two documents in the primary sources link for this chapter--included in the module--and write a 1-2 page paper (12-point font, double spaced) where you explore each of the following:

 

1) Who wrote these two documents?

2) What are they about?

3) How do they relate to the chapter reading you did?

4) How do they relate to each other?

5) What are some questions you have after reading these two documents?

Rubric

Response Papers

Response Papers

Criteria

Ratings

Pts

This criterion is linked to a learning outcomeIntroducing Documents

Must have title, author and source of the document

20 Pts

Full Marks

Has title, author and source of document

0 Pts

No Marks

Missing any two of the following: Title, Author, Source

20 pts

This criterion is linked to a learning outcomeEvidence

Evidence, including information and quotations, is synthesized and explained to thoroughly develop and convincingly support the thesis.

20 Pts

Full Marks

Must include quotations from each document and brief narrative of each document

0 Pts

No Marks

No quotes and no narrative of each document

20 pts

This criterion is linked to a learning outcomeComparing documents

Significant and nuanced connections between documents are made and these deepen or extend the argument.

20 Pts

Full Marks

Connections of the documents are made

0 Pts

No Marks

No comparison connections are made

20 pts

This criterion is linked to a learning outcomeComparing documents with chapter

Significant and nuanced connections between documents are made and these deepen or extend the argument.

20 Pts

Full Marks

Connections of the documents are made

0 Pts

No Marks

No comparison connections are made

20 pts

This criterion is linked to a learning outcomeQuestions and perspective

Question perspectives or perplexed narrative

20 Pts

Full Marks

An alternate perspective or counter claim is thoroughly developed, or refuted or used to sharpen understanding

0 Pts

No Marks

No questions

20 pts

Total points: 100

Chapter Summary

The military aspect of the American Civil War lasted less than five years and ended in April 1865, but it would take another dozen years of Reconstruction to determine what the results of the war would be. The only questions clearly settled by the time of Appomattox were that the nation was indivisible and that slavery must end. The nation faced other issues with far-reaching implications. What would be the place of the freedmen in Southern society? How would the rebellious states be brought back into their "proper relationship" with the Union? The victorious North was in a position to dominate the South, but Northern politicians were not united in either resolve or purpose. For over two years after the fighting stopped, there was no coherent Reconstruction policy. Congress and the president struggled with each other, and various factions in Congress had differing views on politics, race, and union. Congress finally won control and dominated the Reconstruction process until Southern resistance and Northern ambivalence led to the end of Reconstruction in 1877. Enormous changes had taken place, but the era still left a legacy of continuing racism and sectionalism that was revealed when Southern whites established the Jim Crow system to evade the spirit of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. Meanwhile the South continued its colonial relationship with the North, and Southern plain folk, black and white, found themselves trapped by crop liens in circumstances some felt were almost as bad as slavery.