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Writing-an-Abstract-1.pdf

Writing an Abstract for an Article, Proposal or Report What is an abstract? An abstract is a condensed version of a longer piece of writing that highlights the major points covered, concisely describes the content and scope of the writing, and reviews the writing's contents in abbreviated form. Abstracts are typically 100 to 250 words and follow set patterns. Why is an abstract so important?

• Help readers decide if they should read an entire article • Help readers and researchers remember key findings on a topic • Help readers understand the text by outlining key points prior to reading the full document • Index articles for quick recovery and cross-referencing

What are the key elements that should be included?

• Background: A simple opening sentence or two placing the work in context. • Aims: One or two sentences giving the purpose of the work. • Method(s): One or two sentences explaining what was (or will) be done. • Results: One or two sentences indicating the main findings (or what you hope to accomplish with

the project). • Conclusions: One sentence giving the most important consequence of the work – what do the

results mean? How will they be used? Questions an abstract should answer:

• Why did you do this study or project? (Or why are you undertaking the project/study?) • What did you do, and how? (What will you do? How?) • What did you find? (What do you expect to find?) • What do the findings mean?

Helpful tips when writing an abstract:

• Reread your article or proposal with the goal of abstracting in mind. o Look specifically for these main parts of the article or proposal: purpose, methods, scope,

results, conclusions and recommendations. o Use the headings and table of contents as a guide to writing your abstract.

• After you've finished rereading the article or proposal, write a rough draft without looking back at what you're abstracting.

o Don't merely copy key sentences – you'll put in too much or too little information. o Don't rely on the way material was phrased – summarize information in a new way.

• Revise your rough draft to: o Correct weaknesses in organization o Improve transitions from point to point o Drop unnecessary information o Make sure it is complete and accurate o Eliminate wordiness o Fix errors in grammar, spelling and punctuation o Make sure it’s written in the same voice as the paper

ch43304.docx

Discussion: Chapter Four: Legal Traditions

Please answer the question and make sure that your response is 100 words or more. Also, please respond to at least two of your classmates' posts. Your response to your classmate's discussion should be around 100 words (each) and add to the discussion (i.e. reflecting on their response, asking questions, etc.). 

 

1.  How do legal traditions differ from legal systems?

Written Assignment: Chapter 4: Legal Traditions

*Please answer the following questions and make sure that your response is 500 words are more for each and in complete sentences. Please cite your sources. *

 

1. What is today's four legal traditions?

2. Does America's legal tradition have any civil law aspects/

3. How are written law and unwritten law distinguished?

4. What is the primary source of law in each of the legal traditions?

5. How is law kept flexible in each tradition?

6. What developmental sub traditions were important in bringing about each legal tradition?

 

Lawyers are Trained to Break the Law-TEDx Talk

Please watch the video and give seven key points or statements that you gain from watching the video. Make sure to explain each key points or statements and give a critique of the video in your own words.

https://youtu.be/g75Tb4FUNZALinks to an external site.

A black and grey play button Description automatically generated

 

Assignment III The Role and Importance of Research and Research Definitions

 

The Role and Importance of Research (1).docx  Download The Role and Importance of Research (1).docx

Lecture 2 (Handout) (2).ppt Download Lecture 2 (Handout) (2).ppt

 

Your Assignments: I.  Complete the definitions for the words listed below.

Qualitative Research

Mixed Methods Research

Ethnographic Research 

Action Research 

Narrative Research

Correlational Research 

II.  Review the PPT on Research Methods found in your files:

III. Today, more than ever, decisions are evidence based, and what researchers do is collect evidence that serves as a basis for informed decisions.

1. Give an example of how research is incremental in nature and what advantage this is to both future and past researchers?

2.   Download 2. View the attached PPT and think of an example of how knowledge about a certain topic can lead to new questions about that, or a related, topic.

 

Submission of Assignments: All major assignments for this course will be submitted electronically using Canvas. Please use a standard 12-point font such as Times New Roman, Palatino, or Garamond. Use one-inch margins and standard APA headers and double-space all documents. Make sure you include your name, title of the course and date on all submissions. Do not send assignments to my email address failure to do so is an automatic 0 for that particular assignment (s).USE FULL QUESTIONS BEFORE ANSWERING.

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ResearchMethodsPowerPoint-1.pptx

Research Methods

Basic Concepts and Methods

Basic Concepts and Terms

Definition of Research:

* A scientific way of answering questions and testing hypotheses

The systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observation

*may lead to the development of generalizations, principles or theories

*which results in prediction and possible control of events

Definition of Scientific Research

A systematic, controlled,

empirical, and critical

investigation of hypothetical

propositions about the

presumed relations among

observed phenomena

Key words:

systematic

controlled

empirical

Critical investigation

Hypothetical propositions

Presumed relations

Observed phenomena

Two Kinds of Reasoning

Deductive Reasoning:

Also Known as: Logic

*Thinking proceeds from general assumption to specific application

* General → Specific

Inductive Reasoning

Conclusions about events (general) are based on information generated through direct and individual observations (Specific).

*Specific → General

Deduction and Induction

Deduction:

Theory,

Hypothesis

Observation

Confirmation

*Theory

*Tentative Hypothesis

*Pattern,

*Observation,

*Induction

Deductive vs Inductive Reasoning

Deductive:

Every mammal has lungs. All Rabbits are mammals.

Therefore, every rabbit has lungs.

Inductive :

Every rabbit that has been observed has lungs.

Therefore, every rabbit has lungs.

The Research Methods Process

Theory vs. Hypothesis

Hypothesis:

A belief or prediction of the final outcome of the research

A concrete, specific statement about the relationship between phenomena

Based on deductive reasoning

Theory

A belief or assumption about how things relate to each other

A theory establishes a cause-and-effect relationship between variables

The purpose is to explain and predict phenomena

- Based on inductive reasoning

The Research Process In an Ideal World: Hypotheses ↓ Theories ↓ Laws

Empiricism: * Aquire information and facts through the observation of our world. Pragmatic observations: *Developing theory through experience and observation.

Types of Research or Research Classifications

System I: Basic research; Applied research

System II: Quantitative research; Qualitative research

System III: Experimental research; Non-experimental research

Research Classifications

1. Application of research study

Pure research

Applied research

2. Objectives in undertaking the research

Descriptive

Correlational

Explanatory

Exploratory

*3. Inquiry mode employed

*Structured approach

*Unstructured approach

Application of Research Study

When applying research; there are two broad categories:

Pure & Applied

* Pure Basic research:

Involves developing and testing theories and hypotheses that are:

intellectually challenging to the researcher,

but may or may not have practical application at the present, or in the future.

Knowledge produced through pure research is sought to add to the existing body of

research methods.

Application of Research Study con’t

Pure Basic Research:

Involves developing and testing theories and hypotheses that are intellectually challenging to the researcher

May or may not have practical application at the present time or in the future.

The knowledge produced through pure research is sought in order to add to the existing body of research methods.

Applied Research:

* Applied research is done to solve specific, practical questions;

* For policy formulation,

Administration and understanding of a phenomenon.

It can be exploratory, but is usually descriptive.

*It is almost always done on the basis of basic research.

Basic and Applied Research Con’t

Basic

-Pure, fundamental research

-Discovery of new knowledge; theoretical in nature

-Takes many years for the results of basic research to find some practicality. (to manifest)

Applied

-Central purpose to solve an immediate problem

-Improved products or processes

-Infers beyond the group or situation studied

-Interpretation of results relies upon basic research

Objectives of the Research

1. Descriptive

2. Correlational

3. Explanatory

Descriptive Research Methods

Descriptive studies are a means of

Discovering new meaning

Describing what exists

Determining the frequency with which something occurs, and categorizing information

Descriptive research deals with everything that can be counted and studied

It has an impact on the lives of the people it deals with.

For example:

*Finding the most frequent disease that affects the children in a community.

The reader of the research will know what to do to prevent that disease thus, more people will live a healthy life.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Descriptive Research

Advantages:

The people individually studied are unaware so they act naturally or as they usually do in everyday situation;

It is less expensive and time consuming than quantitative experiments

Collects a large amount of notes for detailed studying

It is used to describe; and not to make any conclusions

Disadvantages:

Descriptive research requires more skills.

Does not identify cause behind a phenomenon

Response rate is low

Research results can change over time periods.

Correlational Research

Refers to the systematic investigation of a statistical study of relationships among two or more variables, without necessarily determining cause and effect.

For example:

To test the hypothesis “listening to music lowers blood pressure levels” there are 2 ways of conducting research

1. Experimental – group samples and make one group listen to music and then compare to Bp levels

2. Survey – ask people how they feel? How often they listen? And then compare.

Correlational means simply to compare one variable with another.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Correlational Research

Advantages:

1. Can collect much information from many subjects at one time.

2. Can study a wide range of variables and their interrelations.

3. Study variables that are not easily produced in the laboratory

Disadvantages:

1. Correlation does not indicate causation (cause and effect).

2. Problems with self-report method.

* Explanatory Research

attempts to clarify why and how there is a relationship between two or more aspects of a situation or phenomenon.

Exploratory research

explores an area where little is known or investigates possibilities of undertaking a particular research study

Can be called: (feasibility study/pilot study.)

Inquiry Mode Structured Approach & Unstructured Approach

Structured Approach:

The structured approach to inquiry is usually classified as Quantitative Research.

This includes everything that forms the research process:

objectives, *Design *Samples

And the questions you plan to ask of respondents – predetermined.

It is more appropriate to determine the extent of a problem, an issue, or a phenomenon by qualifying the variation.

Inquiry Mode Structured Approach & Unstructured Approach

Unstructured Approach:

The approach that’s usually classified as Qualitative Research.

Allows flexibility in all aspects of the research process.

It is more appropriate to explore the nature of a problem or issue, without quantifying it.

Main Objective is:

To describe the variation in a phenomenon, a situation, or an attitude.

In many studies you have to combine both qualitative and quantitative approaches.

Quantitative and Qualitative Research Con’t

Quantitative is:

- Numerical, measurable data

- Traditional or positivist approach

Which means its:

Clearly stated questions

Rational hypotheses

Developed research procedures

Extraneous variable controls

Large samples

Traditional, statistical analyses

-Qualitative is:

*- Generally non numerical data

*- typically anthropological and sociological research methods

*-Observations are in a “natural” setting

*- Descriptions are indepth

*- they are Interpretive and descriptive

Methodology: Qualitative →→→→ Qualitative→→→→Qualitative ↑ ↑ ↑ Data Collection Approach: Exploratory focus Survey Personal Interview group All are considered to be Qualitative Research.

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