general psychology

Module 4 Motivation and Emotions

PSYC 122 General Psychology II

Objectives

At the end of the module, the student will be able to:

Compare

Compare the theories of motivation and emotion.

Identify

Identify the factors of motivation that affect the behavior.

Evaluate

Evaluate the major components and theories of emotion.

Examine

Examine how emotions affect behavior.

(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)

▪ Motivation encompasses a collection of factors that initiate, guide, and sustain behavior, typically with the aim of achieving a specific objective or goal.

Motivation

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(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)

Motivation Theories

Instinct theory

Drive reduction

Optimal arousal

Incentive theory

Cognitive theory

Maslow hierarchy of needs (Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)

▪ Instinct Theory:

Motivation according to the instinct theory is driven by innate and

biological instincts, which are automatic and unlearned responses

commonly observed in individuals across a species.

▪ Drive Reduction:

Motivation through drive reduction occurs when a biological need

arises, prompting a drive that motivates behavior aimed at fulfilling the

initial need and restoring equilibrium or homeostasis.

Motivation Theories

(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)

▪ Optimal Arousal:

Motivation related to optimal arousal theory suggests that organisms

are driven to attain and sustain an optimal level of arousal.

▪ Cognitive Theory:

Motivation is influenced by cognitive factors, specifically our

expectations and attributions, which encompass how we perceive,

interpret, and think about our own actions or the actions of others.

Motivation Theories

(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)

▪ Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs:

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs suggests that individuals must first fulfill their basic needs, such as hunger and safety, before they can move on to fulfilling higher- level needs (Sanderson and Huffman, 2020).

Motivation Theories

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▪ Factors that contribute to the motivation of hunger include both

biological and psychological factors.

What motivates hunger?

Biological factors Psychological factors

• Stomach

• Biochemistry

• The brain

• Stimulus cues

• Cultural conditioning

(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)

▪ Extrinsic motivation refers to the drive or inclination to

engage in a task or activity based on external incentives,

such as rewards or punishments (Sanderson and

Huffman, 2020).

Extrinsic motivation

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▪ Intrinsic motivation is a form of

motivation that arises from

internal incentives, such as

personal enjoyment and

satisfaction, rather than external

factors. It refers to the inherent

desire or interest in engaging in a

task or activity.

Intrinsic motivation

(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)

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▪ Emotions can be described as

intricate combinations of

physiological arousal, cognitive

processes, and outward

expressions of behavior.

Emotions

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(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)

Emotion components

Biological

CognitiveBehavioral

(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)

▪ James-Lange Theory

The James-Lange Theory proposes that emotions are a result of physiological arousal, suggesting that the subjective experience of emotion is a consequence, rather than the cause, of bodily responses. According to this theory, each emotion is associated with distinct physiological changes in the body.

Emotion theories

(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)

▪ Cannon-Bard theory

The Cannon-Bard theory suggests that emotions

and physiological changes occur simultaneously,

emphasizing that emotions are not solely

dependent on bodily responses. According to this

theory, all emotions are characterized by similar

physiological patterns (Sanderson and Huffman,

2020).

Emotion theories

▪ Two factor theory

The Two-Factor Theory posits that emotions are influenced by two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal. This theory suggests that our interpretation or cognitive appraisal of the physiological arousal we experience plays a significant role in determining the specific emotion we attribute to a given situation.

Emotion theories

(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)

References

Sanderson, C. A., & Huffman, K. (2020). Real world psychology (3rd ed.). Wiley. ISBN-13: 978-

1119577751 https://bulk-store.vitalsource.com/products/real-world-psychology-catherine-a-

sanderson-karen-v9781119577737

Review as many times as required the information contained in the module folder

(includes this presentation).

Read the reference material to clarify any questions.

Carry out all the activities according to the instructions.

Submit assignments on the indicated date through the educational

platform.

Congratulations you have reviewed the

theoretical summary of this week's topic!

Actively participate in collaborative sessions.

Remember that to successfully build your learning it is important that:

Module 4

Motivation and Emotions

PSYC 122

General Psychology II

Compare

Compare the theories of motivation and emotion.

Identify

Identify the factors of motivation that affect the behavior.

Evaluate

Evaluate the major components and theories of emotion.

Examine

Examine how emotions affect behavior.