D2
a month ago 8
DB2.docx
ch04.pptx
DB2.docx
Due 5/11/2026 350 word response 2 references/intext citations
Use APA style rules and support your responses with outside resources.
Use the attached ppts.
Should we revisit how juveniles are prosecuted? Explain your reasoning and address both prosecution in juvenile court and in adult court under the waiver system. Include the economic implications of juvenile prosecution and consider the individual, group, and community implications of juvenile prosecution in your response.
ch04.pptx
Chapter 4: Sociological Views of Delinquency
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
What are the social factors believed to cause or affect delinquent behaviors?
Interpersonal interactions
Social relationships with families, peers, schools, jobs
Social conditions
Political unrest/mistrust, economic stress, and family disintegration
Poverty
People on the lowest rung of the economic ladder have the greatest incentive to commit crime
Racial disparity
The consequences of racial disparity and poverty take a harsh toll on minority youths
Social Factors and Delinquency
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO1. Analyze the association between social conditions and crime.
2
Social problems can turn American youths toward antisocial behaviors
Three main sociological theoretical groups:
Social structure theories
Social process theories
Critical theories
Social Factors and Delinquency
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO1. Analyze the association between social conditions and crime.
Photo:
Minority group members have lower incomes and enjoy fewer social
benefits than whites. Their children go to inadequate schools
and many people are forced to accept government benefits.
Here, a monthly distribution of free food for low-income residents
by the Detroit Department of Human Services draws a crowd.
Jim West/Report Digital-Rea/Redux
3
Oscar Louis (1966) coined the phrase “culture of poverty”
The view that lower class people form a separate culture with their own values and norms
“Underclass”
Group of urban poor whose members have little chance of upward mobility or improvement
William Julius Wilson: the “truly disadvantaged”
The impoverished are deprived of a standard of living enjoyed by the other citizens
People who are left out of the economic mainstream and living in the deteriorated inner-city
Social Structure Theories
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO2. List the principles of social disorganization theory.
4
The theories tie delinquency rates to:
Socioeconomic conditions
e.g., poverty, neighborhood deterioration
Cultural values
e.g., gang culture
Three prominent views:
Social disorganization
Anomie/strain
Cultural deviance
Social Structure Theories
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO2. List the principles of social disorganization theory.
5
Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay-Chicago School
Transitional neighborhoods
Teenage gangs develop in areas undergoing decay
Cultural transmission
The process of passing on deviant traditions and delinquent values from one generation to the next
Social control
The ability of an organized community to regulate itself via formal/informal social control
Relative deprivation
Exists when people of wealth and poverty live in close proximity to one another
Social Disorganization
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO2. List the principles of social disorganization theory.
6
Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay-Chicago School
Community change
Impoverished areas “gentrified” to stabilize them
Community fear
As fear increases, quality of life deteriorates
Poverty concentration
Poverty becomes concentrated to specific area(s) as people flee
Collective efficacy
Process in which mutual trust and a willingness to intervene in the supervision of children and help maintain public order create a sense of well-being
Social Disorganization
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO2. List the principles of social disorganization theory.
7
The Cycle of Social Disorganization
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO2. List the principles of social disorganization theory.
Figure 4.2 - © Cengage Learning
Photo:
In 2014, Detroit turned 313 years old, a year after declaring bankruptcy. Once an industrial powerhouse,
the city now contains vast tracts of abandoned factories and homes, and its population
has sunk to 700,000. These municipal conditions are believed to produce the social conditions that
create high rates of crime and delinquency.
Robert Wallace/Corbis News/Corbis
8
Strain
A condition caused by the failure to achieve one’s social goals
Anomie
Robert Merton (1910-2003)
Without acceptable means for obtaining success, individuals feel social and psychological strain
Consequently, these youths may use deviant methods to achieve their goals or reject socially accepted goals and substitute deviant ones
Anomie/Strain TheOry
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO3. Apply the concepts of anomie and strain to explaining the onset of delinquency.
9
Robert Agnew
General strain
Links delinquency to the strain of being locked out of the economic mainstream, which leads to anger and frustration
Sources of strain
Failure to achieve positively valued goals
Removal of positively valued stimuli
Presentation of negative stimuli
Negative affective states
Anger, depression, disappointment, fear, and other adverse emotions that derive from strain
General Strain Theory
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO3. Apply the concepts of anomie and strain to explaining the onset of delinquency.
10
Links delinquency to the formation of independent subcultures with a unique set of values that clash with the mainstream culture
By joining gangs, lower-class youths are rejecting the culture that has already rejected them
They may be failures in conventional society, but they are the kings and queens in their own neighborhood
Cultural Deviance Theory
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO3. Apply the concepts of anomie and strain to explaining the onset of delinquency.
11
Sociologists argue that the root cause of delinquency may be traced to learning delinquent attitudes from peers, experiencing conflict in the home, etc.
Socialization is the process of learning the values and norms of the society or subculture to which the individual belongs
Early socialization experiences have a lifelong influence on self-image, values, and behaviors
Major influences on a child’s socialization:
Family relations, school, and peers
Social Process Theories: Socialization/Delinquency
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO4. Synthesize the elements of socialization into an explanation of delinquent behavior.
12
Delinquency is learned through close relationship with others
Children are born “good” and learn to be “bad”
Differential association theory:
Edwin Sutherland
Children are socialized, exposed to, and learn pro-social and antisocial attitudes and behaviors from peers, parents, and so on
Social Learning Theories: Differential Association
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO4. Synthesize the elements of socialization into an explanation of delinquent behavior.
13
Posits that delinquency results from a weakened commitment to the major social institutions
The social bond and delinquency
Travis Hirschi
Four main elements
Attachment
Commitment
Belief
Involvement
Social Learning Theories: Social Control
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO4. Synthesize the elements of socialization into an explanation of delinquent behavior.
Photo:
Improving socialization can help improve delinquency rates, and
some programs are designed to do just that. Here, children are getting
off a bus in front of what was formerly Kenilworth Elementary
School and is now the headquarters for the DC Promise Neighborhood
Initiative (DCPNI), which provides after-school programming
in the Kenilworth-Parkside neighborhood of Washington, D.C.
Backed by a multi-year, $28 million U.S. Education Department grant,
DCPNI vows to tackle generational poverty with a fresh approach—if
a parent’s level of education improves, so does a child’s
prospects. In Kenilworth-Parkside, helping children get a good education
is a primary focus, but it’s the adults they must first engage.
AP Images/Charles Dharapak
14
Delinquency is caused by “stigma” applied by agents of social control, including official and unofficial institutions
Labeling theory
Society creates deviance through a system of social control agencies that designate certain individuals as delinquent, thereby stigmatizing them and encourage them to accept this negative personal identity
Self-fulfilling prophecy
The process by which a person who has been negatively labeled accepts the label as a personal role or identity
Social Reaction/Labeling Theories
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO5. Explain how the labeling process is related to delinquent careers
15
Society is in a constant state of internal conflict
Those in power use the justice system to maintain their status while keeping others subservient
The poor may or may not commit more crimes than the rich, but they are certainly arrested more often
Views delinquent behavior as a function of the capitalist system’s inherent inequity
Critical Theory
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO5. Explain how the labeling process is related to delinquent careers
16
Social programs have been designed to reduce or eliminate delinquency
Strengthen the socialization process
Prevention programs have also been aimed at strengthening families in crisis
Reduce stigma and labeling
THEORY AND DELINQUENCY PREVENTION
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Photo:
According to the social structure approach, a community that can support its residents reduces
the lure of delinquency. Here, kids are preparing to row at the Peter Jay Sharp Boathouse on the
Harlem River. The idea for a recreational community boathouse first came from singer Bette Midler,
who saw local college and university rowing teams practicing on the river. Not long after, she also
learned that many academic and athletic scholarships being made available to Upper Manhattan
high school students who participated in rowing programs were being unused due to the lack
of such local programs. As a result, Midler’s New York Restoration Project engaged celebrated
architect Robert A.M. Stern to design the first community boathouse of its kind on the river in
over 100 years.
James Estrin/The New York Times
17
Social structure theories
Social programs have been designed to reduce/ eliminate delinquency
e.g., Operation Weed and Seed
Social process theories
Delinquency can be prevented by strengthening the socialization process
e.g., Boys and Girls Clubs
Theory and Delinquency Prevention
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO1 – LO5.
18
Intervention
Homeboy Industries
Helps kids leave gangs and become constructive and productive members of society
Provides employment services and counseling
Should certain offenders (e.g., sexual offenders) be banned from programs such as these?
Could participation in such programs label or stigmatize participants as deviants rather than help them integrate into a more conventional role in society?
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO1 – LO5.
19
Labeling theories
Limit the interface of youths with the juvenile justice system
Deinstitutionalization
Critical theories
Relies on non-punitive strategies for delinquency control
Restorative justice
Theory and Delinquency Prevention
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO1 – LO5.
20
Many delinquency theorists believe that elements of social life are responsible for kids getting involved in antisocial behaviors
Social disorganization
Anomie
Strain
Social process and socialization
Labeling
Summary
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO1-LO5.
21
image2.jpeg
image5.png
image6.png
image7.png
image8.png
image9.png
image4.jpeg
DB2.docx
Due 5/11/2026 350 word response 2 references/intext citations
Use APA style rules and support your responses with outside resources.
Use the attached ppts.
Should we revisit how juveniles are prosecuted? Explain your reasoning and address both prosecution in juvenile court and in adult court under the waiver system. Include the economic implications of juvenile prosecution and consider the individual, group, and community implications of juvenile prosecution in your response.
ch04.pptx
Chapter 4: Sociological Views of Delinquency
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
What are the social factors believed to cause or affect delinquent behaviors?
Interpersonal interactions
Social relationships with families, peers, schools, jobs
Social conditions
Political unrest/mistrust, economic stress, and family disintegration
Poverty
People on the lowest rung of the economic ladder have the greatest incentive to commit crime
Racial disparity
The consequences of racial disparity and poverty take a harsh toll on minority youths
Social Factors and Delinquency
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO1. Analyze the association between social conditions and crime.
2
Social problems can turn American youths toward antisocial behaviors
Three main sociological theoretical groups:
Social structure theories
Social process theories
Critical theories
Social Factors and Delinquency
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO1. Analyze the association between social conditions and crime.
Photo:
Minority group members have lower incomes and enjoy fewer social
benefits than whites. Their children go to inadequate schools
and many people are forced to accept government benefits.
Here, a monthly distribution of free food for low-income residents
by the Detroit Department of Human Services draws a crowd.
Jim West/Report Digital-Rea/Redux
3
Oscar Louis (1966) coined the phrase “culture of poverty”
The view that lower class people form a separate culture with their own values and norms
“Underclass”
Group of urban poor whose members have little chance of upward mobility or improvement
William Julius Wilson: the “truly disadvantaged”
The impoverished are deprived of a standard of living enjoyed by the other citizens
People who are left out of the economic mainstream and living in the deteriorated inner-city
Social Structure Theories
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO2. List the principles of social disorganization theory.
4
The theories tie delinquency rates to:
Socioeconomic conditions
e.g., poverty, neighborhood deterioration
Cultural values
e.g., gang culture
Three prominent views:
Social disorganization
Anomie/strain
Cultural deviance
Social Structure Theories
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO2. List the principles of social disorganization theory.
5
Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay-Chicago School
Transitional neighborhoods
Teenage gangs develop in areas undergoing decay
Cultural transmission
The process of passing on deviant traditions and delinquent values from one generation to the next
Social control
The ability of an organized community to regulate itself via formal/informal social control
Relative deprivation
Exists when people of wealth and poverty live in close proximity to one another
Social Disorganization
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO2. List the principles of social disorganization theory.
6
Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay-Chicago School
Community change
Impoverished areas “gentrified” to stabilize them
Community fear
As fear increases, quality of life deteriorates
Poverty concentration
Poverty becomes concentrated to specific area(s) as people flee
Collective efficacy
Process in which mutual trust and a willingness to intervene in the supervision of children and help maintain public order create a sense of well-being
Social Disorganization
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO2. List the principles of social disorganization theory.
7
The Cycle of Social Disorganization
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO2. List the principles of social disorganization theory.
Figure 4.2 - © Cengage Learning
Photo:
In 2014, Detroit turned 313 years old, a year after declaring bankruptcy. Once an industrial powerhouse,
the city now contains vast tracts of abandoned factories and homes, and its population
has sunk to 700,000. These municipal conditions are believed to produce the social conditions that
create high rates of crime and delinquency.
Robert Wallace/Corbis News/Corbis
8
Strain
A condition caused by the failure to achieve one’s social goals
Anomie
Robert Merton (1910-2003)
Without acceptable means for obtaining success, individuals feel social and psychological strain
Consequently, these youths may use deviant methods to achieve their goals or reject socially accepted goals and substitute deviant ones
Anomie/Strain TheOry
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO3. Apply the concepts of anomie and strain to explaining the onset of delinquency.
9
Robert Agnew
General strain
Links delinquency to the strain of being locked out of the economic mainstream, which leads to anger and frustration
Sources of strain
Failure to achieve positively valued goals
Removal of positively valued stimuli
Presentation of negative stimuli
Negative affective states
Anger, depression, disappointment, fear, and other adverse emotions that derive from strain
General Strain Theory
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO3. Apply the concepts of anomie and strain to explaining the onset of delinquency.
10
Links delinquency to the formation of independent subcultures with a unique set of values that clash with the mainstream culture
By joining gangs, lower-class youths are rejecting the culture that has already rejected them
They may be failures in conventional society, but they are the kings and queens in their own neighborhood
Cultural Deviance Theory
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO3. Apply the concepts of anomie and strain to explaining the onset of delinquency.
11
Sociologists argue that the root cause of delinquency may be traced to learning delinquent attitudes from peers, experiencing conflict in the home, etc.
Socialization is the process of learning the values and norms of the society or subculture to which the individual belongs
Early socialization experiences have a lifelong influence on self-image, values, and behaviors
Major influences on a child’s socialization:
Family relations, school, and peers
Social Process Theories: Socialization/Delinquency
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO4. Synthesize the elements of socialization into an explanation of delinquent behavior.
12
Delinquency is learned through close relationship with others
Children are born “good” and learn to be “bad”
Differential association theory:
Edwin Sutherland
Children are socialized, exposed to, and learn pro-social and antisocial attitudes and behaviors from peers, parents, and so on
Social Learning Theories: Differential Association
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO4. Synthesize the elements of socialization into an explanation of delinquent behavior.
13
Posits that delinquency results from a weakened commitment to the major social institutions
The social bond and delinquency
Travis Hirschi
Four main elements
Attachment
Commitment
Belief
Involvement
Social Learning Theories: Social Control
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO4. Synthesize the elements of socialization into an explanation of delinquent behavior.
Photo:
Improving socialization can help improve delinquency rates, and
some programs are designed to do just that. Here, children are getting
off a bus in front of what was formerly Kenilworth Elementary
School and is now the headquarters for the DC Promise Neighborhood
Initiative (DCPNI), which provides after-school programming
in the Kenilworth-Parkside neighborhood of Washington, D.C.
Backed by a multi-year, $28 million U.S. Education Department grant,
DCPNI vows to tackle generational poverty with a fresh approach—if
a parent’s level of education improves, so does a child’s
prospects. In Kenilworth-Parkside, helping children get a good education
is a primary focus, but it’s the adults they must first engage.
AP Images/Charles Dharapak
14
Delinquency is caused by “stigma” applied by agents of social control, including official and unofficial institutions
Labeling theory
Society creates deviance through a system of social control agencies that designate certain individuals as delinquent, thereby stigmatizing them and encourage them to accept this negative personal identity
Self-fulfilling prophecy
The process by which a person who has been negatively labeled accepts the label as a personal role or identity
Social Reaction/Labeling Theories
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO5. Explain how the labeling process is related to delinquent careers
15
Society is in a constant state of internal conflict
Those in power use the justice system to maintain their status while keeping others subservient
The poor may or may not commit more crimes than the rich, but they are certainly arrested more often
Views delinquent behavior as a function of the capitalist system’s inherent inequity
Critical Theory
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO5. Explain how the labeling process is related to delinquent careers
16
Social programs have been designed to reduce or eliminate delinquency
Strengthen the socialization process
Prevention programs have also been aimed at strengthening families in crisis
Reduce stigma and labeling
THEORY AND DELINQUENCY PREVENTION
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Photo:
According to the social structure approach, a community that can support its residents reduces
the lure of delinquency. Here, kids are preparing to row at the Peter Jay Sharp Boathouse on the
Harlem River. The idea for a recreational community boathouse first came from singer Bette Midler,
who saw local college and university rowing teams practicing on the river. Not long after, she also
learned that many academic and athletic scholarships being made available to Upper Manhattan
high school students who participated in rowing programs were being unused due to the lack
of such local programs. As a result, Midler’s New York Restoration Project engaged celebrated
architect Robert A.M. Stern to design the first community boathouse of its kind on the river in
over 100 years.
James Estrin/The New York Times
17
Social structure theories
Social programs have been designed to reduce/ eliminate delinquency
e.g., Operation Weed and Seed
Social process theories
Delinquency can be prevented by strengthening the socialization process
e.g., Boys and Girls Clubs
Theory and Delinquency Prevention
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO1 – LO5.
18
Intervention
Homeboy Industries
Helps kids leave gangs and become constructive and productive members of society
Provides employment services and counseling
Should certain offenders (e.g., sexual offenders) be banned from programs such as these?
Could participation in such programs label or stigmatize participants as deviants rather than help them integrate into a more conventional role in society?
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO1 – LO5.
19
Labeling theories
Limit the interface of youths with the juvenile justice system
Deinstitutionalization
Critical theories
Relies on non-punitive strategies for delinquency control
Restorative justice
Theory and Delinquency Prevention
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO1 – LO5.
20
Many delinquency theorists believe that elements of social life are responsible for kids getting involved in antisocial behaviors
Social disorganization
Anomie
Strain
Social process and socialization
Labeling
Summary
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO1-LO5.
21
image2.jpeg
image5.png
image6.png
image7.png
image8.png
image9.png
image4.jpeg
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