d

1.  Explain the current Criminal Justice (CJ) Policies and Historical Context, costs and benefits of CJ policies and what are the next steps proposed for reform.

2. Structure and operation of the penal (the governing institutions that direct and control the penal field) and penality (the penal field) state have a significant impact in the Criminal Justice System. Utilizing your readings, describe and explain the distinctive characteristics which leads to incarceration and the type of punishment.

Refer to Garland articles for this question 

2.  db

DIRECTIONS: Answer the prompt(s) below utilizing the assigned reading(s)  and substantively participate in at least one of your peers' post. That means your replies to your colleagues' posts must be either important to their making improvements or meaningful to their understanding. 

Read the posts and comments prior to yours so you can avoid repeating information others have written. If you want to discuss similar thoughts or observations, reference what others have said and perform one of the following operations:

• add a new insight to the thought or observation
• provide a different example and clarify what additional nuances it reveals
• discuss the causes or implications of the thought or observation, or
• compare, contrast, or otherwise relate the thought or observation to other thoughts or observations, and explain what nuances that process reveals.

1. Identify a research question in a journal article and discuss what approach would be best to study the question and why.

2. Take a topic that you would like to study, and using the four combinations of worldviews, designs, and research methods in Figure 1.1, discuss a project that brings together a worldview, designs, and methods. Identify whether this would be quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods research. Use the typical scenarios that we have advanced in this chapter as a guide.

3. What distinguishes a quantitative study from a qualitative study? Mention three characteristics.

REMINDER:

All reading discussions and assignments in this course must adhere to the guidelines outlined in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th Edition). This includes:

• Proper use of in-text citations for all referenced material.
• Formatting of the reference list with correct structure, including hanging indents.
• Compliance with APA style for paper structure, including title pages, headings, margins, font (12-point Times New Roman, Arial, or Calibri), double-spacing, and page numbers (when applicable).
• Accurate presentation of tables, figures, and statistical data, when applicable.

Submissions that do not conform to APA 7th Edition formatting will receive feedback for revision and may incur point deductions according to the grading rubric. Students are encouraged to consult the Purdue OWL APA guide or the APA Manual for guidance.

By following these standards, you will develop professional academic writing skills and prepare for higher-level research and publication expectations.