COM 3404 Discussion Post 3
3 years ago 5
DiscussionPost3.pdf
NEW-CHAPTER-3ADA.pptx
DiscussionPost3.pdf
Discussion Post: You are required to post items to the course online discussion forum (see the syllabus for how they will be graded) that add value to the topic that is covered for the week, linking theory to real-world examples. Reflect on the following question:
In countries such as Japan, China, India, and Iran there are gestures that convey different meanings in comparison with gestures we use in the United States. Find an example of a gesture or non-verbal behavior (holding hands, for example) from any other country of the world that you did not know about. Provide a link and/or explain the gesture, the meaning, and compare (why or why not we interpret it differently or it does not exist in the United States)
● Analyze the questions according to the requirements for the week. ● Add one take away from this week's article, one from this week's practice
quiz, and one from this week's videos - Make connections and specifically include citations or statements from the video(s), practice quiz, and reading(s) covered this week.
● Posts will be made in the Canvas discussion forum. ● Review the attached discussion board evaluation rubric. Evaluation
Rubric for Discussion Posts
After answering that part of the discussion, answer these posts also. In no more than 80-100 words:
1. Chelsea Henry:
It is said that Greeks are very passionate and expressive in both verbal and non-verbal communication. To that end, non-verbal communication is taken very seriously, involving a number of gestures. The Mountza is a gesture where all fingers are spread, presenting the palm towards the face of another individual. This gesture is an insult, representing displeasure towards the receiver. The Mountza is similar to "talk to the hand" in the United States. Americans and Greeks share the same interpretation of this gesture because it is used the same in both countries.
One takeaway from this weeks article would be that "the purpose of a gesture is to represent information and perhaps communicate that information". This is important
because it proves why gestures are forms of non-verbal communication. One takeaway from the practice quiz would be that "some lies are performed flawlessly", leaving no clue that it is a lie. One takeaway from "A World of Gestures", would be the both the demonstration and comparison of illustrators and emblems.
2. Valeria Restrepo:
The Indian head wobble is a distinctive and unusual gesture that is often employed in India that involves gently swinging the head from side to side in a rhythmic manner. Its meaning might change based on the context as well as the movement's pace and intensity. In India, it's commonly used to express agreement, comprehension, recognition, or even a warm welcome. In certain cases, though, it may signify ambiguity or a non-committal response. The precise interpretation of the head wobble depends on the discourse and the connection of the persons involved. In the United States, head motions are often connected with nodding (up and down) to express agreement or comprehension and shaking (left to right) to show disagreement or denial. The Indian head wobble, with its side-to-side motion, might look and sound quite different from these American head movements. Understanding such cultural variations is essential for efficient cross-cultural communication and the avoidance of misconceptions.
A key takeaway from this article is the distinction between gestures and other types of movements. Gestures are distinctive in that they take place apart from objects, coincide with speech, and have a symbolic function, such as aiding communication or transmitting information. Furthermore, the progression of gesture production and understanding in young infants emphasizes the significance of gestures for language and cognitive development. Children have difficulty comprehending and performing iconic gestures, which emphasizes the idea that gestures are more than just motor simulations and involve sophisticated cognitive processing, making them important for communication and language development. A key takeaway from the practice quiz is that research by Dr. Ekman revealed a strong connection between a person's confidence level and their ability to accurately detect deception. In other words, those who are more confident tend to be better at recognizing when someone is lying. This conclusion highlights the need of taking into account both confidence and accuracy when assessing the efficacy of deception detection technologies because of their interconnected nature. A key takeaway from the video “Understanding and Detecting Deception - 6. Nonverbal Cues - Lecture 6” emphasizes that nonverbal communication includes many elements outside words, such as voice and visual cues. Contrary to popular belief, there is no evidence to support the claim that certain signs, such as eye contact, fidgeting, or micro expressions, may reliably identify deceit. It is difficult to identify deception purely only on nonverbal signals since they are frequently ambiguous, subtle, and may not always be signs of deception. Inconsistencies in a person's tale or improbable explanations are better indicators of deceit than smaller-scale trends. Nonverbal cues can offer some useful
information, but when trying to spot dishonesty, they should be used with caution and in combination with other criteria.
NEW-CHAPTER-3ADA.pptx
Chapter 3
Gesture and Movement
Kinesics
Study of communicative impact of body movement and gesture
Example: Person’s gait
All gestures
Head movements, eye behavior, facial expressions, posture, movements of trunk, arms, legs, feet, hands, and fingers
Essential to study within context and culture
Theoretical Look at Gesture and Movement
Two general approaches to study of kinesics:
Structural approach (Birdwhistell, 1952; 1970)
External variable approach Ekman (1976)
Views communication as a structural system and presumes system is independent of specific behaviors people engage in during particular interactions (Birdwhistell)
All behavior is socially learned and has communicative value
Can be categorized as allokinesis or kinemes
Structural Approach to Kinesics
Allokinesis
Study of smallest and most basic units of behavior
These microbehaviors cannot be detected
Performed rapidly, and usually only detectable by mechanical means such as video recorders or computers
Several allokinesis together compose larger units of behavior called kines
Dittman (1971) major critic of Birdwhistell “Behavior cannot be treated in the same way we treat verbal language”
Classification of human gestures and movements should be based on motions easily observed (Ekman and Friesen)
Most commonly accepted system to categorize gestures and movements
SADFISH SCADFISH
Sadness, (Contempt), Anger, Disgust, Fear, Interest, Surprise, Happiness
External Variable Approach to Kinesics
Speech dependent & Speech Independent
Five different types:
Emblems
Illustrators
Regulators
Affect displays
Adaptors
Types Of Gesture And Movement
Emblems
Depends on current trends
Speech-independent gestures
Direct verbal translation
Known by group, class, culture, subculture
Can function in place of verbal communication
Users aware of their action and in control of gesture
Used intentionally by the sender to communicate specific message
Socially and culturally learned
Example: OK sign
Illustrators (1)
Speech-linked gestures
Cannot stand alone or stimulate same meaning as verbal
Generate little to no meaning when not connected to speech
Example: “so-so” gesture
Illustrators (2)
Baton
Accents spoken words, phrases, or sentences
Slamming hand on desk
Ideograph
Represents cognitive processing of speaker
Repeatedly snapping finger while trying to think of an answer
Pictographs
Movements or gestures that serve as pictures or drawings
Drawing outline of male or female figure in air while describing attractive person
Gestures or body movements that maintain and regulate back-and-forth interaction, turn-taking behavior.
Learned gradually and are integral to communication socialization process
Not nearly intentional as emblems and illustrator.
Regulators
Turn-Taking Behaviors
Behaviors used to maintain or yield in conversation
Turn-yielding cues: discontinue talking. (Example: long silent pause)
Turn-maintaining cues: continue talking. (Example: increasing rate & loudness of speech)
Turn-requesting regulators: would like to talk (Example: straightening posture)
Turn-denying behaviors: don’t wish to speak, encourage the speaker to continue (Example: “uh-huh” utterance)
Affect displays
Indicate both emotional reactions and strength of reactions
Primarily include facial expressions
May display an emotion you don’t actually feel
May repress expression of emotion felt
Behaviors that reveal true emotional states are usually unintentional
May include posture, limb movements, way he/she walks.
Adaptors
Intentional behaviors in response to
boredom or stress
Self-Adaptors – individual manipulates her /his own body (scratching, hair twisting)
Alter-Directed Adaptors – designed to protect individuals from other interactants (folding arms, unconscious leg movements)
Object-Focused Adaptors – unconscious manipulation of a particular object (tapping pen, smoking, twisting ring on finger)
Posture (1)
Rich source of information about emotional states and relationships
Immediacy and relaxation communicate openness
Posture is normally studied in conjunction with other nonverbal signals to determine:
The degree of attention or involvement
The degree of status relative to the other interactive partner
The degree of liking for the other interactant
Posture (2)
Inclusive vs. Non-Inclusive-
Include or block
Face-to-Face vs. Parallel Orientation
Face-to-Face - formal or professional interaction, need to monitor, sign of more active interaction
Parallel – neutral or passive
Example: The higher the status, the more relaxed/indirect orientation
Example: People of perceived equal status (friends), strive to maintain equality through posture
Posture (3)
Posture (4)
Congruence vs. Incongruence
Congruent – they imitate or share each other’s position and movements (agreement, equality, liking)
“Chameleon Effect”
Matching Behavior -: “similar behavior occurring at the same time”
Postural congruence
Motor mimicry
Meshing
Women are socialized to exhibit shrinkage in their postures.
Males are socialized to engage in expanding nonverbal acts.
Posture And Gender
Movement and Communicator Style
The way a person interacts to give form to content of messages
Dramatic
Dominant
Animated
Relaxed
Attentive
Open
Friendly
Contentious
Dramatic Style
Most physically visible of all communicator styles
Masters at exaggeration
See the world as a stage
Tell fascinating stories
Have rhythmic voices
Rely on wide range of illustrators
Dominant Style
Perceived as confident, conceited, self-assured, competitive, forceful, active, and enthusiastic
Use nonverbal cues to dominate listeners, expansive body posture and movements, quickly approach fellow interactants
Animated Style
Engages in exaggerated body motions and gestures while speaking
Frequent and Repetitive head movements and smiling
Relaxed Style
Collected and internally calm in anxiety-producing situations
Relaxed posture, movement, gesture
Seem immune to nervous mannerisms, communicate calmness, serenity, peace, confidence, comfortableness
Attentive Style
Characterizes style of listening or receiving others’ messages.
Inversely related to dominant and dramatic styles.
Attentiveness shown through immediate posture, forward leaning, head nods, direct body orientation, etc.
Open Style
Uses body activity that is expansive, unreserved, extroverted, approach-oriented
Signals individuals that they can communicate openly and freely
Friendly Style
Communicators who strive to neutralize or avoid being perceived as hostile
Closely related to open and attentive styles
Body movements reduce distance
Continually confirm fellow interactants’ wishes
Behave in ways that positively and uniquely acknowledge others
Contentious Style
People exhibiting this style are argumentative
Similar to dominant, but more aggressive
Accompany assertive tone of voice with forward leaning and arm waving
Intimidate less assertive communicators
General Communicator Styles
Assertiveness Communicator use of control and ability to maintain listener interest and attention.
Responsiveness Projects friendliness, warmth, sincerity, and tenderness.
Versatility Those who adapt to communicative behavior of others; considered competent communicators.
Deception can sometimes be detected in body movements.
Depends on characteristics of the lie, the liar, receiver of lie, and context.
Liars learn to control head and facial movements when lying, but difficult to control all non-verbals.
Almost impossible to detect the lie. Deception is difficult to discern.
Attractive people more likely to convince others of untruths.
Deception Cues
Eakman and Friesen (1969) believed that it was more likely that clues to deception would be found in the area of feet and legs first, hands next, and face last.
Types of lies:
prepared or not
short answer or extended narrative
interrogated or not
Motivations for lying:
To protect yourself or someone else
To get out of an obligation or promise
To avoid conflict.
Deception (1)
Don’t judge
Don’t generalize
Observe to determine how V and NV behaviors contribute to interpersonal outcomes
Deception (2)
A meta-analysis of 120 studies performed by DePaulo and colleagues (2003) identified the following profile for liars when compared with truth tellers- two most commonly studied processes:
1) Arousal 2) cognitive difficulty (non-pathological liars)
Liars are less forthcoming (shorter responses and less elaboration
Liars tell stories that seem less plausible and with fewer details (discrepancies and less engaging)
Liars make fewer spontaneous corrections while telling their stories and are less likely to admit they cannot remember something
Liar make a more negative impression (less cooperative, make more negative statements, and use more words denoting anger and fear)
Liars are more tense.
Deception (3)
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DiscussionPost3.pdf
Discussion Post: You are required to post items to the course online discussion forum (see the syllabus for how they will be graded) that add value to the topic that is covered for the week, linking theory to real-world examples. Reflect on the following question:
In countries such as Japan, China, India, and Iran there are gestures that convey different meanings in comparison with gestures we use in the United States. Find an example of a gesture or non-verbal behavior (holding hands, for example) from any other country of the world that you did not know about. Provide a link and/or explain the gesture, the meaning, and compare (why or why not we interpret it differently or it does not exist in the United States)
● Analyze the questions according to the requirements for the week. ● Add one take away from this week's article, one from this week's practice
quiz, and one from this week's videos - Make connections and specifically include citations or statements from the video(s), practice quiz, and reading(s) covered this week.
● Posts will be made in the Canvas discussion forum. ● Review the attached discussion board evaluation rubric. Evaluation
Rubric for Discussion Posts
After answering that part of the discussion, answer these posts also. In no more than 80-100 words:
1. Chelsea Henry:
It is said that Greeks are very passionate and expressive in both verbal and non-verbal communication. To that end, non-verbal communication is taken very seriously, involving a number of gestures. The Mountza is a gesture where all fingers are spread, presenting the palm towards the face of another individual. This gesture is an insult, representing displeasure towards the receiver. The Mountza is similar to "talk to the hand" in the United States. Americans and Greeks share the same interpretation of this gesture because it is used the same in both countries.
One takeaway from this weeks article would be that "the purpose of a gesture is to represent information and perhaps communicate that information". This is important
because it proves why gestures are forms of non-verbal communication. One takeaway from the practice quiz would be that "some lies are performed flawlessly", leaving no clue that it is a lie. One takeaway from "A World of Gestures", would be the both the demonstration and comparison of illustrators and emblems.
2. Valeria Restrepo:
The Indian head wobble is a distinctive and unusual gesture that is often employed in India that involves gently swinging the head from side to side in a rhythmic manner. Its meaning might change based on the context as well as the movement's pace and intensity. In India, it's commonly used to express agreement, comprehension, recognition, or even a warm welcome. In certain cases, though, it may signify ambiguity or a non-committal response. The precise interpretation of the head wobble depends on the discourse and the connection of the persons involved. In the United States, head motions are often connected with nodding (up and down) to express agreement or comprehension and shaking (left to right) to show disagreement or denial. The Indian head wobble, with its side-to-side motion, might look and sound quite different from these American head movements. Understanding such cultural variations is essential for efficient cross-cultural communication and the avoidance of misconceptions.
A key takeaway from this article is the distinction between gestures and other types of movements. Gestures are distinctive in that they take place apart from objects, coincide with speech, and have a symbolic function, such as aiding communication or transmitting information. Furthermore, the progression of gesture production and understanding in young infants emphasizes the significance of gestures for language and cognitive development. Children have difficulty comprehending and performing iconic gestures, which emphasizes the idea that gestures are more than just motor simulations and involve sophisticated cognitive processing, making them important for communication and language development. A key takeaway from the practice quiz is that research by Dr. Ekman revealed a strong connection between a person's confidence level and their ability to accurately detect deception. In other words, those who are more confident tend to be better at recognizing when someone is lying. This conclusion highlights the need of taking into account both confidence and accuracy when assessing the efficacy of deception detection technologies because of their interconnected nature. A key takeaway from the video “Understanding and Detecting Deception - 6. Nonverbal Cues - Lecture 6” emphasizes that nonverbal communication includes many elements outside words, such as voice and visual cues. Contrary to popular belief, there is no evidence to support the claim that certain signs, such as eye contact, fidgeting, or micro expressions, may reliably identify deceit. It is difficult to identify deception purely only on nonverbal signals since they are frequently ambiguous, subtle, and may not always be signs of deception. Inconsistencies in a person's tale or improbable explanations are better indicators of deceit than smaller-scale trends. Nonverbal cues can offer some useful
information, but when trying to spot dishonesty, they should be used with caution and in combination with other criteria.
NEW-CHAPTER-3ADA.pptx
Chapter 3
Gesture and Movement
Kinesics
Study of communicative impact of body movement and gesture
Example: Person’s gait
All gestures
Head movements, eye behavior, facial expressions, posture, movements of trunk, arms, legs, feet, hands, and fingers
Essential to study within context and culture
Theoretical Look at Gesture and Movement
Two general approaches to study of kinesics:
Structural approach (Birdwhistell, 1952; 1970)
External variable approach Ekman (1976)
Views communication as a structural system and presumes system is independent of specific behaviors people engage in during particular interactions (Birdwhistell)
All behavior is socially learned and has communicative value
Can be categorized as allokinesis or kinemes
Structural Approach to Kinesics
Allokinesis
Study of smallest and most basic units of behavior
These microbehaviors cannot be detected
Performed rapidly, and usually only detectable by mechanical means such as video recorders or computers
Several allokinesis together compose larger units of behavior called kines
Dittman (1971) major critic of Birdwhistell “Behavior cannot be treated in the same way we treat verbal language”
Classification of human gestures and movements should be based on motions easily observed (Ekman and Friesen)
Most commonly accepted system to categorize gestures and movements
SADFISH SCADFISH
Sadness, (Contempt), Anger, Disgust, Fear, Interest, Surprise, Happiness
External Variable Approach to Kinesics
Speech dependent & Speech Independent
Five different types:
Emblems
Illustrators
Regulators
Affect displays
Adaptors
Types Of Gesture And Movement
Emblems
Depends on current trends
Speech-independent gestures
Direct verbal translation
Known by group, class, culture, subculture
Can function in place of verbal communication
Users aware of their action and in control of gesture
Used intentionally by the sender to communicate specific message
Socially and culturally learned
Example: OK sign
Illustrators (1)
Speech-linked gestures
Cannot stand alone or stimulate same meaning as verbal
Generate little to no meaning when not connected to speech
Example: “so-so” gesture
Illustrators (2)
Baton
Accents spoken words, phrases, or sentences
Slamming hand on desk
Ideograph
Represents cognitive processing of speaker
Repeatedly snapping finger while trying to think of an answer
Pictographs
Movements or gestures that serve as pictures or drawings
Drawing outline of male or female figure in air while describing attractive person
Gestures or body movements that maintain and regulate back-and-forth interaction, turn-taking behavior.
Learned gradually and are integral to communication socialization process
Not nearly intentional as emblems and illustrator.
Regulators
Turn-Taking Behaviors
Behaviors used to maintain or yield in conversation
Turn-yielding cues: discontinue talking. (Example: long silent pause)
Turn-maintaining cues: continue talking. (Example: increasing rate & loudness of speech)
Turn-requesting regulators: would like to talk (Example: straightening posture)
Turn-denying behaviors: don’t wish to speak, encourage the speaker to continue (Example: “uh-huh” utterance)
Affect displays
Indicate both emotional reactions and strength of reactions
Primarily include facial expressions
May display an emotion you don’t actually feel
May repress expression of emotion felt
Behaviors that reveal true emotional states are usually unintentional
May include posture, limb movements, way he/she walks.
Adaptors
Intentional behaviors in response to
boredom or stress
Self-Adaptors – individual manipulates her /his own body (scratching, hair twisting)
Alter-Directed Adaptors – designed to protect individuals from other interactants (folding arms, unconscious leg movements)
Object-Focused Adaptors – unconscious manipulation of a particular object (tapping pen, smoking, twisting ring on finger)
Posture (1)
Rich source of information about emotional states and relationships
Immediacy and relaxation communicate openness
Posture is normally studied in conjunction with other nonverbal signals to determine:
The degree of attention or involvement
The degree of status relative to the other interactive partner
The degree of liking for the other interactant
Posture (2)
Inclusive vs. Non-Inclusive-
Include or block
Face-to-Face vs. Parallel Orientation
Face-to-Face - formal or professional interaction, need to monitor, sign of more active interaction
Parallel – neutral or passive
Example: The higher the status, the more relaxed/indirect orientation
Example: People of perceived equal status (friends), strive to maintain equality through posture
Posture (3)
Posture (4)
Congruence vs. Incongruence
Congruent – they imitate or share each other’s position and movements (agreement, equality, liking)
“Chameleon Effect”
Matching Behavior -: “similar behavior occurring at the same time”
Postural congruence
Motor mimicry
Meshing
Women are socialized to exhibit shrinkage in their postures.
Males are socialized to engage in expanding nonverbal acts.
Posture And Gender
Movement and Communicator Style
The way a person interacts to give form to content of messages
Dramatic
Dominant
Animated
Relaxed
Attentive
Open
Friendly
Contentious
Dramatic Style
Most physically visible of all communicator styles
Masters at exaggeration
See the world as a stage
Tell fascinating stories
Have rhythmic voices
Rely on wide range of illustrators
Dominant Style
Perceived as confident, conceited, self-assured, competitive, forceful, active, and enthusiastic
Use nonverbal cues to dominate listeners, expansive body posture and movements, quickly approach fellow interactants
Animated Style
Engages in exaggerated body motions and gestures while speaking
Frequent and Repetitive head movements and smiling
Relaxed Style
Collected and internally calm in anxiety-producing situations
Relaxed posture, movement, gesture
Seem immune to nervous mannerisms, communicate calmness, serenity, peace, confidence, comfortableness
Attentive Style
Characterizes style of listening or receiving others’ messages.
Inversely related to dominant and dramatic styles.
Attentiveness shown through immediate posture, forward leaning, head nods, direct body orientation, etc.
Open Style
Uses body activity that is expansive, unreserved, extroverted, approach-oriented
Signals individuals that they can communicate openly and freely
Friendly Style
Communicators who strive to neutralize or avoid being perceived as hostile
Closely related to open and attentive styles
Body movements reduce distance
Continually confirm fellow interactants’ wishes
Behave in ways that positively and uniquely acknowledge others
Contentious Style
People exhibiting this style are argumentative
Similar to dominant, but more aggressive
Accompany assertive tone of voice with forward leaning and arm waving
Intimidate less assertive communicators
General Communicator Styles
Assertiveness Communicator use of control and ability to maintain listener interest and attention.
Responsiveness Projects friendliness, warmth, sincerity, and tenderness.
Versatility Those who adapt to communicative behavior of others; considered competent communicators.
Deception can sometimes be detected in body movements.
Depends on characteristics of the lie, the liar, receiver of lie, and context.
Liars learn to control head and facial movements when lying, but difficult to control all non-verbals.
Almost impossible to detect the lie. Deception is difficult to discern.
Attractive people more likely to convince others of untruths.
Deception Cues
Eakman and Friesen (1969) believed that it was more likely that clues to deception would be found in the area of feet and legs first, hands next, and face last.
Types of lies:
prepared or not
short answer or extended narrative
interrogated or not
Motivations for lying:
To protect yourself or someone else
To get out of an obligation or promise
To avoid conflict.
Deception (1)
Don’t judge
Don’t generalize
Observe to determine how V and NV behaviors contribute to interpersonal outcomes
Deception (2)
A meta-analysis of 120 studies performed by DePaulo and colleagues (2003) identified the following profile for liars when compared with truth tellers- two most commonly studied processes:
1) Arousal 2) cognitive difficulty (non-pathological liars)
Liars are less forthcoming (shorter responses and less elaboration
Liars tell stories that seem less plausible and with fewer details (discrepancies and less engaging)
Liars make fewer spontaneous corrections while telling their stories and are less likely to admit they cannot remember something
Liar make a more negative impression (less cooperative, make more negative statements, and use more words denoting anger and fear)
Liars are more tense.
Deception (3)
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