assig 13

MAYER CHAPTER 13 SHAPING BEHAVIORS

SHAPING DEFINED

• Teaching new behavior by differentially reinforcing successive approximations toward the behavioral objectives. • Differential reinforcement

• Extinction

CONTACT DESENSITIZATION USING SHAPING

• An application of shaping in which we differentially reinforce closer and closer approximations to an object that the client fears or avoids.

• Has been used to reduce all sort of phobias such as avoidance reactions, aversion to everyday activities, (hair cutting, fear of swimming)

USING SHAPING EFFECTIVELY

Familiarize yourself with learner’s current

repertoires Behavioral assessment

Choose and apply an ongoing measurement

system Reliable

Assess progress Task Analysis: steps to a terminal goal

Keep your eye on the goal

Specify goals and objectives No backtracking

Find a starting point and supportive environment

Resources Prerequisite Skills

USING SHAPING EFFECTIVELY

Select step size and duration for remaining on a step Sequence of steps Addressing plateaus

Combine shaping with discriminative stimuli

Need to be taught the behavior first Prompting, modeling, instructions not effective

Shaping with goal setting

Set expectations for reinforcement

End every shaping session on a high note

USING SHAPING EFFECTIVELY

Consider combining physical guidance with shaping

Motor skills

Combine “fading” with shaping

Gradually removing antecedent stimuli that might be supporting the behavior in its present form

Reduce prompt dependence

SHAPING & PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION (PI)

• An instructional application of shaping characterized by contingencies managed in a way that the individual progresses successfully in steps from one level of difficulty to the next • Educational application • Reinforcement relies on correct responses • Adjust levels of difficulties as correct answers occur • Dense schedule of reinforcement • Books, tapes, computer programs, CDs, PowerPoint slides, etc. • A series of graded steps in a programmed instruction program

SHAPING & PERSONALIZED SYSTEM OF INSTRUCTION

(PSI)

• Is characterized by self-pacing, use of proctors, unit mastery, emphasis on the written word, and lectures and demonstrations used for motivational purposes. • Permits students to work more independently and progress in large

steps than they would with programmed instruction

• Promotes student learning and retention of material better than conventional instructions

• Incorporates the principles of effective shaping

MAYER CHAPTER 13 SHAPING BEHAVIORS

SHAPING DEFINED

• Teaching new behavior by differentially reinforcing successive approximations toward the behavioral objectives. • Differential reinforcement

• Extinction

CONTACT DESENSITIZATION USING SHAPING

• An application of shaping in which we differentially reinforce closer and closer approximations to an object that the client fears or avoids.

• Has been used to reduce all sort of phobias such as avoidance reactions, aversion to everyday activities, (hair cutting, fear of swimming)

USING SHAPING EFFECTIVELY

Familiarize yourself with learner’s current

repertoires Behavioral assessment

Choose and apply an ongoing measurement

system Reliable

Assess progress Task Analysis: steps to a terminal goal

Keep your eye on the goal

Specify goals and objectives No backtracking

Find a starting point and supportive environment

Resources Prerequisite Skills

USING SHAPING EFFECTIVELY

Select step size and duration for remaining on a step Sequence of steps Addressing plateaus

Combine shaping with discriminative stimuli

Need to be taught the behavior first Prompting, modeling, instructions not effective

Shaping with goal setting

Set expectations for reinforcement

End every shaping session on a high note

USING SHAPING EFFECTIVELY

Consider combining physical guidance with shaping

Motor skills

Combine “fading” with shaping

Gradually removing antecedent stimuli that might be supporting the behavior in its present form

Reduce prompt dependence

SHAPING & PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION (PI)

• An instructional application of shaping characterized by contingencies managed in a way that the individual progresses successfully in steps from one level of difficulty to the next • Educational application • Reinforcement relies on correct responses • Adjust levels of difficulties as correct answers occur • Dense schedule of reinforcement • Books, tapes, computer programs, CDs, PowerPoint slides, etc. • A series of graded steps in a programmed instruction program

SHAPING & PERSONALIZED SYSTEM OF INSTRUCTION

(PSI)

• Is characterized by self-pacing, use of proctors, unit mastery, emphasis on the written word, and lectures and demonstrations used for motivational purposes. • Permits students to work more independently and progress in large

steps than they would with programmed instruction

• Promotes student learning and retention of material better than conventional instructions

• Incorporates the principles of effective shaping