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SOCW 6301-25 Week 5 Assignment

I. Introduction

A. Brief Overview of Topic Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been known to increase the risk of negative mental and physical health outcomes. ACEs specifically significantly impact mental health adulthood, depression being a major diagnosis. Understanding the relationship between ACEs and depression during adulthood can lead researchers to implement treatment and intervention strategies to prevent onset depression in adulthood due to ACEs.

B. Brief Summary of Main Points Based on current research, recent findings have identified four major factors associated with ACEs and adulthood depression which include that the more ACEs an individual has experienced, their mental health outcome is negatively impacted (Merrick et al., 2017). Second, the type of ACE or ACEs an individual has experienced, the more likely they are at risk for depression in adulthood (Poole et al., 2017). Third, the recollection of memory of ACEs from childhood to adulthood are reliable regardless of depressive symptoms (Frampton et al., 2018). Lastly, future treatment and intervention strategies are needed to prevent adulthood depression due to ACEs (Hayward et al., 2020).

C. Research Question What is the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and mental health symptoms, like depression, during adulthood?

II. Main Section

A. More ACEs equals negative mental health outcomes

1. Merrick, M. T., Ports, K. A., Ford, D. C., Afifi, T. O., Gershoff, E. T., & Grogan-Kaylor, A. (2017). Unpacking the impact of adverse childhood experiences on adult mental health . Child Abuse & Neglect, 69, 10–19.

Exposure to multiple ACEs during childhood increases likelihood of negative mental health outcomes.

2. Poole, J. C., Dobson, K. S., & Pusch, D. (2017). Childhood adversity and adult depression: The protective role of psychological resilience. Child Abuse & Neglect, 64, 89–100.

The greater number of ACEs, the higher number of symptoms of depression in adulthood was found significant.

3. Hayward, L. E., Vartanian, L. R., Kwok, C., & Newby, J. M. (2020). How might childhood adversity predict adult psychological distress? Applying the Identity Disruption Model to understanding depression and anxiety disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 265, 112–119.

Higher levels of reported ACEs produced negative mental health outcomes such as depression and anxiety disorders.

B. Types of ACE or ACEs that are risk factors for adult depression

Emotional abuse and neglect during childhood are risk factors that can lead to adult depression. 10/11 ACEs except for incarcerated household member was significantly associated with depression in adulthood.

2. Poole, J. C., Dobson, K. S., & Pusch, D. (2017). Childhood adversity and adult depression: The protective role of psychological resilience. Child Abuse & Neglect, 64, 89–100.

Participants exposed to emotional abuse as childhood were more 3.5 times more likely to develop major depressive disorder in adulthood than participants not exposed to emotional abuse as a child.

Children who had lived in risky family environments and experienced childhood trauma were factors that influenced greater depressive symptoms in adulthood.

4. Mwachofi, A., Imai, S., & Bell, R. A. (2020). Adverse childhood experiences and mental health in adulthood: Evidence from North Carolina. Journal of Affective Disorders, 267, 251–257.

ACEs that significantly impacted depression in adulthood are living with a depressed, mentally ill, or suicidal person, lived with an alcoholic or problem drinker, parent or adult that hit, beat, kick in the home, and other factors are listed in the discussion.

C. Memory recollection of ACEs are a reliable data to study depression

1. Mwachofi, A., Imai, S., & Bell, R. A. (2020). Adverse childhood experiences and mental health in adulthood: Evidence from North Carolina. Journal of Affective Disorders, 267, 251–257.

Evidence from the study provided that recollections of ACEs are reliable regardless of if the participant was already diagnosed with depression as a child.

2. Frampton, N. M., Poole, J. C., Dobson, K. S., & Pusch, D. (2018). The effects of adult depression on the recollection of adverse childhood experiences. Child Abuse & Neglect, 86, 45–54.

ACE scores were consistent and stable over time, therefore, one’s depressive symptoms does not significantly predict changes in ACE scores.

D. Intervention and treatment strategies

Development of safe and stable relationships and environments can prevent ACEs and related depression in adulthood.

2. Poole, J. C., Dobson, K. S., & Pusch, D. (2017). Childhood adversity and adult depression: The protective role of psychological resilience. Child Abuse & Neglect, 64, 89–100.

Resilience-training programs can promote positive emotions and effective coping skills to prevent adulthood depression due to being exposed to ACEs.

3. Mwachofi, A., Imai, S., & Bell, R. A. (2020). Adverse childhood experiences and mental health in adulthood: Evidence from North Carolina. Journal of Affective Disorders, 267, 251–257.

Childhood experiences are a suitable target for negative mental health prevention programs that focus on a child’s home environment.

III. Conclusion

A. Rephrase Research Question During adulthood, what is the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and mental health outcomes, like depression?

B. Summary of Main Points Overall, previous research has identified four major factors associated with ACEs and adulthood depression which include that the more ACEs an individual has experienced, their mental health outcome is negatively impacted (Merrick et al., 2017). Second, the type of ACE or ACEs an individual has experienced, the more likely they are at risk for depression in adulthood (Poole et al., 2017). Third, the recollection of memory of ACEs from childhood to adulthood are reliable regardless of depressive symptoms (Frampton et al., 2018). Finally, future treatment and intervention strategies are needed to prevent adulthood depression due to ACEs (Hayward et al., 2020).

C. Closing Statement Further research and the awareness of the association of ACEs and adulthood depression is needed to prevent and intervene with negative mental health outcomes in the lifespan of adults.

Reference List:

Frampton, N. M., Poole, J. C., Dobson, K. S., & Pusch, D. (2018). The effects of adult

depression on the recollection of adverse childhood experiences. Child Abuse & Neglect, 86, 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.09.006

Hayward, L. E., Vartanian, L. R., Kwok, C., & Newby, J. M. (2020). How might childhood

adversity predict adult psychological distress? Applying the Identity Disruption Model to understanding depression and anxiety disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 265, 112–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.036

Merrick, M. T., Ports, K. A., Ford, D. C., Afifi, T. O., Gershoff, E. T., & Grogan-Kaylor, A.

(2017). Unpacking the impact of adverse childhood experiences on adult mental health. Child Abuse & Neglect, 69, 10–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.03.016

Mwachofi, A., Imai, S., & Bell, R. A. (2020). Adverse childhood experiences and mental health

in adulthood: Evidence from North Carolina . Journal of Affective Disorders, 267, 251–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.02.021

Poole, J. C., Dobson, K. S., & Pusch, D. (2017). Childhood adversity and adult depression: The

protective role of psychological resilience. Child Abuse & Neglect, 64, 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.12.012