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Anatomy 1
Planes and Cavities
Mrs. Shields
Anatomical Position
The erect position of the body with the face directed forward, the arms at the side, and the palms of the hands facing forward, used as a reference in describing the relation of body parts to one another
The concept is important as a reference point upon which a common understanding of other concepts and terminology is based.
Anatomical Planes
Imaginary lines used to transect the human body, in order to describe the location of structures or the direction of movements.
Act as reference for anatomical direction
Three principal planes:
Sagittal/Median
Frontal/Coronal
Transverse/Horizontal
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Anatomical planes
Sagittal Planes
Cuts body from front to back, leaving left and right parts
Mid-sagittal/Median Plane: cuts body into two equal halves
Frontal/Coronal Plane
Cuts body from side to side, at right angles to median plane, leaving front and back parts
Transverse, or Horizontal Plane
Cuts body horizontally, resulting in upper and lower parts
Bilateral Symmetry: refers to the symmetry of paired organs, or to an organism whose right and left halves are similar images of each other
Ex: kidneys, lungs, eyes or arms, hands, legs, feet
Directional Terms of Position/Comparison
Anterior/Ventral: toward front of body
Medial: toward midline or median plane of body
Superior/Cranial/Cephalic: toward the head or upper part of the body
Posterior/Dorsal: toward back of body
Lateral: away from midline or toward sides of body
Inferior/Caudal: toward the lower part of the body
Proximal
Toward or closer to the point of attachment
Internal/Deep/Central
Located toward the center of body(part)
Away from the surface
Distal
Away from the point of attachment
External/Superficial/Peripheral
Located toward the edges of the body (part)
Toward the surface
Parietal
Refers to the walls of a cavity
Supine
Lying horizontally with the face and torso facing up
Visceral
Refers to the organs within a cavity
Prone
Lying horizontally with the face and torso facing downward
Gross Anatomy
General Body Regions
Head
cranium and face
Cervical Region
neck area
Trunk or Torso
includes the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis
Upper Extremities
Includes the arms and pectoral girdle
Ex: shoulder blades and collar bones
Lower Extremities
Includes the legs and pelvic girdle
Ex: hip bones
Body Cavities
Space in an organism that houses organs
Lined and usually contain a lubricating fluid
Body Cavities
Dorsal Cavity
Cranial Cavity: within the skull
houses brain
Spinal cavity: within the vertebral column
contains spinal cord
Also contains the meninges
The three membranes (the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater) that line the skull and vertebral canal and enclose the brain and spinal cord
Ventral Cavity: large cavity contained within the trunk of the body
Consists of:
Thoracic Cavity: upper part of the torso or trunk, within the chest area
This in turn contains:
Pleural Cavities: space around the lungs
Mediastinal Cavity: space in the center of the thorax from the base of the neck to the diaphragm.
This then includes:
Pericardial Cavity: space around the heart
Abdominopelvic Cavity: part of the ventral cavity located below the diaphragm
Abdominopelvic Cavity: the part of the ventral cavity below the diaphragm
Abdominal Cavity: upper part of the abdominopelvic cavity
Below the diaphragm to approximately the top of the hip bones
Pelvic Cavity: lower part of the abdominopelvic cavity
Contained within the pelvis
Peritoneal Cavity: two layered serous membrane
Covers over and around many of the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity
Lines inside walls of the cavity
Holds organs in place and transmits nerves and blood vessels
Secrets serous fluid
The term cavity refers to the space between the membranes
Additional Cavities
Buccal (Oral) Cavity: within the mouth
Nasal Cavity: with the nose
Orbital Cavity: eye sockets
Topographical Human Anatomy
Linear Guides
Imaginary line drawn on the surface of the body which represents the approximate location of a deeper, underlying structure
Useful to the embalmer in locating vessels and organs
For example, an imaginary line drawn from the manubrium of the sternum to the ear lobe will give a guide for locating the common carotid artery and jugular vein
Anatomical Guides
Any surface, prominence, or structure which is used to locate an adjacent structure or prominence
For example, along the medial border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle lies the common carotid artery
Anatomical Limits
Refers to the point of origin and point of termination of a structure
For example, the common carotid artery originates behind the sternoclavicular articulation and terminates at the superior border of the thyroid cartilage
Regional anatomy
See table A, page 9 of your anatomy textbook for further reading
Regions of the Abdomen
Four Region Plan
Divides the area into four quadrants by drawing a vertical (mid-sagittal) and horizontal line which intersects the navel area.
The resulting quadrants are then referred to as the upper right, upper left, lower right and lower left quadrants.
Regions of the Abdomen
Nine Region Plan
Divides the abdomen into nine separate regions to help in locating the abdominal structures.
Hypochondriac Region: the superior, lateral regions
Epigastric Region: the superior, middle region
Umbilical Region: the middle region, around the navel
Lumbar Region: the regions immediately lateral to the umbilical region
Iliac/Inguinal Region: the inferior, lateral regions
Hypogastric Region: the inferior, middle region
EXAM 2
Selected Topographical Areas
Anterior cervical triangle
The anterior triangle is situated at the front of the neck. It is bounded:
Superiorly: inferior border of the mandible (jawbone)
Laterally: anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid
Medially: sagittal line down the midline of the neck
Major Contents
There are several important vascular structures within the anterior triangle. The common carotid artery bifurcates within the triangle into the external and internal carotid branches. The internal jugular vein can also be found within this area – it is responsible for venous drainage of the head and neck.
Numerous cranial nerves are in the anterior triangle. Some pass straight through, and others give rise to branches which innervate some of the other structures within the triangle. The cranial nerves in the anterior triangle are the facial [VII], glossopharyngeal [IX], vagus [X], accessory [XI], and hypoglossal [XII] nerves.
Axilla
Armpit area that lies underneath the glenohumeral joint, at the junction of the upper limb and the thorax
The overall shape of the axilla looks slightly like a pyramid. It consists of four sides, an open apex and base
Apex: also known as the axillary inlet, is formed by lateral border of the first rib, superior border of scapula, and the posterior border of the clavicle.
Lateral wall: formed by intertubercular groove of the humerus.
Medial Wall: consists of the serratus anterior and the thoracic wall (ribs and intercostal muscles).
Anterior wall: contains the pectoralis major and the underlying pectoralis minor and the subclavius muscles.
Posterior wall: formed by the subscapularis, teres major and latissimus dorsi.
The contents of the axilla region include muscles, nerves, vasculature and lymphatics:
Axillary Artery (and branches): the main artery supplying the upper limb.
Axillary Vein (and tributaries): the main vein draining the upper limb, its two largest tributaries are the cephalic and basilic veins
Brachial Plexus (and branches): a collection of spinal nerves that form the peripheral nerves of the upper limb
Regional Anatomy
See table A, page 9 of your anatomy textbook for further reading
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