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Anatomy
Introduction to Anatomy
Mrs. Shields
A Study of Form
Anatomy: the branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms, especially as revealed by dissection and the separation of parts.
Commonly taught alongside Physiology, the study of function.
One of the basic essential sciences of medicine
Anatomy is a broad science
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Subdivisions of Anatomy
Gross Anatomy: study of the body with unaided eye
Microscopic Anatomy: study of the body with a microscope
Histology: study of body tissues with a microscope
Cytology: study of individual cells
Systemic Anatomy: focus on individual organs and systems
Regional Anatomy: focus on specific body regions
Embryology: focus on body prior to birth
Pathology: focus on body changes due to disease
Topographical Anatomy: focus on surface shape and form, use of landmarks to find underlying structures.
Body Organization
Begins at the chemical level.
Protoplasm: a highly specialized product that is a combination of various chemical elements organized into units known as cells.
Cells
Smallest functional units of organization in the body
Possess the “qualities of life”
Irritability (response to stimulus)
Metabolism (ability to take in food/water and produce waste)
Growth and maturity
Reproduction
Structure of cells
Nucleus: contains cell’s genetic information. Controls cellular activities, e.g., reproduction, protein synthesis
Cytoplasm: protoplasm of cell between nucleus and cell membrane
Contains organelles
Ribosomes: synthesize protein
Mitochondria: produce energy
Lysosomes: contain digestive enzymes
Endoplasmic reticulum: canals which transport material throughout cell
Centrioles: important in cell division/reproduction
Plasma Membrane
AKA: Cell membrane
Outer boundary of the cell
Keeps cell intact
Regulates passage in and out of the cell
Tissue
Group of similar cells arranged to perform a certain function
E.g., muscle cells create muscle tissue
Four main categories
Epithelial tissue: covers outside of body/lines inner surfaces of body
Membranes are epithelial
Connective tissue: protects, supports, and binds body parts together
Areolar (loose) connective tissue: scattered, irregular fibers embedded in a soft gel-like base. Considered “glue” as it binds many other tissues
Adipose (fatty) tissue: specialized to store fat
Fibrous connective tissue: strong, fibrous bundles. Includes tendons, ligaments, fascia
Bone: hardened, calcified connective tissue
Cartilage: softer, more flexible connective tissue
Hemopoietic (blood forming) tissue: tissue found in red bone marrow, the spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes. Blood is considered liquid connective tissue
Muscular tissue: responsible for movement
Nervous tissue: receiving stimuli, conducting impulses, controlling various bodily function
Organs
Group of tissues arranged for performance of a specific function
May include two or more types of tissues to allow for more specialized functioning
Systems (10)
Group of organs arranged for performance of a particular function
Skeletal system: bones, cartilage, ligaments which provide support and protection
Circulatory system: heart, blood, blood vessels, lymphatic system which transport gases, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body
Muscular system: muscles concerned with movement of the body and its parts
Endocrine system: glands that give off secretions which serves as chemical regulators of bodily function
Nervous system: Brain, spinal cord, and nerves which have overall control of bodily functions.
Digestive system: various organs concerned with metabolism (taking, breaking, wasting)
Urinary system: kidneys and related organs serving to filter waste from the blood and maintain fluid and chemical balance in the body
Respiratory system: lungs and related organs concerned with taking in O2 and eliminating other respiratory gases
Reproductive system: organs involved in reproduction of the species and development of sexual characteristics
Integumentary system: skin and its components involved in covering and protecting the body, temperature regulations, and sensory functions
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