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Water Resource Management and Environmental Sustainability in the Niger

Delta States

Conference Paper · July 2019

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Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Sustainable Construction for National Development Organized by the Department of Civil Engineering,

University of Ibadan Held at NLNG Conference Hall, Faculty of Technology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan

Between 10th and 12th July, 2019.

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Water Resource Management and Environmental Sustainability in the Niger Delta States

Oluwadare Joshua OYEBODE

Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria Corresponding Author: oyebodedare@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Civil engineers play a crucial role in the planning, designing, construction, operation and maintenance of the infrastructures for

modern lives, public health and greener environment for national development, resource management and environmental

sustainability. This paper focuses on identifying the challenges facing proper management of water development for sustainable civil

engineering infrastructure. This paper specifically examines Nigeria’s water management policies and reforms; the challenges in the

Niger Delta wetland and strategies adopted over the years towards optimal exploitation and utilization. Data on historical and

traditional water management strategies were obtained from the national archives and other water related public agencies. The

environmental implications of water supply are also examined taking into specific account the link to sustainable development.

Against this background, the problems militating against effective management of the wetland’s water supply were highlighted.

Budget allocated in Nigeria to water supply requires improvement. The conclusion made revealed that the chances for improvement of

water development projects is very high if proper financing, professional ethics without corruption, adequate construction strategies,

manpower development and maintenance measures are taken into consideration.

Keywords: Professional, Management, Infrastructure, Manpower Development, Sustainability

1. INTRODUCTION

Sustainable construction is tantamount to an investment into the future. Sustainable infrastructures protect the environment and add long-term value to the facilities and roadways that the public depends for prosperity. Water is a shared common resource fundamental to life and in sustaining the environment and plays a central role in the social and economic development of any nation. It touches all spheres of life including domestic, agriculture, livestock, fisheries, wildlife, industry, energy, recreation and other social and economic activities. Water is vital for sustainable socio-economic development as a strategic primary input playing a pivotal role in poverty alleviation through enhancing food security, domestic hygienic security, hydropower, industrial development, mining, navigation, and the environment for sustenance of ecosystems. Availability of adequate water supply with good quality reduces time spent in fetching water, increases health standards, and ensures a favorable environment for increased children’s school attendance. Use of contaminated water poses health risks to the population as evidenced by the prevalence of water-borne diseases such as diarrhea and cholera. It is against this background that the Water Sector has been included among priority sectors in the National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty. Despite its importance to human survival and development, water in the country is poorly distributed in time, space, quantity and quality and, generally, it is a finite and vulnerable resource. The world water resources have been estimated to be 1.36 x 106 km3. Of this global water resources about 97.2% are salt water mainly in ocean, and only 2.8% is available as fresh water at any time on the planet earth. Out of this 2.8% of fresh water about 2.2% is available as surface and 0.6% as groundwater (Raghunath, 2006).

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Water resource management is very essentials for handling development of water bodies for future, protection of available water bodies from pollution, over exploitation and for prevention of dispute. High gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, sustainable water resource management, high average incomes, well developed infrastructure, low unemployment, low levels of crime and corruption are crucial parameters for national development. Nigeria faces a water stress situation in some parts of the country, as water demands exceed available resources (Gusikit and Lar, 2014). Today, water scarcity is experienced in many places thereby raising concerns on issues related to its use, quantity and quality. The use of water is increasing due to hydropower and agricultural expansion that have led to increasing competition for water. Past uncoordinated planning for water use, inadequate water resources data, and inefficient water use have resulted into water use conflicts between the energy and irrigation sectors, between irrigation and the water ecosystems, hydropower and the ecosystem, and between upstream and downstream users. Furthermore, industrial and municipal effluents are progressively degrading the quality of water resources (Hua-peng Qin, 2014). The impact of low water supply coverage falls primarily on the poor. In urban centers inadequately served by the formal sector, the poor make their own, often insufficient, arrangements to meet basic survival needs. Many fetch waters from long distances or end up paying high prices to water vendors for small quantities of water and often of poor quality. Low water supply service coverage in rural areas manifests itself in low agricultural production and poor quality of life. Despite its importance to quality of life and development, water in Nigeria is a finite and vulnerable resource being poorly distributed in space, time, quantity and quality across the country. Nigeria faces a water scarcity crisis in some parts of the country, as water demands exceed available resources. Water scarcity raises concerns over issues of its allocation, use, quality and availability. Competition for water is rising due to increased demands of irrigation and hydropower. Past uncoordinated water resources planning and management has resulted in conflicts between the energy and agriculture sectors, between use for production and environmental protection, between water supply and wastewater discharge and between upstream and downstream users. Low water supply coverage impacts most severely on the poor. The poor make their own, often insufficient arrangements to meet their needs for basic survival. Most end up fetching water over long arduous distances; others are forced to pay high prices for small quantities of poor-quality water. The study is conducted in the Niger Delta Region (NDR), Nigeria. Located on the Atlantic coast of southern Nigeria, the Niger Delta lies within the lower reaches of the Niger River, extending between latitudes 40 and 70N and longitudes 30 and 90E within the semi- equatorial region of the tropics. The average monthly temperature of the region is 27°C, and an annual rainfall ranging from 3000 to 4500 mm. There are two distinct seasons with the wet season occurring from July to September and the short dry season from December to February (World Bank, 1995).

2.0 MANAGEMENT OF WATER DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS

Coker and Sridhar (2002) discussed the issues on mini Water Supplies for Sustainable Development in Nigerian Cities. They stressed the need for African nations to provide insights into existing approaches that can provide sustainable avenues for institutional policy improvement.

There are various degrees of water shortage/scarcity and these could be absolute, life threatening, seasonal, temporary, and cyclical. Water shortage is a situation of absolute shortfall between available water and defined minimum requirements (Bhatia, 2009; Okoye, 2015).

Even from a strictly practical approach, a number of the issues mentioned earlier illustrate the need for capacity building at the community level as well as at the level of Government or NGO. (Ademiluyi and Odugbesan, 2009).

Amengo-Etego And Grusky (2005) pointed out that the States that benefited from the World Bank Water projects are Kaduna (in 1979), Anambra (in 1980), and Bornu (in 1985) and Lagos (in 1989). The second generation of assistance was in the form of a loan of US$256 million for the National Water Rehabilitation Project (1991-2001), which targeted the entire country. Concurrently also, the World Bank supported the First Multi-State Water Supply Project (1992- 2000) with a loan of US$101 million, which was targeted at Kaduna and Katsina States.

On the other hand, water security is a condition where people have reliable and adequate access to good quality water to meet the full range of their needs and are able to take advantage of the opportunities that water resources present. They are protected from water related hazards and have fair recourse where conflicts over water arise. From a regional planning perspective, water shortage is often explained in terms of urban morphology. UN Habitat (2003) stressed that water is one of the ecological foot print of a city. Its production, distribution and management often affect and are affected by the settlement forms and structures, which are manifested in

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the illegality and informality of urban neighborhoods. Urban locations which are densely populated and inaccessible are definitely without water service networks and are mostly inhabited by the poor. This makes the urban slum dwellers to be mostly affected by water shortage. The importance of water and its effective management cannot be overemphasized. Zoning regulations or planning guidelines “often favour disconnected cul-de-sac street designs over more connected grid networks” (Frank et al., 2006).

Treating water as an economic good enhances financial viability, by ensuring that tariffs cover the costs of investments and operation and maintenance. FRN (2000) observed that Universal and sustainable provision of water supply services is possible only if water is recognized as an economic good, subject to the relation of supply and demand. Thus, people’s demand for water is a function of the price of water. Their willingness to pay for water is influenced by the level of service they desire and the quality of the service they receive. The management of water and other natural resources is too often subject to poor governance, which contributes to insufficient and polluted water and threatens the health and livelihood of millions of people. These problems are particularly acute in poorer countries, in which people are mostly dependent on their national resource base. Water management is highly complex and extremely political. Therefore, balancing competing interests over water allocation and managing water scarcity requires strong institutional approach. More allocation should be given to water sector by the federal government. Table 1 presented the share of Federal Capital Budget allocated to Water supply in 1991 to 2002.

Table 1: Share of Federal Capital Budget allocated to Water supply in 1991 to 2002

Source: Central Bank of Nigeria annual report and statement of accounts, Several Issues

Based on the available evidence, a number of gaps exist in the area of water resource management and environmental sustainability in the Niger Delta wetlands of Nigeria from the regional planning perspective. With the exception of a few studies on the role of physical planning (Ekong and Jacob, 2012), there has been essentially no work on water governance in the region and the physical planning implications. Data on historical and traditional water management strategies were obtained from the national Archives and other water related public agencies. The research result showed that majority of the people (85.7%) do not have access to good drinking source as only 14.3% get their water from tap which is the only seemingly treated sources. This is consistent with the National Bureau of statistics (2017) that water in the majority of the Niger Delta States come from unsafe supply facilities, including streams, rivers, ponds, unprotected wells, boreholes and vendor trucks. Findings also showed a wide income disparity in the region; and households with higher income spend less daily on water. This is because that category of households lives in the government estates where pipe

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borne water is served at far cheaper rates. Water supply imbalances were observed in the study area and the challenge of meeting the shortfall is becoming endemic. The ultimate objective is to identify a number of critical factors, which must be considered in physical planning and designing appropriate strategies for sustainable utilization of its water resources. It explores the holistic management approach to sustainable water supply through the principles of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). A national sustainable development strategy (NSDS) can be defined as “a coordinated, participatory and iterative process of thoughts and actions to achieve economic, environmental and social objectives in a balanced and integrative manner.

Climate change issues must be addressed in all ramifications for effective integrated water resources management. Civil Engineers put global changes into consideration in all construction, research, community development and consultancy work in order to achieve effective integrated water resources management (Oyebode, 2018). 2.1 Conceptual issues

The concept of water supply system is made up of three main components that are one-way directional and serially complementary in significance and criticality (Bhatia, 2009; Okoye, 2015).

They are intrinsically linked through design, function, and performance. These are the source, treatment and transmission/distribution. There are two broad categories of water sources; surface and underground sources.

i). Surface Water: This is water that is abstracted directly from streams, rivers and lakes. These sources generally contain larger quantities of turbidity and bacteria than groundwater and often the surface waters of rivers and lakes are polluted by the influx of sewage or industrial wastes. In an article from Encyclopedia of Earth, the Niger Delta Basin was identified as the principal surface water basin in the Delta region which covers an area of 584,193 km2.

ii). Groundwater: Groundwater is water obtained from wells and springs that feed streams, rivers, and lakes. In its course, groundwater dissolves soluble mineral matter. The ultimate source of all-natural potable water on earth is rainfall. Groundwater contains high concentrations of dissolved chemicals. Nigeria has extensive groundwater resources, located in various hydrogeological areas together with local groundwater in shallow alluvial (Fadama) aquifers adjacent to major rivers (Okoye, 2015).

3.0 METHODOLOGY

The Niger Delta has a Land area of about 84,587sq km and lies between Longitude 5.05 ‘E and 7.35’E and Latitude 4.15 degree N and 6.01degreeN, a coastline speed of 540sq km as indicated in Figure 1 with an estimated population of about 26,805,049 people.

Figure 1: Map Showing the Niger Delta

The Niger Delta is made up of nine states, having 185 local government areas and home to some 30 million people, approximately 22% of the country’s population (2006 census). It is mostly rural (difficult terrain) with an urbanization index of 6.28%, the least in the country. The Delta is among the 10 largest in the world, with a coastline of about 450 km which ends at Imo river entrance. The region encompasses an area of 20,000 km2 and is the largest delta in Africa and the world’s third largest (Uluocha and Okeke, 2004).

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There are a lot of surface water pollution and soil contamination in the study area as indicated in figure 2.

Figure 2: Surface water pollution and soil contamination in Niger Delta Area

Over the decades, water discharges, sediment deposits and other loads across Southern Nigeria and beyond into the Atlantic Ocean has resulted in the formation of a complex and fragile Delta, abundant in biodiversity. About 2,370 km2 of the Niger Delta area consists of rivers, creeks, estuaries and stagnant swamps. Approximately 50% of the Delta is covered with water accounting for 55% of all freshwater swamps in Nigeria. The Delta mangrove swamp spans about 1900 km2 as the largest mangrove swamp in Africa and about one third of the Delta consists of wetlands. This system of wetlands was formed by the accumulation of sedimentary deposits, transported by rivers Benue and Niger (World Bank,1995) and is considered one of the 10 most important wetlands and marine ecosystems in the world. This region contains an array of characteristic ecological zones comprising seasonal rainforests, sandy coastal ridge, fresh water swamp forests and saline mangroves. It is considered the richest wetland in the world in terms of biodiversity. The region is virtually surrounded by water with the Atlantic Ocean flanking the South, Cameroun River to the east and Benin River to the west. As coastal states, they are characterized by many streams and creeks which are heavily polluted (Ekong, 2012). This scenario has created an illusion of abundance of water for domestic uses and thus eclipsed the reality that adequate fresh water is an increasingly scarce commodity in the region. Investigation has shown that rivers/streams, the major source of domestic water supply in the rural areas are drying up. In the urban areas, potable water scarcity has led to desperate and indiscriminate underground water extraction through borehole drilling. Beside long queues at commercial borehole points and trekking of long distances, water from these boreholes are not safe as most of them are not treated. This leads to increased wave of waterborne diseases in the region. Consequently, the government of the various states in the region in their effort to rescue the situation has invested heavily on their water corporations since early 1990s.

Flooding occurs throughout Nigeria in three main forms; coastal flooding, river flooding and urban flooding. Coastal flooding occurs in the low-lying belt of mangrove and fresh water swamps along the coast. River flooding occurs in the flood plains of the larger rivers, while sudden, short-lived flash floods are associated with rivers in the inland areas where sudden heavy rains can change them into destructive torrents within a short period (FMEV, 2006).

Population projection for 2020 for Niger Delta states is indicated in table 2.

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Table 2: Projected population for Niger Delta

There is inadequate training that can cater for skill demand in water sector. Some of the experts needed are indicated in Table 3.

Table 3: Skills Demand: Skills and Occupations Identified by the Water Services Sector

The World Bank has been providing assistance to Nigeria in the water supply sector since 1979. The first generation of assistance was directed at investments and strengthening institutions at the state level, especially since urban water supply is constitutionally a responsibility under Nigeria’s constitution. Amengo-Etego and Grusky (2005) pointed out that the States that benefited from the World Bank Water projects are Kaduna (in 1979), Anambra (in 1980), and Bornu (in 1985) and Lagos (in 1989). The second generation of assistance was in the form of a loan of US$256 million for the National Water Rehabilitation Project (1991-2001), which targeted the entire country. Concurrently also, the World Bank supported the First Multi-State Water Supply Project (1992- 2000) with a loan of US$101 million, which was targeted at Kaduna and Katsina States. The third generation of assistance (2000-

Proceedings of the 2019 Civil Engineering Conference on Sustainable Construction for National Development, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 10 and 12 July, 2019

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2004) was the provision of US$5 Million under the Small Towns Water and Sanitation Pilot Project aimed at satisfying the needs of 16 towns

3.1 National Water Supply and Sanitation Policy of 2000

This policy spelt out the Institutional Framework for Water Supply and Development thus;

The Federal Ministry of Water Resources is charged with the responsibilities of policy advice and formulation, data collection, monitoring and co-ordination of water resources development (of which water supply is a component) at the National level. The River Basin Development Authorities (RBDAs) came into existence following the promulgation of Decree 25 of 1976. The current law on RBDAs is the RBDA Act; cap 396 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990. The authorities are charged with the development, operation and management of reservoirs for the supply of bulk water for water supply amongst other uses in their areas of jurisdiction.

The National Water Resources Institute is be responsible for manpower training, research, development and studies under the National Water Supply Training Network in the water supply sector. The State Water Agencies are responsible mainly for urban, semi urban and rural water supplies. In some States separate agencies exist for rural water supplies and urban and semi-urban water supplies.

Water abstraction for public water supply is guided by the National Water Policy. In other to meet Nigeria’s water supply demand, the policy objectives had been drawn and the guiding principles for implementation. The formulation of the water resources policy was guided by; The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), NEPAD Objectives and the resolutions of various conferences, conventions and meetings based on the International trends and agreements in water Policy. Flow chart in figure 3 indicates an overview integrated water resource management.

Figure 3: Overview of Integrated Water Resource Management

4.0 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) of the World Bank intervention between 1979 and 2005 have failed because the Niger delta case study was ‘rated as unsatisfactory’ with unlikely sustainability and with negligible or modest institutional development impact’. The International trends and agreements in water policy highlighted the fact that water management and development should be conducted on a participatory basis with decision making occurring at the lowest appropriate level. It is obvious that inadequate water supply and poor water quality give rise to health and other societal issues, limit agricultural productivity and economic prosperity, and pose national security risk. In order to effectively harness and manage water, there is need to adopt sustainable measures and one of these measures is cost recovery. The problems militating against effective management of the wetland’s water supply include oil spillage, mismanagement of resources, inadequate research in this area, groundwater contamination, socio-cultural issues, inadequate planning,

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lack of adequate government intervention and inadequate manpower development. There must be coordinated Response and strategies to Meet the Sector Skills Development Challenge as indicated in figure 4 and figure 5.

Figure 4: National Functions for Coordinated Response to Meet the Sector Skills Development Challenge

Figure 5: Strategies for Sustainable water Resource Management

4.0 CONCLUSION

Based on this study, the following conclusions were highlighted:

i. Strategies indicated in this paper for Sustainable water Resource Management should be adopted by Ministry of water resources, water supply agencies, stakeholders, private and other government agencies.

ii. Effective management and maintenance of national resources, engineering construction and capital projects anchored on sustainable construction for national development. Budget devoted to water sector must be enhanced.

iii. Well-designed and operated rural and urban water systems are critically important for maintaining public health as well as for controlling the quality of the water.

iv. In order to effectively harness and manage water, there is need to adopt sustainable measures and one of these measures is cost recovery.

v. Water governance in the region as in other part of the country is central. There is a common agreement that fully centralized governance systems are mostly inefficient because of high transaction costs, financial constraints and lack of human development.

vi. The different intervention institutions depend on the states to function and cannot define their own policies and procedures having no financial autonomy from the state budget. By and large, the proportion of the wetland population with access

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to safe water and sanitation is relatively low, while the area of land under irrigation since the 1990s has remained virtually constant.

vii. The time has therefore come to seek the co-operation of all the relevant stakeholders, including NGOs, the private sector and community- based organizations (CBOs) in a coordinated manner towards sustainable exploitation of the wetland’s water resources. The present governance structure should be decentralized and good governance introduced as a vital component of actions to improve environmental sustainability.

4.1 RECOMMENDATION

Based on this study, the following recommendations were made:

i. As underground and surface water are physically interlinked; this calls for holistic management approach to sustainable water supply in which groundwater component would be substantial. Ground water deserves serious attention in the Nigeria. This is because there are no alternative sources of water supply in many parts of the wetland. This is particularly the case in those areas where estuaries penetrate very far inland, leaving many places surrounded by saline creeks and inlets.

ii. There is still greater opportunity that the integrated development of groundwater and surface water resource would exploit the many positive attributes which include greater water conservation, smaller surface storage, smaller surface distribution system, and increased reliability of water supply. Therefore, the duplication and fragmentation of several policies and legal frameworks will fail to utilize the huge and sustainable groundwater resources for healthcare delivery, environmental harmony and socio-economic progress of the country. Therefore, the nation’s 3-tier government, intergovernmental organization and NGOs should focus on long term sustainability strategies of water supply through conjunctive water usage and regular operational assessment within the context of the nation’s IWRM.

iii. Scientific sustainable remediation measures need to be developed, adopted for effective overall environmental monitoring and management. Oil industries and other users in Niger delta need to embrace spatial techniques for effective monitoring of pipeline, Environmental Impact Assessment facility index mapping, Spill contingencies planning and environmental data-base management to avoid groundwater contamination and to achieve social equity, economic sustainability and environmental sustainability.

iv. Government, water development agencies, engineers and researchers must ensure that there is proper funding as well as right procedures in the planning and execution of water resource management contracts.

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