Wine & Bar Essay
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Champagne & Sparkling Wines
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Learning Outcomes
At the end of this lesson the Student will be able to:
• Understand the different ways of making sparkling wines
• Get an introduction on Champagne wines and regions
• Know the terminology for level of sweetness and bottle sizes.
• Know how to open a bottle of sparkling wines
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Sparkling Wine in Europe
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The Making of Sparkling Wines
• Traditionelle Methode (Champenoise) • Champagne, Cava, Crémants, Methode
Cap • Transfer Methode Process
• Sekt, Clairette, New World Sparkling • Tank Methode or Cuve Close
(Charmat process) • Prosecco and Sekt
• Carbonated Injection (CO2) • New World Sparkling (very cheap)
• Asti Methode (Maximum 7% Alc/ Vol) • Asti and Moscato d’Asti (5% Alc / Vol)
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How Sparkling Wines are Made ?
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What is Champagne ?
• A wine, not a style • A unique « terroir » • Dual climatic influence –
semi-oceanic, semi- continental
• Situated at the northern viticulture limit
• Méthode traditionnelle (classic or also call Methode Champenoise)
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Champagne Blending or Assemblage
Three principal criterias: • Terroirs • Grape varieties • Years
Some Champagnes production focus on just one of these criteria
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Only 3 Champagne Grapes
Red fruit aromas and adds body, structure & strength to blend, complex flavours. Fast maturing, supple body with intense fruit roundness and floral aroma. Young floral notes & minerals, slow maturing; bring freshness, elegance and finesse.
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Champagne Grape Aroma Characteristics
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3 Main Districts and 3 Main Grapes
The Main Districts
Montagne de Reims
Côtes de Blancs
Vallée de la Marne
Grape Varieties
Chardonnay Pinot Noir Pinot
Meunier
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Champagne Districts & Grapes
CHAMPAGNE Grape Varieties / District:
• Montagne de Reims (Pinot Noir)
• Vallée de la Marne (Meunier)
• Côte des Blancs et le Sézannais (Chardonnay)
• Côte des Bar (Pinot Noir)
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Methode Traditionelle I
Hand Harvest (sorting)
Pressing (pressoir coquard, 1st Cuvee / 2nd Taille) First Fermentation & Assemblage Add Liqueur de Tirage & 2nd Fermentation in Bottle
Settling (Débourbage) & Racking
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Methode Traditionelle II
First Fermentation (ordinary dry wine)
And after Malolactic Fermentation (converts malic acids into lactic acids)
Assemblage (NV - blending of up to 70 different wines from various years)
In stainless steel tanks…
Or in wooden cask
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Methode Traditionelle III
Second Fermentation (adding ‘liqueur de tirage’)
Maturation on lees
Riddling (Remuage)
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Methode Traditionelle IV
Dégorgement (freeze the neck, remove yeast)
Liqueur d’expédition (top up, some sugar)
Corking (steel wire secures the cork)
Final aging (even non-vintage Champagne should be stored for 1-2 years.)
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Remuage & Dégorgement
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Level of Sweetness
Style Amount of Sugar in the Wine
BRUT NATURE 0 – 3 grams per Litre
EXTRA BRUT 0 – 6 grams per Litre
BRUT Less than 12 grams per litre
EXTRA SEC / DRY 12 – 17 grams per litre
SEC 17 – 32 grams per litre
DEMI-SEC 32 – 50 grams per litre
DOUX More than 50 grams per litre
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Sparkling Corking & Pressure
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The Different Styles of Champagne
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Types of Denomination…
NV or Vintage
Blanc de blancs
Blanc de noirs
Rosé
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Champagne Producers Denomination
• NM: Négociant manipulant. These companies (including the majority of the larger brands) buy grapes and make the wine
• CM: Coopérative de manipulation. Cooperatives that make wines from the growers who are members, with all the grapes pooled together
• RM: Récoltant manipulant. A grower that also makes wine from its own grapes (a maximum of 5% of purchased grapes is permitted). Note that co- operative members who take their bottles to be disgorged at the co-op can now label themselves as RM instead of RC
• SR: Société de récoltants. An association of growers making a shared Champagne but who are not a co-operative
• RC: Récoltant coopérateur. A co-operative member selling Champagne produced by the co-operative under its own name and label
• MA: Marque auxiliaire or Marque d'acheteur. A brand name unrelated to the producer or grower; the name is owned by someone else, for example a supermarket.
• ND: Négociant distributeur. A wine merchant selling under his own name
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How to Read Champagne Label
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The 10 Largest Champagne Brands I
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The 10 Largest Champagne Brands II
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Other Largest Champagne Brands I
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Other Largest Champagne Brands II
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How to Open Sparkling Wines?
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Sparkling Glasses
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How to Taste Sparkling Wine
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Food Matching
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Bottle sizes
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Cheers !
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