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A minimum of 150 words each and References Response (#1 – 6) KEEP RESPONSE WITH ANSWER EACH ANSWER NEED TO HAVE A SCHOLARY SOURCE with a Hyperlink

Make sure the Responses includes the Following: (a) an understanding of the weekly content as supported by a scholarly resource, (b) the provision of a probing question. (c) stay on topic

1. Although attention is important and plays a major role in the brain and how it processes, you are right that there are differences between the to models of selection. One main difference is that early selection is when a stimulus can be pushed for further progress or deemed as irrelevant before it is complete in the process (Gazzaniga, Ivry, Mangun, p.284, 2018). The late selection model will push everything as if it is equally important then it will determine if something is irrelevant in a later stage. The key word for the early selection model is necessary information. I think we do not appreciate our mind and body as much as we should. The brain is powerful and the fact that it can determine what is useful versus not is essential to how we live. Imagine going to work everyday and never being able to focus on what you are doing or noticing little things that have nothing to do with the task at hand. The cocktail party is a great example of late selection because it seems like we are very selective. The way we process information through color and location. The ability to separate information in such little categories shows our brains ability to think deeply. If we could not process information fast and understand the difference between important and irrelevant, we would not be as far along today as we are now.

2. Selective attention is defined as the ability when selecting certain things rather than many other things (Gazzaniga et al., 2018). Voluntary attention and reflexive attention are two main division of attention. Endogenous attention (voluntary attention) is defined as the attention on certain things purposely. Personal achievement and rewards that can lead to when it comes to endogenous attention. On the contrary, exogenous attention is defined as stimulus-driven process, it means that is a sensory event (Gazzaniga et al., 2018, p.286). In other words, our sensory systems can be alert by environmental sounds such as a loud car horn or a sound of lawn mower. Early selection is to select an idea that caused by a stimulus before completing perceptual analysis of the stimulus (Gazzaniga et al., 2018) . In the contrary, this theoretical model of late selection can process information in perceptual systems and filter the inputs in attention while processing it. Event-related potential (ERP) is useful to measure sensory processes in human. For instance, According to ERP recordings, attentional selection can be exhibited during test like when attended sounds that is before analyzing for stimulant fully. Also, auditory cortex generates at 50 ms after onset of sound that is initiated by neural signal from olfactory functions according to ERP (Gazzaniga et al., 2018).

3. Early selection and late selection models both filter information. The only thing is that the filtering happens at different times during the processing. Early selection models, the information is filtered out early and what gets through is simple characteristics such as colors or smells and physical features (Gazzaniga, Ivry & Mangun, 2018). For example, for the early selection theory and the cocktail party scenario,  if we were not paying attention we would not be able to hear our name. The late selection theory assumes all incoming stimuli is processed at a level of meaning but is filtered out based on relevance. In this model the cocktail party scenario conclusion would be that we would hear our name in the unattended ear. In the later model we hear everything but attend to only what is important to us at the time. For instance, reading a book, listening to music and a crying baby. One can tune down the other two when trying to read an important sentence. Attention is what influences how we code, store and process (Gazzaniga, Ivry & Mangun, 2018). Either way attention effects processing at many levels (Gazzaniga, Ivry & Mangun, 2018).

4. In unilateral neglect it is relatively common neurological disorder after a unilateral brain injury (Gazzaniga, Ivry, Mangun, 2018). After a brain injury to the left side of the brain patients will behave in odd behaviors, some of those behaviors include; not knowing half of their world exists (Driver & Vuilleumier, 2000). In their daily lives they might be oblivious to objects and people that are on one side of the room, they may eat from only from one side of their plate, read from only one end of a newspaper, put make-up on one side of their face, and shave one side of their head (Driver & Vuilleumier, 2000). This might be due to the motor weakness on one side of the body which would make it hard to live with their daily lives. Do you think this would be permanent more in adults than adolescents?

5. Blindsight refers to the neurobehavioral phenomenon in which people who are cortically blind due to lesions in their striate cortex can respond to visual stimuli that they cannot see. Unilateral neglect refers to a neurological condition in which the right hemisphere has been injured. This is an attention disorder where patients are unable to report stimuli presented in the affected area. The act of attending is usually associated with visual or audio awareness (Garric, Sebaa, Caetta, Perez, Savatovsky, Sergent, & Chokron, 2019). However, patients have been reported to be functional despite these underlying conditions. According to Ienca (2016), the research into the understanding of consciousness has applied the blindsight behaviors. Many researchers have stated that blindsight may yield in understanding how consciousness arises in the brain. McGinn used this phenomenon to explain his thesis of “natural depth of consciousness." His idea argues that "conscious states have hidden structure" and “possess a natural depth." Research on blindsight could help understand different things, how the brain enables consciousness, the location of consciousness in the brain, perception, and how consciousness arises. Brain damage patients with unilateral neglect have shown the ability to integrate objects parts into a whole and define shapes and complete figures presented on the visual part affected by the injury (Treccani, 2018). However, the use of blindsight research has been challenged by some researchers, for example, Edelman( 1989) who explains using there different statements " consciousness as subjective experience," "an availability for use in reasoning" and " self-knowledge" according to Blocks (1995) proposal, consciousness can be categorized into three types, phenomenal, access, and self- knowledge consciousness (Ienca, 2016) In conclusion, consciousness and attention do not seem to originate spatial stimulus coding, even when it happens along with the necessary processing of stimulus content features. Research still has to clarify whether attention is triggered by content, features, or location connections.

6. Unilateral neglect is an attention disorder that can be caused from injury to the cerebral cortex. Unilateral neglect is often happens after a stroke and it happens when our brain's network is damaged in one of the hemisphere. The effect is worse if the damage happens on the right hemisphere. Unilateral neglect can effect our visual, auditory, somatosensory or kinetic. "Studies of patients with either unilateral neglect or Bálint’s syndrome have provided us clues about the control of attention."(Gazzaniga, Ivry, Mangun, 2018) Blindsight occurs when people suffer from blindness because of an injury or damage to the primary visual cortex. In this case the eyes (actual visual system) is not affected. The person can still process and respond to stimuli that is still able to be seen with their eyes. "Blindsight, a term coined by Larry Weiskrantz at Oxford University refers to the phenomenon in which some patients suffering a lesion in their visual cortex can respond to visual stimuli presented in the blind part of their visual field."(Gazzaniga, Ivry, Mangun, 2018) Philosophers and psychologist learned about how our physical system which is the brain and body, construct intelligence in a person's conscious. "Consciousness The having of perceptions, thoughts, and feelings; awareness. The term is impossible to define except in terms that are unintelligible without a grasp of what consciousness means.except in terms that are unintelligible without a grasp of what consciousness means."(Gazzaniga, Ivry, Mangun, 2018)