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Experiment # __

Up in Smoke

Laboratory Report Form

Experiment 1: Measurement and Properties of Matter

Name ID No.

Partner’s Name (if applicable) Partner’s ID #

Instructor’s Name Course-section

PERFORMANCE GOALS

1. To compare the amount of solid contained in first-hand and second-hand smoke.

2. To examine the solids that are deposited in the lungs when smoking.

3. To examine the efficacy of a filter in removing solids from cigarette smoke.

4. Calculation of percent.

CHEMICAL OVERVIEW

1

Cigarette manufacturing companies have recently admitted that smoking is linked to cancer and other health problems. In fact, the risk of developing lung cancer is 15 to 25 times greater for cigarette smokers than for non-smokers. And the American Cancer Society reports that lung cancer is now the leading cause of cancer deaths among both men and women.

Cigarette smoking has also been linked to heart

disease, stroke, bronchitis, gastric ulcers, and

Emphysema.

Nicotine Molecules

Laws have recently been enacted to ban smoking in public facilities in order to reduce environmental tobacco smoke, ETS. ETS is also called “second-hand smoke” or “passive smoking”. ETS is of growing concern to the public. ETS has been found to contain over 4000 different compounds. The US Environmental Protection Agency has classified second hand smoke as a Group A carcinogen - one that can cause cancer in humans. In fact, ETS can contain as many as 40 different compounds that are known carcinogens.

What is it in tobacco that makes it so dangerous?

There are more than 4,000 chemical compounds in every cigarette that are hazardous to your health. Nicotine, for example, acts as a high-powered stimulant that raises blood pressure and heart rate. It is one of the most addictive drugs in the market. Its addiction is comparable to heroine or morphine. Nicotine causes irritation to the lining of the blood vessels. This may cause the "bad" LDL cholesterol to adhere to the vessel walls and

speed hardening of the arteries (arteriosclerosis). Hardening of the arteries can

eventually lead to a heart attack or stroke. At least 40 of these chemicals in cigarettes are known to cause cancer in humans. When a cigarette is smoked, nicotine first enters the lungs and bloodstream. Within seven seconds, about 15 percent of the nicotine travels directly to the brain. Each puff provides the smoker with a dose of nicotine. Not all the smoke from a cigarette goes into the lungs of the smoker; a large part is exhaling into the air. This creates an atmosphere of smoke for other people to breath. This is known as second-hand smoke.

How dangerous is second-hand smoke?

Second-hand smoke is more dangerous because it is not filtered out and goes straight into the air. More than 5000 toxins spread through the air into other people’s lungs. Seven out of the top 20 more toxic chemicals are found in cigarettes. An estimate of 3000 deaths per year is attributed to second-hand smoke. Second-hand smoke is classified as a human class A carcinogen by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), a fact not a probability. In this experiment we will determine the effect of direct (1st hand) and indirect (2nd hand) smoke by collecting the solids released while simulating the process of smoking.

Answer these questions to understand why we are doing this experiment

1. What is the purpose of this experiment?

2. What are the three different types of cigarettes being used in this experiment?

3. What is the purpose of adjusting the vacuum?

4. Where are we collecting the solids coming from the cigarettes?

Read a recent newspaper/online article that has to do with the topic of the experiment. Write a brief summary of the article and please remember attach the article to the document. Remember to write down the source: newspaper, date, page, etc.

Observations:

Data Table I

	Unfiltered Cigarette	Filtered Cigarette	Cigar
	1st Hand	2nd Hand	1st Hand	2nd Hand	1st Hand	2nd Hand
Mass of filter paper
Mass filter paper + Solid
Mass of solid
Mass of cigarette (initial)
Mass of cigarette (final)
Mass of cigarette consumed
Mass of solid on filter paper (mg)
mg solid per gram consumed

Calculations

1. A milligram is 1/1000 of a gram. Converting a mass in grams to milligrams, mg, can be calculated as shown below.

Example:

Calculate the milligrams of solid collected on the filter paper per gram of cigarette consumed for the first and second-hand paper used in the unfiltered cigarette experiment. Show your calculation below and enter the values in Data Table I.

2. Calculate the milligrams of solid collected on the filter paper per gram of cigarette consumed for the first and second hand filter papers used in the filtered cigarette and the little cigar experiments. Show only one set of calculations below but enter all values in Data Table I.

3. Calculate the “Mass of Solids Ratio” according to the following formula. Show only one set of calculations below but enter all three values in Data Table II.

4. In the space below briefly reflect on and discuss what the value you calculated in question 3 above actually means.

Data Table II

	Unfiltered Cigarette	Filtered Cigarette	Cigar
Mass of Solid Ratio

Conclusions

Answer the following questions as part of your conclusion:

1. Identify which of the three types of cigarettes produced the least first-hand smoke. Speculate as to why you think this one produces the least amount of solid.

2. Identify which of the three types of cigarettes produced the least second-hand smoke. Speculate as to why you think this one produces the least amount of solid.

3. Which cigarette produced the lowest Mass of Solids Ratio? Propose and defend a hypothesis as to why the three types of cigarettes rank as they do in the Mass of Solids Ratio.

4. Based on the results of this experiment, do you think that there are legitimate reasons to ban smoking in public places? Justify your answer.

5. Does your data indicate that a filter offers some protection to a smoker? Justify your answer using the data you collected and your calculations as evidence.

Palmer Graves, 2005 Florida International University