Strategic Plan

Journal of Business Continuity & Emergency Planning Volume 10 Number 2

Vincent Atnadeo

Stephen lannone

Journal o f Business Continuity & Emergency Planning Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 106-117 © Henry Stewart Publications, 1749-9216

Successful public-private partnerships: The NYPD shield model

Vincent Amadeo* and Stephen lannone** Received (in revised form): 2nd May, 2016 *1 Police Plaza NY, NY 10038, USA Tel: +1 718 615 7506; E-mail: vincent.amadeo@nypd.org

**1 Police Plaza NY, NY 10038, USA Tel: +1 718 615 7335; E-mail: stephen.iannone@nypd.org

Lieutenant Vincent Amadeo is a 20-year veteran of the New York City Police Department (NYPD). His prior assignments have included uniform, plainclothes and undercover oper­ ations with the Patrol Services Bureau, conducted confidential investigations within the Internal Affairs Bureau and supervised the Regional Intelligence Support Center within the Intelligence Bureau. Assigned to the Counterterrorism Division, he works side by side with the private/public sector to help deter, detect and identify terrorist activity in New York City through information sharing as the head of NYPD Shield programme. Lt. Amadeo has a BA in Political Science, a Graduate Certificate in Police Studies and will be completing a Master o f Science degree in Security Management in 2016. He is also a graduate o f the 231st Session FBI National Academy.

Detective Sergeant Steve lannone has over 27 years with the NYPD. He began his career in 1989 in Brooklyn and served in several com­ mands around the City in uniform and plain clothes both as an Officer and a Supervisor. He was promoted to Sergeant in 2002 and was assigned to Manhattan’s West side. In 2005 he was offered a position with the Counterterrorism Division and tasked with developing the NYPD Shield Unit. Because of his successful efforts, he was promoted to Detective Sergeant and

has remained with the Shield programme since its inception. Detective Sergeant lannone has an Associate’s Degree in Electrical Technology, numerous certifications in Emergency Preparedness from The Department of Homeland Security and is a Certified Business Continuity Professional through the Disaster Recovery Institute International.

A bstract This article will identify the challenges that post 9/ 11 law enforcement faces regarding private- public partnerships and describe in detail the N Y P D Shield programme, created to combat those challenges. Recommendations made by the 911 Commission included the incorporation of the private sector into future homeland security strategies. One such strategy is N Y P D Shield. This programme is a nationally recognized award-winning public-private partnership dedi­ cated to providing counterterrorism training and information sharing with government agencies, non-government organizations, private busi­ nesses, and the community. Information is shared through several platforms that include a dedicated website, instruction of counterterrorism training curricula, e-mail alerts, intelligence assessments and the hosting of quarterly confer­ ences. This article also details how the N Y P D Shield is providing its successful template to other law enforcement agencies enabling them

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to initiate similar programmes in their respective jurisdictions, and in doing so joining a National Shield Network.

Keywords: NYPD Shield, counterter­ rorism training, information sharing, public-private partnership, force multi­ plier, National Shield Network

INTRODUCTION B efo re th e te rr o ris t attacks in N e w Y ork C ity in S e p te m b e r 2 0 0 1 , th e N e w Y ork C ity P olice D e p a r tm e n t (N Y P D ) was c o n fid e n t in its ability to h a n d le any an d all c r im e i n th e city. A lready to u tin g re c o rd re d u c tio n s in c rim e u n d e r past ad m in is­ trations, N e w Y ork C ity was b e c o m in g th e safest larg e city in th e U S A . B efore 1 1 th S e p tem b er. 2001 fig h tin g te r r o r was largely c o n sid e re d th e responsibility o f federal p a rtn e rs. A fte r lo sin g 23 p o lice officers in th e fine o f d u ty an d m an y m o re in th e years to c o m e, th e N Y P D d e c id e d to d o w h a t it can to e n te r th e fig h t against te rr o ris m in N e w Y ork City. S ince 9 /1 1 , th e global w a r o n te r r o r has n o w b e c o m e th e resp o n sib ility o f law e n fo rc e m e n t as w ell as th e p riv ate se c u rity profession across th e c o u n try .

K n o w in g th a t ap p ro x im a te ly 85 p e r c e n t o f critica l in fra stru c tu re , in telle ctu al p ro p ­ e rty an d sensitive c o rp o ra te in fo rm a tio n in th e U S A are p ro te c te d b y th e alm ost 1 m illio n s e c u rity officers in th e p rivate se c to r s e c u rity in d u stry (U S G o v e rn m e n t A c c o u n ta b ility O ffice, 2006), th e N Y P D realised th a t it n e e d e d to engage this valu­ able reso u rce. T h e b en e fits o f p a r tn e rin g w ith th e p riv a te se c u rity in d u stry can b e tallied exponentially. As an exam ple, after re c e iv in g N Y P D S hield train in g , se c u rity officers w h o have b e e n ed u c ated o n th e N e w Y o rk C ity te rro ris m tip h o t-lin e (1 -8 8 8 -N Y C -S A F E ) have re p eat­ edly called to r e p o rt suspicious activity a ro u n d th e city. In o n e case, a serial b a n k

ro b b e r was a p p re h e n d e d after a S hield m e m b e r receiv ed a ‘w a n te d b u lle tin ’ in a S hield e -m a il alert. W o rk in g to g eth er, th e N Y P D ca n m o re th a n d o u b le its eyes a n d ears in th e c o m m u n itie s it is sw o rn to p ro te c t. L aw e n fo rc e m e n t across th e co u n try , especially th e N Y P D , does this b ecau se it has seen th a t w o rk in g to g e th e r w ith its c o m m u n ity o n ly increases its stren g th a n d ability, n o t o n ly to c o m b a t c o m m o n v arie ty crim e , b u t also to p ro v id e a substantial h e ig h te n e d aw areness level fo r re p o rtin g w h a t is c o n sid ered u n u su al to th e c o m m u n ity b e in g p a rtn e re d w ith . T h is is th e essence o f p u b lic—p riv ate partn ersh ip s: e m p o w e rin g th e p riv ate se c to r to act o n w h a t it sees as u n u su al o r o u t o f th e o u t o f th e ordinary. W h e th e r p a r tn e rin g directly w ith p o lice a n d re ceiv in g tra in in g fro m professional law e n fo rc e m e n t officers, o r a p riv ate citizen th a t engages p ro g ram m e s like ‘See S o m e th in g , Say S o m e th in g ’ to in f o r m local au th o ritie s, g e ttin g th e in fo r­ m a tio n to an investigative b o d y is essential.

T h e N Y P D ’s answ er to creatin g n e w a n d lasting p artn e rsh ip s in th e fig h t against te rro ris m is th e N Y P D S hield p ro g ra m m e . N Y P D S hield is a m e m b e rsh ip -b a se d liaison p ro g ra m m e b e tw e e n th e N Y P D a n d N e w Y ork C ity ’s p riv ate a n d p u b lic sectors. Its m ission is to s tre n g th e n th e N Y P D ’s p a rtn e rsh ip w ith p riv ate sec u rity professionals a n d to serve as th e N Y P D ’s p ro g ra m m e fo r c o m m u n ic a tio n w ith th ese p riv ate se c to r entities o n m atters o f c o u n te rte rro ris m . S hield provides m u l­ tip le p latfo rm s fo r th e p riv ate se c to r to access in fo rm a tio n a n d resources w ith in th e N Y P D to address e m e rg in g threats an d ev o lv in g c o n d itio n s w ith in N e w Y ork C ity a n d addresses p riv a te se c to r in fo rm a tio n n eeds o n b o th a g eo g rap h ic an d in d u stry secto r-sp ecific basis in a n u m b e r o f specific ways. T h e se p latfo rm s in c lu d e co n feren ces, tra in in g sem inars, th e w ebsite, e -m a il alerts, in tellig e n ce analysis briefs an d professional liaisons. W ith over

Successful public-private partnerships: The NYPD shield model

17,000 m e m b e rs, N Y P D S hield is b ro k e n d o w n in to 2 2 ‘sec to rs’, allo w in g fo r m o re d ire c te d a n d specific c o m m u n ic a tio n a m o n g th e c o m m u n ity o f professionals in each sector. T h e se in clu d e: business im p ro v e m e n t districts (BIDs); c h e m ic a l/ p e tro le u m ; cultural; ed u c a tio n ; e n e rg y / utilities; e n te rta in m e n t; fin an c e an d b an k in g ; g o v e rn m e n ta l agencies; h e a lth a n d hospitals; h o sp itality a n d to u rism ; law e n fo rc e m e n t; m a ritim e ; m edia; p o sta l/ parcel; professional services; real estate an d p ro p e rty m a n a g e m e n t; religious; retail an d m erc h a n t; security; te le c o m m u n ic a tio n s / IT ; tra n sp o rta tio n ; an d o th e r. T h e u ltim a te goal o f th e S hield p ro g ra m m e is to create ad d itio n al ‘eyes an d ears’ w ith in th e secu­ rity c o m m u n ity to assist in a tte m p tin g to th w a rt p o te n tia l te rro ris t plots a n d attacks.

S hield serves as a fo rce m u ltip lier, tak in g advantage o f th e h ig h n u m b e rs o f se c u rity p e rso n n e l em p lo y ed th r o u g h o u t th e city.

‘Public an d p rivate secto r p artn e rs can lo o k to an ex cellen t exam ple o f h o w expectations can b e clearly established in a public—private p artn ersh ip : th e N e w York Police D e p a rtm e n t’s (N Y P D ) Shield program . T h e N Y P D Shield program b rings to g e th e r p ublic an d p rivate secto r entities to facilitate in fo rm a tio n sharing fo r security purposes. F or instance, i f a N e w Y ork C ity business o w n e r w ishes to b e c o m e p a rt o f th e p rogram , he o r she can apply to be a m e m b e r o f N Y P D Shield online. N Y P D Shield is a tw o -w a y street; th e key to success is fo r in fo rm a tio n to flow in tw o direc­ tions. W e ask y o u r assistance in th e fight against terro rism by re p o rtin g suspicious b eh a v io r as soon as possible.’1

HISTORY N Y P D S hield b eg a n in 2 005 after th e D e p u ty C o m m issio n e r o f C o u n te rte r ro ris m at th e tim e, M ik e S h eeh a n , b e c a m e aw are

o f th e F ed eral B u rea u o f Investigation (F B I)’s In fraG u a rd p ro g ra m m e . In fra G u a rd is a p a rtn e rsh ip b e tw e e n th e FBI a n d th e p u b lic /p riv a te sector, a n d is d e sc rib e d as an association th a t represents businesses, academ ic in stitu tio n s, state an d local law e n fo rc e m e n t agencies, a n d o th e r p a rtic i­ pants. In fraG u a rd is d e d ic a te d to sh a rin g in fo rm a tio n an d in tellig e n ce to p re v en t h o stile acts against th e U S A . T h e th e n P olice C o m m is s io n e r R a y m o n d K elly an d D e p u ty C o m m is s io n e r S h e e h a n d e c id e d th a t th e N Y P D sh o u ld b e g in its o w n p ro ­ g ra m m e .2 T h e N Y P D S h ie ld was p u rp o s e d in 2005 w h e n it ab so rb ed th e m e m b e rsh ip database fro m a n o th e r N Y P D p ro g ra n u n e called th e A rea P olice—P riv ate S e c u rity L iaison (A PPL). T h e A P P L p ro g ra m m e co n sisted o f N Y P D executives a n d se c u rity d irec to rs w ith in N e w Y ork C ity w h o se goal was ‘to e n h a n c e p o lic e a n d se c u rity c o o p e ra tio n in th e p r o te c tio n o f p e o p le an d property, to e x c h an g e in fo rm a tio n , an d to h elp elim in a te th e cred ib ility gap b e tw e e n p o lic e an d p riv a te security.’

INFORMATION-SHARING PLATFORMS T h e N Y P D S hield m o tto , ‘C o u n te r in g te rr o ris m th ro u g h in fo rm a tio n s h a rin g ’, is a c co m p lish e d by e n g a g in g w ith th e p u b lic /p riv a te se c to r th ro u g h m u ltip le p latform s. O n e o f these p latfo rm s is th ro u g h th e N Y P D S h ield w ebsite (w w w . n y p d sh ield .o rg ). T h e w eb site serves as a ce n tral d e p o sito ry fo r m e m b e rs to share a n d receive in fo rm a tio n . T h e w eb site p r o ­ vides n u m e ro u s resources fo r its m e m b e rs th a t in c lu d e in te llig e n c e assessments a n d in fo rm a tio n a l b u lletin s, w e ek ly re p o rts, th e ‘A ro u n d th e W o rld ’ videos, a reso u rce lib rary an d v ario u s p u b licatio n s.

Intelligence assessments T h e C o u n te r te r r o r is m B u re a u ’s T e rro rism T h re a t Analysis G ro u p (T T A G ) consists o f

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highly educated civilian intelligence ana­ lysts that prepare intelligence assessment reports based on terrorist attacks both at home and abroad. These non-classi- fied open source assessments are posted on the website for security directors and managers to read, providing them with information that can assist in deciding whether adjustments are required to their organisations’ security posture based on the type o f attack. ‘Within hours o f a major incident abroad, Shield makes its intelligence products available via its website. Actionable and filling a need for basic information, these briefs enable the private sector to quickly take steps to protect its assets.’3 These intelligence assessments are widely redistributed within security industry circles because they are highly digestible 2—3-page documents that always conclude by tying in whether the incident or attack has ‘implications for New York City’. Some examples of recent intelligence assessments are the Paris and San Bernardino attacks as well as the attack on the art exhibit in Garland, TX.

‘Analytical briefings are provided on a weekly basis, but they can be pro­ vided sooner on an event-specific incident basis. The analytical briefs are researched and prepared by intel­ ligence research specialists assigned to the Counterterrorism Division. Those specialists prepare and make available to members sector-specific briefings (cyber security, C B R N [chemical, bio­ logical, radiological and nuclear], etc), weekly regional reports (Iran, Iraq, Arabian Peninsula, Africa, etc), inci­ dent-specific reports (Times Square bombing, Mumbai, etc), and they also prepare reports on trends and analysis.’4

Informational bulletins The NYPD Shield website also posts informational bulletins that are prepared

by TTAG. These bulletins provide specific information about events throughout the city, such as parades, the New York City Marathon, special dignitary visits such as that by Pope Francis, major sporting events, New Year’s Eve and the 4th o f July celebrations to name a few. These bulletins offer information to security directors and managers, informing them o f event details and providing a threat assessment that includes possible disruptions relating to the event that will assist them in informing members o f their particular organisations.

Weekly reports Weekly reports focusing on various regions o f the world are posted on the website. These reports discuss terrorism- related attacks, tradecraft and also highlight political and governmental issues in those regions. The weekly cyber reports are pertinent and informative briefings that discuss cyber threats and breaches to assist security directors and managers in providing basic understandings o f these technological attacks and shed light on security measures and law enforcement efforts to mitigate these threats. October has been designated National Cyber Awareness Month. In October 2015, the NYPD Shield website posted a daily cyber tip, culminating with the ‘Myth-Busting Cyber Security Tips R eport’. These tips are archived and still available to view.

Videos The NYPD Shield website also hosts a series o f posted videos titled, ‘Around the World’. These productions are arranged into a newscast-style format and provide information on terrorism-related news and information.

Reports and publications Under the NYPD Reports and Publications tab, members have access to various docu­ ments, including ‘Engineering Security

Successful public-private partnerships: The NYPD shield model

— P rotective D esign for H ig h -R is k B u ild in g s’, w h ic h was developed by the N Y P D to ‘aid th e N e w York C ity b u ild in g c o m m u n ity by pro v id in g in fo rm a tio n o n h o w to prev en t an d m itigate th e effects o f a te rro rist attack o n a b u ild in g ’.5 M o st o f the re co m m en d atio n s in this p u b licatio n address traditional threats from explosive devices, in clu d in g guidelines o n en h a n c in g p e rim e te r security; achieving robust b u ild in g design; designing effective access co n tro l, screening an d m o n ito r in g systems; and developing fire-resistance, em erg en cy egress an d c o m m u n ic a tio n system solu­ tions. ‘T h e re co m m en d atio n s also address e m e rg in g threats fro m chem ical, b io lo g ­ ical an d radiological w eapons, in clu d in g guidelines o n d eploying and using heating, ventilation and air c o n d itio n in g systems and associated d e te c tio n devices’.6

A n o th e r w id ely v iew e d a n d d istrib ­ u te d d o c u m e n t is th e N e w Y ork C ity P olice D e p a rtm e n t study, ‘A ctive S h o o te r: R e c o m m e n d a tio n s a n d Analysis fo r R is k M itig a tio n ’. T h e N Y P D d ev e lo p e d this p u b lic a tio n based o n analysis o f past active s h o o te r in cid en ts an d careful review s o f p re v io u s studies. Last u p d a te d in 2 0 1 2 a n d c u rre n tly u n d e rw a y fo r u p d a te th ro u g h 2 0 1 5 , this p u b lic a tio n was d ev e lo p e d to p ro v id e re c o m m e n d a tio n s to m itig a te th e ev e r-p re v alen t an d frig h te n in g active s h o o te r threat.

‘T h e N Y P D p e rfo rm e d a statistical analysis o n a subset o f 3 2 4 active s h o o te r in c id e n ts fro m 1966 to 2 012 to id en tify c o m m o n characteristics a m o n g active s h o o te r attacks. T h is d o c u m e n t provides re c o m m e n d a tio n s fo r b u ild in g se c u rity p e rso n n e l to ed u c ate th e m a n d m em b ers o f th e ir organisations to m itig ate th e risk fro m active s h o o te r attacks.’7

Resource library A c e n tre p ie c e o f tools at th e disposal o f N Y P D S hield m e m b e rs is th e w e b site ’s

reso u rce library. T h is lib rary includes in fo rm a tio n a n d e x te rn a l links to w e b ­ sites th a t are b ro k e n d o w n in to m u ltip le categ o ries, w ith exam ples th a t in c lu d e best practices fo r physical sec u rity ; crisis a n d risks; facility security; e m e rg e n c y p lan n in g ; sch o o l te rro rism ; chem ical, b io ­ logical, radiological an d n u c le a r (C B R N ) th re a t security, a n d m a ritim e security, to n a m e a few. T h is se c tio n provides a p le th o ra o f in fo rm a tio n th a t can prove useful to b o th p riv ate se c to r se c u rity m a n ­ agers a n d d irec to rs as w ell as m e m b e rs o f th e law e n fo rc e m e n t c o m m u n ity .

Quarterly conferences N Y P D S h ie ld hosts co n fe re n c e s th r o u g h o u t th e year. T h e s e events prove to b e a n effective m ean s to c o n v e y rel­ ev a n t te r r o r is m in f o r m a tio n a n d c u r r e n t P o lic e D e p a r tm e n t in itiativ es to in v ite d s e c u rity d ire c to rs, m an ag e rs a n d o th e r law e n f o rc e m e n t a g e n c y p a rtn e rs. T h e c o n ­ fe ren c es allow th e S h ie ld te a m to solidify re la tio n sh ip s w ith se c u rity d ire c to rs an d m an a g e rs as w e ll as to e n c o u ra g e th e m to tak e ad v a n ta g e o f S h ie ld reso u rces. ‘T h e b rie fin g s b e tw e e n th ese e n titie s address in d u s try a n d g e o g ra p h ic -sp e c ific c o n ­ c e rn s w h ile p ro v id in g fe e d b a c k fro m th e s e c u rity field o n p o licies in s titu te d by th e D e p a r tm e n t’.8 T opics p re s e n te d at th e c o n fe re n c e s fro m P o lic e D e p a r tm e n t s u b je c t m a tte r e x p e rts ra n g e fro m in - d e p th assessm ents o f w e ll- k n o w n attacks, te rr o ris t trad e cra ft, b rie fin g s o n large-scale events affec tin g N e w Y ork C ity, N Y P D c o u n te r te r r o r is m p ro g ra m m e s, re c o m ­ m e n d a tio n s to m itig a te th e active s h o o te r th re a t, explosive effects, c y b e r te rr o ris m a n d assessm ents o n specific te rr o ris t o rg a n ­ isations.9 In a d d itio n , th e co n fe re n c e s have h o s te d n o ta b le speakers fro m g o v e rn ­ m e n ta l o rg a n isa tio n s, in c lu d in g M ic h a e l M o re ll, f o r m e r D e p u ty D ir e c to r o f th e C e n tra l In te llig e n c e A g e n cy ; N ic h o la s J. R a sm u sse n , D ire c to r o f th e N a tio n a l

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Amadeo and lannone

C o u n te r te r r o r is m C e n te r ; E d w a rd F. D avis III, f o r m e r P o lic e C o m m is s io n e r o f th e B o s to n P olice D e p a r tm e n t; J e h C . J o h n s o n , S e c re ta ry o f th e D e p a r tm e n t o f H o m e la n d S e c u rity ; J a n e t N a p o lita n o , f o r m e r S e c re ta ry o f th e D e p a r tm e n t o f H o m e la n d S e c u rity ; a n d , m o s t recently, Jam es C o m e y , D ir e c to r o f th e FBI. S in ce J u ly 2 0 0 5 , 3 6 S h ie ld c o n fere n ces have b e e n h e ld , w ith a to ta l o f 12,951 a tte n d e e s .10

E-mail alerts W h e n S h ie ld approves a n e w m e m b e r, th a t in d iv id u a l is g iv en th e o p tio n to receive e -m a il alerts. T h e s e alerts p ro v id e m e m b e rsh ip w ith re a l-tim e in fo rm a tio n re g a rd in g te rr o ris m events th ro u g h o u t th e w o rld . T h e alerts fall in to a n u m b e r o f ca t­ eg o ries, in c lu d in g m a jo r in cid en ts; p o lice activity; traffic a n d transit; b a n k robberies; b u ild in g evacuations; b u ild in g em e rg e n c y drills; w e e k e n d events; lo catio n s o f p ro test th r o u g h o u t th e city; b re a k in g new s and te rr o ris m a n d / o r active s h o o te r in cid en ts b o th n atio n ally a n d globally.

Training C o n s id e re d th e b re a d a n d b u tte r o f th e S h ie ld p ro g r a m m e w ith n ea rly 8 5 ,0 0 0 m e m b e rs a n d n o n - m e m b e r s tra in e d , th e S h ie ld p ro g r a m m e c u r r ic u lu m offers 12 tra in in g o p p o r tu n itie s fo r p e rs o n n e l w ith in th e c o rp o ra te , p riv a te se c u rity a n d m a n a g e m e n t sectors. T h is enables face to -fa c e in te ra c tio n w ith th e p u b lic / p riv a te sector, c re a tin g th e m o st im p a c t in th e in fo rm a tio n -s h a rin g relationship. T h is tra in in g is p ro v id e d to m e m b e rs at n o co st a n d ca n b e ta ilo re d specifi­ cally tow ards tn e ir o rg a n is a tio n s needs. T ra in in g is c o n d u c te d at th e ir respective facility, w h ile all S h ie ld in s tru c to rs are c e rtifie d b y N e w Y ork S tate. A n y se c u rity d ir e c to r /m a n a g e r m e m b e rs ca n re q u est tra in in g th r o u g h th e w e b site b y calling th e office o r via e-m a il.

Seven o f these courses are c o n d u c te d b y S hield p e rso n n e l, w h ile five o th ers are c o n d u c te d b y th e C o u n te rte r ro ris m D iv isio n ’s T ra in in g S ectio n . A lth o u g h tra in in g is given u p o n req u est, th e re are o fte n in c id e n ts o r attacks th a t cause S hield to engage th e affected sec to r proactively. F o r instance, after th e re c e n t attacks in Paris, S hield c o n d u c te d tra in in g specifically d ire c te d to w ard ‘soft targ ets’ in th e e n te r­ ta in m e n t sector, su ch as restaurants, bars a n d n ig h tclu b s. T h e S hield p ro g ra m m e is a free in fo rm a tio n -s h a rin g a n d train in g p ro g ra m m e w h e re N Y P D officers visit businesses to tra in staff. A fte r th e m u rd ers o f an o n - a ir television re p o rte r an d h e r ca m e ram a n by a fo r m e r colleague, N Y P D S hield h e ld an active s h o o te r tra in in g sem in ar at P olice H e a d q u a rte rs specifically fo r m e m b e rs o f th e m edia. ‘P olice offi­ cials said th e sy m p o siu m was n o t so m u c h a b o u t h o w to p re v e n t mass sh o otings b u t h o w to b e ready “i f ” . W e w a n t to give y o u so m e ideas a b o u t h o w y o u ca n survive an in c id e n t like th is’.11

NYPD SHIELD COURSES

Recommendations for active shooter incidents T h is is th e m o st re q u e ste d c o u rse o ffered by Shield, an d it explores re c o m m e n d a tio n s to m itig ate th e risks fro m active s h o o te r attacks. T h is tra in in g is g eared to w ard b u ild in g se c u rity p erso n n el; how ever, it also provides g u id an ce to individuals, in c lu d in g m anagers an d em ployees, so th ey can p re p are to re sp o n d to an active s h o o te r situ atio n . It is also th e o n ly co u rse th a t is offered to all em ployees o f an o rg a n isa tio n a n d n o t lim ite d to se c u rity p e rso n n el. T h e N Y P D d ev e lo p e d this p ro g ra m m e based o n analysis o f past active s h o o te r in cid en ts a n d careful review s o f prev io u s studies by p ro v id in g statistics, histo rical exam ples, a n d th e th re e re c o m m e n d a tio n s o n h o w

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Successful public-private partnerships: The NYPD shield model

to act w h e n faced w ith an active sh o o ter: avoid, b a rric a d e o r c o n fro n t (literally, the ‘A B C ’s o f an active s h o o te r event). It also in fo rm s a b o u t w h a t to e x p e c t w h e n law e n fo rc e m e n t responds to th e scene. A t th e c o n c lu sio n o f th e course, stu d en ts have th e o p p o rtu n ity to b r in g to g e th e r w h a t has b e e n ta u g h t by w a tc h in g a tra in in g aid v id eo th a t provides a visual o f th e in s tru c ­ tio n al p o in ts ta u g h t d u rin g th e class.

Terrorism awareness for the security professional T h is co u rse is in te n d e d to p ro v id e secu­ rity p e rso n n e l w ith th e tools to deter, d e te c t a n d id en tify p o te n tia l te rro rist activity. O v e r e ith e r tw o o r fo u r h o u rs, th e in s tru c to r an d class discuss h o w to recognise an d identify te rro rist-re la te d physical a n d b eh a v io u ral in d icato rs, co llect an d process in fo rm a tio n , m ake a p p ro p ria te n o tificatio n s an d , w h e n necessary, take a c tio n d u rin g a te rro ris t attack. Topics th a t are co v ered in th e c o u rse in clu d e an in tro d u c tio n to te rro rism , im p ro v ised explosive devices, in d ic a to rs o f suicide attacks a n d v e h ic le -b o rn e im provised explosive devices.

It is o n e th in g to desc rib e to a stu d e n t a b o u t w h a t explosive devices are an d a n o th e r to actually sh o w th e m . To this en d , in stru c to rs display in e r t explosive th a t allows th e stu d e n t to visually inspect an d feel these c o m p o n e n ts. E xam ples in c lu d e types o f p ip e b o m b s, blasting caps, igniters, sw itches and differen t ch em ical c o m p o n e n ts u sed to c o n s tru c t explosive devices.

Detecting hostile surveillance D u r in g th e p re-stages o f an attack, terro rists o fte n c o n d u c t p re -o p e ra tio n a l surveil­ lan ce o n a target. ‘T h e a l-Q a e d a m an u al “ M ilita ry Studies in th e Jih a d against th e T yrants” an d its o n lin e tra in in g m agazines n o t o n ly in s tru c t operatives p la n n in g an attac k to c o n d u c t surveillance, th e y also

p o in t o u t th e ty p e o f in fo rm a tio n th a t sh o u ld b e g a th e re d .’ 12 D e te c tin g H o stile S urveillance is a f o u r - h o u r ex a m in a tio n o n h o w p u b lic /p riv a te se c u rity p e rso n n e l can d e te c t hostile surveillance th a t m ay b e c o n d u c te d o n th e ir facility, em ployees o r business area. It provides se c u rity p e r­ so n n el w ith th e tools to k n o w w h a t to lo o k fo r w h e n th e y are b e in g w a tc h ed .

The Vehicle-Borne Improvised Explosive Device security checkpoint operations course T h is fo u r -h o u r, tw o -p h a se c o u rse is d esig n ed to p ro v id e h a n d s -o n in s tru c ­ tio n re g ard in g v e h ic le -b o rn e explosive re c o g n itio n to m e m b e rs o f th e profes­ sional se c u rity co m m u n ity . T h e co u rse is in te n d e d to in s tru c t se c u rity p e rso n n e l w ith p a rk in g facilities a n d / o r d e liv e ry / lo a d in g d o c k areas in th e ir organisa­ tio n . D u r in g th e first phase o f classroom in stru c tio n , th e stu d e n t is p ro v id e d w ith te c h n iq u e s a n d m e th o d s re g ard in g th e use o f p ro p e r v eh icle in sp e c tio n d u rin g se c u rity c h e c k p o in ts at h ig h -p ro file events a n d critical in fra stru c tu re lo catio n s. T h e sec o n d phase o f in stru c tio n focuses p r i­ m arily o n th e h a n d s - o n aspects o f v ehicle searches. S tu d e n ts w ill le a rn a b o u t th e v ario u s m e th o d s o f explosive c o n c e a lm e n t in differen t types o f v ehicle an d d e m o n ­ strates th e use o f p ro p e r te c h n iq u e s for in te rv ie w in g b o th o p e ra to rs a n d passen­ gers o f suspicious vehicles.

Suspicious mail and package T h is c o u rse is in te n d e d to p ro v id e m e m b e rs o f th e se c u rity c o m m u n ity an d m a ilro o m p e rso n n e l w ith th e skill set re q u ire d to d e te c t an d id en tify suspicious m ail a n d packages. T h e c o u rse w ill discuss h o w to h a n d le m ail an d packages securely; recognise a n d id e n tify suspicious item s; take a p p ro p ria te actions u p o n disco v erin g a suspicious article; a n d b est practices for m a ilro o m security.

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Federal Emergency Management Association courses IR TB /PR SB I are sponsored by the Department o f Homeland Security AND FEMA; FEMA is a subsidiary o f DHS. The final two courses provided to members by N YPD Shield are awareness courses that are sponsored by the Federal Emergency Management Association (FEMA). The first is Incident Response to Terrorist Bombings (IRTB), which is designed to help responders including security personnel recognise and report a potential incident involving explo­ sives and take appropriate action in response to the event. The second Is Prevention and Response to Suicide Bombing Incidents, the goal o f which is to provide students with sufficient knowledge o f suicide bombings so they can assist in the prevention, deterrence, mitigation and response effort to this threat.

PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMME EXPANSION: THE NATIONAL SHIELD NETWORK The Shield programme is currendy devel­ oping a plan for a coordinated collaboration with other large city police departments such as Boston, Baltimore, Mobile, Memphis, Nashville and Minneapolis. The goal o f the collaboration is to duplicate the successes of the N Y PD ’s relationship with the public/ private sectors and ultimately create a network o f public/private partners throughout law enforcement jurisdictions nationwide. The Shield programme is offering other depart­ ments the NYPD Shield template, which includes its training curriculum, so that they may develop a comparable programme. In turn, these newly established Shield programmes will offer assistance to their neighbouring law enforcement jurisdictions and to the communities they serve.

Expansion o f the Shield programme on a national level is proving to be an extraordi­ nary example o f interagency collaboration between law enforcement and the public/

private security industry. ‘The programme is also deserving o f duplication by other law enforcement agencies and private sector security professionals to prevent an act of terrorism elsewhere in America.’ 13

Expanding the Shield programme to a national level, and in the process creating a National Shield Network (NSN) offers multiple benefits for the NYPD. Ultimately, the N S N will provide additional layers o f security for N ew York City by possibly disrupting potential terrorist plots through open communication with various police departments, before those threats reach the city’s borders. It will also allow the NYPD to obtain accurate and timely informa­ tion, in any state, from a network o f Shield partners across law enforcement, but most importantly from corporate America.

W h en an event occurs in any N SN city that is possibly terrorism-related (eg a school shooting, explosion, terrorist attack), the Shield programme in the inci­ dent city will contact the other N SN members w ith an alert e-mail, text or other secure means in timely fashion. It is a given that during any major terrorist incident, law enforcement is focused on eliminating the present threat to protect lives. W ith that understanding, the goal is to conduct a conference call detailing a basic recap o f the incident. D uring this briefing, the following five questions will be answered:

• Is the incident terrorism related? • Have any suspects been identified or

arrested? • Do any suspects have any ties or associa­

tions to other cities? • Are there any security concerns for the

incident city or other N S N cities?

Another added benefit for the NYPD would be that an N SN would increase Shield membership among both civilians and law enforcement. Future goals include holding an annual conference that specifically brings

Successful public-private partnerships: The NYPD shield model

together law enforcement and the public/ private security industry, where members can obtain information on training events, meet vendors, research guest speakers for local events, create new partnerships and col­ laborate with other police departments, etc.

There are also benefits for police depart­ ments to adopt and support an NSN. Modelling a national network after the Shield programme will assist police depart­ ments in bridging the communications gap between their department and the public/ private communities, which in turn will provide law enforcement with access to the private sector’s personal knowledge o f their businesses, buildings, neighbourhoods, spe­ cific fields o f expertise, etc. It will also enable police departments to offer assistance to local communities and their national Shield part­ ners by providing counterterrorism training to their local business community.

Implementation o f a Shield programme will allow law enforcement to gain access to the wealth o f knowledge possessed by corporate representatives across the country, and in some cases the world, as the US business community is interna­ tional in nature and scope.

‘The N Y PD recognized that the private sector has unique qualifications to assist the department in their pre-event planning and surveillance; in turn indi­ viduals in the private sector can be informed, participating members o f the system that serves to protect their city. This partnership could serve as a model for a federal program.’14

Many law enforcement agencies agree that implementing a programme similar to the Shield programme would be a productive and successful way to engage with the public/ private sector. However, many o f these agen­ cies feel that committing limited resources and manpower would pose as a significant challenge to their organisation. To put this

into perspective, the NYPD is comprised of over 35,000 police officers and is responsible for policing a city with a population o f 8.5 million people. The Shield programme’s team consists o f twelve NYPD members responsible for the day-to-day operation o f this in-demand programme. Needless to say, it does not take a lot o f resources and/or per­ sonnel to implement an information-sharing programme with have such a high rate o f return on a minimal investment. In early 2015, members from the Shield programme travelled to Maryland to present to various law enforcement agencies in the area about the possibilities of implementing a local pro­ gramme. In the audience was an intelligence analyst from the Ann Arundel County Police Department who saw how the benefits o f a programme could impact the public/private sector in his communities. Within a short period o f time, this sole analyst rolled out the Ann Arundel County Guardian Shield programme that consisted o f a bi-weekly newsletter with an e-mail distribution of 1,000 public/private sector members. The newsletter not only addressed traditional terrorism but included cyber terrorism and criminal activity, illegal drug information, and provided security tips and information. One analyst, with a distribution o f 1,000, is making an impact by informing and pre­ paring a more educated public/private sector.

Guardian Shield is also in the process o f incorporating the N YPD active shooter recommendations curriculum into its pro­ gramme and recently launched a website dedicated to communicating w ith the public/private sector. Law enforcement agencies that do not yet offer an equiva­ lent programme to Shield should consider growing their capacity to work w ith public/ private partners and start a programme.

‘The NYPD Shield program is extremely interested in helping your local law enforcement partners get started and offer a tremendous amount o f support

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and guidance. The Shield program has been instrumental in assisting two juris­ dictions in the State o f Maryland get started in the last several months and has helped Orange County, CA, Seattle, WA and Boston, MA start similar programs.’15

N YPD SHIELD has assisted in the implementation o f SHIELD programs in Baltimore County, Baltimore City and Anne Arundel County (MD), Boston Regional Intelligence Center (BRIC, MA), Hanover C ounty (VA), Suffolk C ounty Police D epartm ent (NY). NYPD Shield is also in the process o f having discussions with other law enforcement agencies to implement similar programmes. Discussions to imple­ m ent Shield programmes in Mobile, Kansas City, Nashville, Baltimore City, Prince George County, MD, are already underway.

W ith the assistance o f the Shield pro­ gramme, the Seattle Police D epartm ent launched its Seattle Shield programme in 2009, and defines its mission as an infor­ mation reporting and sharing partnership between law enforcement and private and public-entity security managers in the dow ntow n Seattle area. Suspicious activity can be reported and then disseminated to members through Seattle Shield. Similar to the N Y PD Shield website, Seattle Shield uses a secure website to send out alerts to partners in the programme and holds bi­ m onthly networking meetings (see h ttp :// www.seattleshield.org).

In 2011, the Orange C ounty Intelligence Assessment C en:er (OCIAC) in California instituted its Orange C ounty Shield pro­ gramme. O C IA C ’s Shield represents the C enter’s public/private sector outreach programme that brings together private sector security personnel w ith both the intelligence com munity and Orange C ounty first responders. O C IA C ’s Shield membership has grown to over 1,000 members. T he programme consists o f a myriad o f functions that include:

‘a safe and trusted information sharing platform providing efficient manage­ m ent o f suspicious activity reports, tips and leads and provides opportunities for training, table top and field exer­ cises bringing private sector, law, health and fire into a unified stand promoting threat mitigation, target hardening and disaster recovery’.16

CONCLUSION In 2009, the US Department o f Justice, in conjunction w ith the Office o f Community O riented Policing Services (better known as the ‘C O PS’ Office) sponsored the docu­ ment, ‘Operation Partnership: Trends and Practices in Law Enforcement and Private Security Collaboration’. The purpose o f this report is to assist both law enforcement agencies and private security organisations in collaborating to form effective partnerships.

‘The report discusses key trends, dif­ ferent forms o f partnerships, types o f activities and programs, and the key components that make these relation­ ships successful. It highlights the five tips for enhancing existing law enforcement — private security partnerships. These tips include improving the communi­ cation process, improving the content o f the communication, improving the training content, facilitate personal con­ tacts among the membership, and finally to find out what other law enforcement/ private security partnerships are doing.’17

The Shield programme strives to enhance its effectiveness based on these points. The programme continually looks for ways to improve its communications with members and the intelligence and event- driven content, authored by TTAG, offered through the website. Communication is an integral component in any information­ sharing programme. In addition to the use

Successful public-private partnerships: The NYPD shield model

o f e-mails, there are encrypted websites as well as password-protected portals that are utilised as centralised com m unication points. However, there is no substitute for good old- fashioned face-to-face interaction. Many corporations and industries — beyond those that are part o f the critical infrastructure — have been identified as targets o f ter­ rorist attacks. Inform ation-sharing between public and private entities simply has not evolved as recom m ended and expected. It is incum bent upon law enforcement leaders to develop a process and training to remedy that problem .18 Law enforcement as a whole needs to do a better jo b at engaging the public/ private sectors on their playing field. ‘As in any w orthw hile pursuit, effective com m u­ nication is critical in the cost-effective and efficient interactions betw een the various parties.’19 A ttending different m onthly secu­ rity association meetings goes a long way in improving these relationships. It shows the private sector that you are serious about engaging them and that there is m ore to the relationship than the occasional e-mail blast.

In N ew York City, the Shield programme n o t only invites security directors and m an­ agers to its conferences at police headquarters, m em bers o f the team attend the meetings o f organisations such as the Building O w ners and Managers Association, the R eal Estate Board o f N e w York, the H otel Association o f N ew York City, the First Precinct Financial Area Security Council, and the M useum , Library and Cultural Property Protection C om m ittee. Attendance at these meetings provides a good opportunity to engage private sector partners, furnish them w ith inform ation that can assist their secu­ rity personnel, and demonstrates that law enforcem ent can ‘speak their language’. It also shows an elevated level o f profession­ alism in that law enforcem ent can grasp and understand the everyday challenges faced by the security industry.

Participating in these meetings and attending annual association conferences

and seminars such as ASIS International and the FBI N ational Academy also allows the Shield program m e to touch on O peration Partnership’s point o f form ing personal rela­ tionships. O bserving five em ergency drills and sitting in on various table-top exercises also solidifies these personal relationships betw een the N Y P D Shield and p u b lic / private security. ‘A critical mission o f the N Y P D Shield is to help area businesses assess and revise their security procedures.’20

Finally, to to u ch on O peration Partner­ ship’s point on im proving training content, the Shield program m e is continually am ending its training curriculum to reflect the m ost recent terrorist tradecraft as well as tactics, techniques and procedures by studying attacks globally to determ ine the implications for N e w York City. Shield personnel w ill continue to attend various training seminars and lectures themselves to improve their terrorism know ledge base and professional developm ent. In 2017 and onward, the Shield program m e is com ­ m itted to continue to building on its past successes and looks forward to pursuing fresh and innovative ways to share inform a­ tion and to proactively reach out and engage the public/private sector in the nam e o f detecting, d eterring and preventing the next terro r attack.

As described by the father o f p u b lic - private partnerships (P3), the late D eputy Inspector M atthew J. Simeone, Nassau C o u n ty Police, ‘P3 netw orks allow law enforcem ent agencies to leverage the vast resources o f the private security industry as well as com m unity base’s civic organisations to enhance public safety’ (Simeone, 2006). T h e Shield program m e has embarked on a mission to take that idea to the next level and develop a massive, collaborative, nation­ w ide netw ork o f inform ation-sharing that n o t only bolsters the w ork o f police depart­ m ents but adds significant value to the local and state com m unities for each law enforce­ m ent agency. T h e Shield program m e is n o t

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only th e p re m ie r p ro g ram m e to w atch o u t for, b u t th e best p ro g ram m e to em ulate.

R efer en ces

(1) Busch, N. and Givens, A. (2005), ‘Achieving resilience in disaster management: the role o f public-private partnerships’, Journal of Strategic Security, p. 9.

(2) Sheehan, M . (2008), ‘Crush the Cell: H o w to Defeat Terrorism w ithout Terrorizing Ourselves’, Crown, N ew York, NY, pp. 233-234.

(3) Sitneone, M. J. J r (2006), ‘T he power o f public—private partnerships: P3 networks in policing’, Police Chief Magazine, Vol. 73, No. 5, available at: h ttp ://www.policechiefrnagazine.org/ magazine/index.cfm?fuseaction=display_ arch&article_id=902&issue_id=52006 (accessed 20th February, 2016).

(4) Scollan, T. J. (2011), ‘An assessment o f the N ew York State Enhanced Security Guard Training legislation and its efficacy on security officer preparedness’, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, available at: h ttp ://calh o u n .n p s. e d u /h a n d le /10945/10688 (accessed 26th February, 2016).

(5) N Y PD Shield (n.d.), ‘N Y PD Shield: Security Public-Private Partnership’, available at: http://w w w .nypdshield.org/ public/ (accessed 14th December, 2015).

(6) Falkenrath, R . (ed.) (2009), ‘Engineering security: protective design for high risk buildings’, available at: h ttp ://w w w .n y c .g o v /h tm l/n y p d /h tm l/ counterterrorism/engineeringsecurity. shtml (accessed 15th March, 2016).

(7) N Y P D Shield, ref. 5, above. (8) Harrington, M. (2014), ‘N ew York C ity’s

first responders: enhancing collaboration’, The Naval Postgraduate School thesis, available at: https://w w w .hsdl. org/?view& did=762416-in-the-event-of- an-attack/ (accessed 10th Marcki, 2016).

(9) N Y P D Shield, ref. 5 above. (10) Ibid. (11) Sanders, A. (2015), ‘N Y PD holds

training on “active shooters” after Virginia TV killings’, available at: h ttp : / / w w w . silive.com /new s/index.

ssf/2015/09/nypd_active_shooter.htm l (accessed 15th March, 2016).

(12) Burton, F. (2007), ‘The secrets o f counter surveillance’, available at: h ttp s://w w w . stratfor.com/secrets_countersurveillance (accessed 18th December, 2015).

(13) Bove, V. (2015), ‘N Y PD Shield: America’s public-private collaboration m odel’, Epoch Times, 25th July, available at: h ttp ://w w w .th eep o ch tim es.co m /n 3 / co lu m n /814481-nypd-shield-americas- public-private-collaboration-model/ (accessed 14th December, 2015).

(14) Dias, D. P. (2008), ‘Partnering with private networks: the D O D needs a reserve cyber corps’, Army War College, Carlisle Barracks PA, available at: h ttp :// oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&me tadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD A47901 (accessed 23rd February, 2016).

(15) Somers, S. (2015), ‘The need for public—private partnerships’, available at: https://w w w .linkedin.com /pulse/ need-public-private-partnerships- stephen-somers-cpp-chs-v (accessed N th December, 2015).

(16) O CIA C Shield (n.d.), ‘Orange C ounty Intelligence Assessment C enter (O CIA C)’, available at: h ttp s://w w w . ociac.org/default.aspx?menuitemid=231 (accessed 13th Decem ber 2015).

(17) Institute for Law and Justice (2005), ‘Operation Partnership trends and practices in law enforcement and private security collaborations’, available at: h ttp: / / w ww .ilj. org/publications/docs/ Operation_Partnership_Private_Security. p d f (accessed 20th November, 2015).

(18) Carter, D. L. (2004), ‘Law Enforcement Intelligence: A Guide for State, Local, and Tribal Law Enforcement Agencies’, US Departm ent o f Justice, Office o f C om m unity O riented Policing Services, Washington, DC.

(19) Celluci, T. A. (2011), ‘A Guide to Innovative Public-Private Partnership’, Government Institutes, Plymouth, p. 123.

(20) Pastor, J. (2010), ‘Terrorism and Public Safety Policing: Implications for the Obama Presidency’, C R C Press, Boca R aton, FL.

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