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UnitVIII_Chapter14Presentation.ppt

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Criminology

CHAPTER

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

THIRD EDITION

Globalization and Terrorism—Our Small World

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Objectives

Define comparative criminology and explain what it can tell us about crime worldwide.
Explain globalization and show how it is making it more difficult to combat crime around the world.

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Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Objectives

Define terrorism, identify its major characteristics, and describe the different kinds of terrorist organizations.
Describe the legislative policies that were created after the 9/11 attacks to prevent further incidents of terrorism.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 14.1

Define comparative criminology and explain what it can tell us about crime worldwide.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Comparative Criminology

The cross-national study of crime
When crime patterns in one country are compared with those in another country
A criminologist involved in the cross-national study of crime

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Comparative Criminology

Ethnocentrism
The phenomenon of "culture centeredness" by which one uses one's own culture as a benchmark against which to judge all other patterns of behavior

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Comparative Criminology

The crime rates of different countries are difficult to compare because of:
Differences in the way crime is defined.
Diverse crime-reporting practices.
Political, social, economic, and other influences on the reporting of statistics to international agencies.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Comparative Criminology

Issues in Reporting
For cross-national comparisons of crime data to be meaningful, they must share conceptual similarities.
Unfortunately, this is not always the case.
Crime statistics reflect social and political contexts.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 14.2

Explain globalization and show how it is making it more difficult to combat crime around the world.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Globalization and Crime

Globalization
A process of social homogenization by which the experiences of everyday life, marked by the diffusion of commodities and ideas, can foster a standardization of cultural expressions around the world.

Photo from text page 274

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

What are the positive and negative effects of globalization? How does globalization impact crime in the United States? How does it affect terrorism?

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Globalization and Crime

Human Smuggling
Illegal immigration in which an agent is involved for payment to help a person cross a border clandestinely
Human smuggling generally occurs with the consent of people being smuggled, who often pay for the service.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Globalization and Crime

Trafficking in Persons (TIP)
The exploitation of unwilling people through force, coercion, threat, or deception
Can be compared to a modern-day form of slavery
Some trafficking victims may believe they are being smuggled when they are really being trafficked.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Globalization and Crime

Human Trafficking
U.S. government officials estimate that 800,000 to 900,000 victims are trafficked globally each year.
Women and children comprise the largest group of victims.

Figure 14-4, Profile of Worldwide Trafficking Victims

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Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

FIGURE 14-4 Profile of Worldwide Trafficking Victims.
Source: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNDOC), Global Report on Trafficking in Persons (New York: United Nations, 2009), p. 11. Copyright © 2009. Used by permission of United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Globalization and Crime

Federal Immigration and Trafficking Legislation
Recognizing human smuggling and TIP were serious social issues, Congress passed the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000.
Under the TVPA, trafficking does not require the crossing of an international border.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Globalization and Crime

The Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act (TVPRA) of 2003 added new initiatives.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 14.3

Define terrorism, identify its major characteristics, and describe the different kinds of terrorist organizations.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Terrorism

The U.S. Department of State defines terrorism as:
Premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Terrorism

Terrorism acts are criminal because they:
Violate criminal law.
Involve criminal activity.
Produce criminal results.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Terrorism

The primary distinction between violent criminal acts and acts of terrorism, however, has to do with the political motivation or social ideology of the offender.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Terrorism

Terrorist organizations vary in their goals and can be categorized as follows:
National Terrorists
Religious Terrorists
State-sponsored Terrorists
Left-Wing Terrorists
Right-Wing Terrorists
Anarchist Terrorists

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Terrorism

Two major types of terrorism:
Domestic Terrorism
International Terrorism

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Terrorism

Domestic Terrorism
Unlawful force or violence by a group or an individual who is based and operates entirely within the Untied States and its territories without foreign direction and whose acts are directed at elements of the U.S. government or population

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Terrorism

International Terrorism
Unlawful force or violence by a group or an individual who has a connection to a foreign power or whose activities transcend national boundaries against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 14.4

Describe the legislative policies that were created after the 9/11 attacks to prevent future incidents of terrorism.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Post-9/11 Legislation

The War on Terror
During the first few years after the 9/11 attacks, three important legislative initiatives resulted.
The USA PATRIOT Act
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act
The Homeland Security Act

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Post-9/11 Legislation

The USA PATRIOT Act
A post-9/11 federal law designed to fight terrorism
The name of the statute is an acronym for United and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism.

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Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Post-9/11 Legislation

The USA PATRIOT Act
The USA PATRIOT Act led some to question whether the government threatened powers at the expense of individual rights and civil liberties.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Post-9/11 Legislation

The Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
A federal agency established by the Homeland Security Act of 2002 that is responsible for protecting America against acts of terrorism

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Post-9/11 Legislation

Infrastructure
The basic facilities, services, and installations needed for the functioning of a community or society, such as transportation and communication systems, water and power lines, and public institutions, including schools, post offices, and prisons

Definition from text glossary

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Post-9/11 Legislation

Terrorism Commission and Reports
The report of the 9/11 Commission said that the September 11, 2001 attacks should have come as no surprise because the U.S. government had received clear warnings that Islamic terrorists were planning to strike targets within the United States

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Summary

Comparative criminology is the study of crime on a cross national level.
Globalization refers to the increasingly interconnectedness of people, ideas, and things on a worldwide scale.

continued on next slide

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Summary

Terrorism is the use of criminal acts of violence as a tactic for attaining political goals.
The U.S. declared a worldwide war on international terrorism following the attacks of September 11, 2001.