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Criminology

CHAPTER

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

THIRD EDITION

Drug and Sex Crimes—Recreational Offenses

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Objectives

Summarize the early history of drug use in the United States, and describe the extent of contemporary drug abuse.
Identify the types of legal and illegal drugs that are commonly abused in the United States today.

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Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Objectives

Describe some of the methods used today to traffic drugs.
Explain legislative and social strategies to combat drug abuse.
Summarize the drug legalization/decriminalization debate.

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Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Objectives

Summarize prostitution in the United States.
Summarize the prostitution legalization/decriminalization debate.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 12.1

Summarize the early history of drug use in the United States, and describe the extent of contemporary drug use.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

History of Drugs in the United States

The widespread use of drugs is of relatively recent origin.
Throughout the 1800s and early 1900s, use of illegal drugs was mostly confined to a small group.
Few Americans seriously affected at that time by any drug other than alcohol.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

History of Drugs in the United States

Pyschoactive substances gained widespread acceptance during the late 1960s and early 1970s.
Psychoactive substances affect the mind, mental processes, or emotions.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

History of Drugs in the United States

Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP)
A national office charged by Congress with establishing policies, priorities, and objectives for the nation’s drug-control program
They estimate Americans spend around $109 billion.

ONDCP definition from glossary

Figure 12-3 Annual amount spent on Illegal Drugs in the United States, page 243

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

FIGURE 12-3 Annual Amount Spent on Illegal Drugs in the United States.
Source: Based on B. Kilmer, S. Everingham, J. Caulkins, G. Midgette, R. Pacula, P. Reuter, R. Burns, B. Han, R. Lundberg, What America’s Users Spend on Illegal Drugs: 2000–2010 (Santa Monica, CA; RAND Corporation, 2014).

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

History of Drugs in the United States

Consequences of drug abuse
Many cases of HIV/AIDS can be traced to intravenous drug use.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 12.2

Identify the types of legal and illegal drugs that are commonly abused in the United States today.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Types of Drugs

Controlled Substances
Chemical substances or drugs as defined under the 1970 federal Controlled Substances Act
Grouped into five schedules

Controlled substances definition from glossary

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Types of Drugs

Controlled Substances Under the Federal Controlled Substances Act
Schedule I – marijuana, heroin, opioids, peyote
No currently accepted medical use
Schedule II – cocaine, opium, morphine
Sometimes accepted for medical use

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Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Types of Drugs

Controlled Substances Under the Federal Controlled Substances Act
Schedule III – anabolic steroids, ketamine
Sometimes accepted for medical use
Schedule IV – Xanax, Valium, barbiturates
Sometimes accepted for medical use

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Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Types of Drugs

Controlled Substances Under the Federal Controlled Substances Act
Schedule V – Some prescription pain pills
Sometimes accepted for medical use

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Types of Drugs

Federal Controlled Substances Act also allows for the control of other dangerous drugs.
Term used by the Drug Enforcement Administration to refer to broad categories or classes of controlled substances other than cocaine, opiates, hallucinogens, inhalants, and cannabis products

Definition from glossary

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 12.3

Describe some of the methods used today to traffic drugs.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Drug Trafficking Methods

Drug trafficking
The manufacturing, distributing, dispensing, importing, and exporting (or possession with intent to do the same) a controlled or counterfeit substance
Drugs such as cocaine, heroin, and LSD are especially easy to smuggle.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Drug Trafficking Methods

Transportation routes into the U.S. include:
Shipment overland from South America through Central America.
Direct shipments to U.S. ports while concealed in containers or packed with legitimate products.

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Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Drug Trafficking Methods

Transportation routes into the U.S. include:
Flights into the United States via commercial airplanes or in private aircraft.
Airdrops in vessels waiting offshore for smuggling into the United States.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Drug Trafficking Methods

Pharmaceutical Diversion and Designer Drugs
The pharmaceutical diversion and subsequent abuse of legitimately manufactured controlled substances are a major source of drug-related addiction or dependence, medical emergencies, and death

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Drug Trafficking Methods

Pharmaceutical diversion
The process by which legitimately manufactured controlled substances are diverted for illicit use
Depressants, including sedatives, tranquilizers, and antianxiety drugs, stimulants, and anabolic steroids are most often diverted.

Definition from glossary.

Dep

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Drug Trafficking Methods

Designer Drugs
New substances designed by slightly altering the chemical makeup of other illegal or tightly controlled drugs

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Drug Trafficking Methods

Drug-defined crimes vs. drug-related crimes
Drug-Related Crimes
Can induce violent behavior
Commit crimes to support drug habit
Violence is often characterized among drug users.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Drug Trafficking Methods

Extensive evidence of a strong relationship between drug use and crime
Drug users report greater involvement in crime and are more likely that nonusers to have criminal records.

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Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Drug Trafficking Methods

Extensive evidence of a strong relationship between drug use and crime
People with criminal records are much more likely than others to report being drug users.
Crimes rise in numbers as drug use increases.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 12.4

Explain legislative and social strategies to combat drug abuse.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Combating Drug Abuse

Prior to 1907, any and all drugs could be bought and sold in the U.S. without restriction.
Legislation changing this included:
Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906.
The Harrison Act of 1914.

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Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Combating Drug Abuse

Legislation changing this included:
Marijuana Tax Act of 1937.
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act (1994).
Comprehensive Methamphetamine Control Act of 1996.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Combating Drug Abuse

Much legislative emphasis in recent years has shifted from targeting users to arresting, prosecuting, and incarcerating the distributors of controlled substances.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Combating Drug Abuse

Interdiction
An international drug control policy designed to stop drugs from entering the country illegally

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Combating Drug Abuse

Forfeiture
A legal procedure that authorizes judicial representatives to seize things of value furnished or intended to be furnished by any person in exchange for a controlled substance and all proceeds traceable to such an exchange

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 12.5

Summarize the drug legalization/decriminalization debate.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Drug Legalization/Decriminalization

The war on drugs has been costly.
It has been costly in other ways as well.
Court resources are diverted to address drug cases.
High rates of imprisonment of drug offenders.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

FIGURE 12-9 Federal Drug Control Spending, Fiscal Years 2012–2014.
Source: Executive Office of the President of the United States, National Drug Control Budget: FY 2014 Funding Highlights (Washington, DC: April 2013), p. 2.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Drug Legalization/Decriminalization

Decriminalization and legalization have both been suggested as alternative drug control policies.
Decriminalization
The redefinition of certain previously criminal behaviors into regulated activities that become “ticketable” rather than “arrestable”

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Drug Legalization/Decriminalization

Legalization
Elimination of the laws and criminal penalties associated with certain behaviors – usually the production, sale, distribution, and possession of a controlled substance

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Drug Legalization/Decriminalization

Are you in favor of legalization?

Decriminalization?

Or would you prefer to keep today’s laws or make them even tougher?

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 12.6

Summarize prostitution in the United States.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Prostitution

The offering of one’s self for hire for the purpose of engaging in sexual relations or the act or practice of engaging in sexual activity for money or its equivalent
Except in parts of Nevada, prostitution is a criminal act throughout the United States and is generally classified as a misdemeanor.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

FIGURE 12-10 Types of Prostitutes.
Source: From Criminology Today: An Integrative Introduction, 7e by Frank A. Schmalleger. Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education. Used by permission of Pearson Education.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Prostitution

Perspectives on Prostitution
Some feminist thinkers argue that prostitution exploits and demeans women.
Others argue that selling sex need not be exploitive and might actually be liberating.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 12.7

Summarize the prostitution legalization/decriminalization debate.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Prostitution Legalization/Decriminalization

Arguments in favor of legalizing/ decriminalizing prostitution
Women beyond a specified age would be able to offer paid sexual services with few restrictions.
The current practice forces prostitution onto the streets.

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Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Prostitution Legalization/Decriminalization

Arguments in favor of legalizing/ decriminalizing prostitution
Keeping prostitution illegal means that prostitutes are easy targets for pimps and offenders.
Legalization frees law enforcement resources to be used on more serious types of crime.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Summary

Controlled substances were not regulated until the 1990s in the United States.
The types of drugs commonly abused in this country include controlled substances, or those that fall into one of five schedules under the 1970 Controlled Substance Act.

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Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Summary

Drug trafficking includes the manufacturing, distributing, dispensing, importing, and exporting of controlled or counterfeit substances.
A number of legislative initiatives and social strategies have occurred to curtail drug use.

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Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Summary

A number of arguments have been made in favor of legalizing or decriminalization of drugs.
In the U.S., over 92,000 individuals are arrested each year for prostitution.
A number of arguments have been made in favor of legalizing or decriminalization of prostitution.