Unit VI Scholarly Activity SP

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Social Psychology Thomas Heinzen

Heinzen, Social Psychology 1e. © SAGE Publications 2019.

Chapter 11

Aggression

Social Psychology Thomas Heinzen

Heinzen, Social Psychology 1e. © SAGE Publications 2019.

Chapter 11

Aggression

Core Questions

• What does it mean to be “aggressive”?

• Is aggression explained by biological instincts?

• Is aggression explained by cultural influences?

• Is aggression explained by situational influences?

• How can we manage or reduce aggression?

Heinzen, Social Psychology 1e. © SAGE Publications 2019.

What Does It Mean To Be “Aggressive”?

• Humans have become efficient killers.

• The weapons have changed, but the psychology remains the same.

• Aggression defined

Heinzen, Social Psychology 1e. © SAGE Publications 2019.

Typologies Help Define Aggression

• Three typologies

• Descriptive typology

• Motivational typology

• Microaggressions

Heinzen, Social Psychology 1e. © SAGE Publications 2019.

The Persistence of Aggression Over Time

• Always a part of the human story

• Stockpiling weapons

• “Iceman”

• Egyptian cemetery

• Holy books

Heinzen, Social Psychology 1e. © SAGE Publications 2019.

The Escalation of Aggression: The Stages of Provocation

• Escalation of aggression effect

• Three States of Provocation Model

Heinzen, Social Psychology 1e. © SAGE Publications 2019.

The Big Picture of World-Wide Aggression

• Actually a persistent, long-term decline in world-wide violence.

• Increasing intelligence leads to a decreased need for violence.

• Although we are more efficient, actual killing is decreasing.

Heinzen, Social Psychology 1e. © SAGE Publications 2019.

Is Aggression Explained By Biological Instincts?

• Some dogs bark and bare teeth at strangers.

• Abused (nurture) or instinctively aggressive (nature)?

• Aggression as automatic behavior

• Dogs have to bark.

Heinzen, Social Psychology 1e. © SAGE Publications 2019.

Genetic Determinism

• Genes determine behavioral outcomes.

• Genetics are a compelling force.

• Evolutionary psychology: it works

• Gaining resources and improving reproductive chances.

Heinzen, Social Psychology 1e. © SAGE Publications 2019.

Status and Mating Motives

• Men prefer direct aggression.

• Women favor indirect aggression.

• Bullying occurs in a variety of social situations.

• Gaining status and preventing future aggression

Heinzen, Social Psychology 1e. © SAGE Publications 2019.

Biological Mechanisms of Aggression

• Four biological responses to threat

• Low resting heart rate

• Alcohol and aggression

• Testosterone and aggression

Heinzen, Social Psychology 1e. © SAGE Publications 2019.

Is Aggression Explained By Cultural Influences?

• “Football hooliganism”

• Yanomamö tribe

• “Crisis of masculinity”

• Cultures of honor, gender roles, sports culture

Heinzen, Social Psychology 1e. © SAGE Publications 2019.

Cultures of Honor

• Perceive an insult as a threat to one’s reputation for masculine courage.

• Cultures of honor and the seven values

• Not bound by geography

• Tied to how men define their social roles and expectations.

Heinzen, Social Psychology 1e. © SAGE Publications 2019.

Gender Roles and Aggression

• Gender equality female victimization

• Sexism, wife beating, and general aggression

• In Sweden: • Women have the most education, higher salaries

• “Rape capital” of Europe

• Male backlash?

Heinzen, Social Psychology 1e. © SAGE Publications 2019.

Sports Culture

• Risk of physical injury like concussions

• Athletes, coaches, fans, and purposeful aggression

• The color black, aggression, and dehumanization

• Good sportsmanship

Heinzen, Social Psychology 1e. © SAGE Publications 2019.

Is Aggression Explained By Situational Influences?

• How do certain environments cause aggression?

• Nationalistic calls for war

• Modeling aggression in violent media

• Environmental cues

Aggression in Times of War

• Start of WWI, millions of men enlisted

• Stirring words and patriotic songs

• Large crowds gathered to send men off

• Swell of patriotic aggression

• Courageous necessity for a nobler cause

Modeling Aggression

• Bandura’s Bobo Doll Studies • Study 1: Imitating adults

• Study 2: Imitating adults on TV

• Study 3: Imitating children on TV

• Watching wrestling versus musicals

• Aggression and violent video games

• Positive outcomes of video game play

A Cognitive Explanation for Environmental Cues

• Black uniforms, heat, loud noises, crowding, and pain

• Cognitive neoassociation analysis

• Weapons effect

• Images of alcohol

How Can We Manage or Reduce Aggression?

• Why isn’t the world more aggressive? • Frustration and aggression

• Biological instinct

• Cultural promotion

• Certain Situations

• What can we do to manage or decrease aggression? • Start by examining what doesn’t work

• Then focus on what does work

Tempting But Bad Ideas: Catharsis and Revenge

• “Letting off steam”?

• Banging on nails with a hammer

• Hitting a punching bag

• Revenge feels good but is transient

• Expressing aggression empowers more aggression

Hope for the Future: Cultures of Peace and Modeling Forgiveness

• Peaceful societies range across continents and how they gather food.

• The only commonality is distinctive ways of discouraging conflict.

• Children can learn forgiveness through modeling.

• In one study, participants were less aggressive when observing others being less aggressive.