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Criminology

CHAPTER

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

THIRD EDITION

Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behavior—It’s How We Think

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Objectives

Describe the main features of the psychological perspective on criminal behavior.
Describe the two major ideas that characterized early psychological theories and explain the difference between them.

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Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Objectives

Explain how personality impacts criminality, and define psychopath.
Describe cognitive theories and identify the two types of cognitive theories that this chapter discusses.
Describe the insights that the psychoanalytic perspective offers into criminal behavior.

continued on next slide

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Objectives

Demonstrate how the behavior theory explains the role of rewards and punishments in shaping behavior.
Describe some of the policy and treatment implications of psychological understandings of criminality.

continued on next slide

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Objectives

Provide a critique of psychological and psychiatric theories of crime.
Explain the fundamental assumption underlying the practice of criminal psychological profiling.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 5.1

Describe the main features of the psychological perspective on criminal behavior.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Principles of Psychological and Psychiatric Theories

Psychological determinants of deviant or criminal behavior may be couched in various terms, such as exploitative personality characteristics, poor impulse control, emotional arousal, and immature personality.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Principles of Psychological and Psychiatric Theories

Terminology used to describe the psychological study of crime and criminality
Forensic Psychology
Criminal Psychology
Forensic Psychiatry

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 5.2

Describe the two major ideas that characterized early psychological theories and explain the difference between them.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

History of Psychological Theories

Two major ideas characterized early psychological theories.
Personality
Behaviorism

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 5.3

Explain how personality impacts criminality, and define psychopath.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Personality Disturbances

Psychopathy
A personality disorder characterized by antisocial behavior and lack of sympathy, empathy, and embarrassment
Differs from psychopathology

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Personality Disturbances

Psychopathology
Refers to any sort of psychological disorder that causes distress either for the individual or for those in the individual's life
Examples include depression, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, alcoholism, and bulimia

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Personality Disturbances

Sociopath
An individual who has a personality disorder, especially one manifested in aggressively antisocial behavior, and who is lacking in empathy

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

FIGURE 5-2 Selected Characteristics of the Psychopathic Personality.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Personality Disturbances

Antisocial personality
Individuals who are basically unsocialized and whose behavior pattern brings them repeatedly into conflicts with society

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Personality Disturbances

Trait Theory
As an individual grows older or moves from one place to another, his or her personality remains largely intact.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Personality Disturbances

Eysenck believed degree of three universal supertraits are present to account for his or her unique personality.
Introversion/extraversion
Neuroticism/emotional stability
Psychoticism

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Personality Disturbances

Trait theories have expanded to five basic traits.
Five Factor Model of psychology

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

FIGURE 5-3 The Big Five Personality Dimensions.
Source: From Criminology Today: An Integrative Introduction, 7e by Frank A. Schmalleger. Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education. Used by permission of Pearson Education.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 5.4

Describe cognitive theories and identify the two types of cognitive theories that this chapter discusses.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Cognitive Theories

Cognitive approaches are learning theories that examine thought processes, and seek how to explain how people:
Learn to solve problems.
Perceive and interpret the social environment.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Cognitive Theories

Moral Development Theory (Piaget)
Individual become criminal when they have not successfully completed their intellectual development from child- to adulthood.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Cognitive Theories

Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Theory
A psychological perspective that involves the study of human perceptions, information processing, and decision making

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Cognitive Theories

Scripts refer to generalized knowledge about specific types of situations stored in the mind.
People use ready-made scripts in everyday life to anticipate an appropriate sequence of events in a given context.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Cognitive Theories

Applicability to criminal behavior can be seen in the fact career criminals routinely follow developed scripts to guide them through criminal activity.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 5.5

Describe the insights that the psychoanalytic perspective offers into criminal behavior.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Psychoanalytic Theory

Psychiatric Criminology
A theory that is derived from the medical sciences (including neurology) and that, like other psychological theories, focuses on the individual as the unit of analysis
Psychiatric theories form the basis of psychiatric criminology.

Glossary definition

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Psychoanalytic Theory

The Psychoanalytic Perspective
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) coined the term psychoanalysis in 1896.
Concepts later applied by others to criminal behavior.
From the point of view of psychoanalysis, criminal behavior is maladaptive, or the product of inadequacies in the offender's personality.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Psychoanalytic Theory

The psychoanalytic perspective encompasses:
Diverse Notions
Personality
Neurosis
Psychosis

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Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Psychoanalytic Theory

The psychoanalytic perspective encompasses:
Specific Concepts
Transference
Sublimation
Repression

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

FIGURE 5-5 The Psychoanalytic Structure of Personality.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Psychoanalytic Theory

Gwen Nettler identified three characteristics of psychotic individuals:
Grossly distorted conception of reality
Moods, and swings of mood, that seem inappropriate to circumstance
Marked inefficiency in getting along with others and caring for oneself

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Psychoanalytic Theory

Frustration-Aggression Theory
Held that although frustration can lead to various forms of behavior – including regression, sublimation, and aggressive fantasy – direct aggression toward others is its most likely consequence

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Psychoanalytic Theory

Everyone suffers frustration in life, but aggression can be manifested in socially acceptable and unacceptable ways.
Displacement is a type of violence that is vented on something or someone who is not the source of the original frustration.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Psychoanalytic Theory

Crime as Adaptation
Alloplastic Adaptation
A form of adjustment that results from change in the environment surrounding an individual
Autoplastic Adaptation
A form of adjustment that results from changes within an individual

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Psychoanalytic Theory

Can one type of crime produce both forms of adaptation? If so, what sort of crime might it be?

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 5.6

Demonstrate how behavior theory explains the role of rewards and punishments in shaping behavior.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Behavior Theory

Behavioral Conditioning
A psychological principle that holds the frequency of any behavior can be increased or decreased through reward, of association with stimuli
Pavlov's dogs

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Behavior Theory

Social Cognition Theory
A perspective stating that people learn how to act by observing others
Modeling
The process of learning how to behave by observing others

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Behavior Theory

Modeling Theory (Bandura)
A form of social learning theory that asserts people learn how to behave by modeling themselves after others who they have had the opportunity to observe

Glossary definition

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Behavior Theory

Disengagement may result from:
Attributing blame to one's victims.
Dehumanization through bureaucratization, automation, urbanization, and high mobility.

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Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Behavior Theory

Disengagement may result from:
Vindication of aggressive practices by legitimate authorities.
Desensitization resulting from repeated exposure to aggression in any variety of forms.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 5.7

Describe some of the policy and treatment implications of psychological understandings of criminality.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Implications of Psychological
and Psychiatric Approaches

Correctional Psychology
Area of criminal psychology concerned with the diagnosis and classification of offenders, the treatment of correctional populations, and the rehabilitation of inmates and other law violators

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Implications of Psychological
and Psychiatric Approaches

One of the most effective correctional techniques, according to the Norcross study, is cognitive behavior intervention (CBI).
Psychopathology has been regarded as notoriously resistant to treatment of any kind.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 5.8

Provide a critique of psychological and psychiatric theories of crime.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Critique of Psychological
and Psychiatric Theories

Critiques of psychological and psychiatric theories of crime
Do not sufficiently take into account social or environmental conditions that produce crime
Assume moral reasoning by individuals

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Critique of Psychological
and Psychiatric Theories

Psychiatric theories are appropriate only for explanations of abnormal cognition and do not apply well to otherwise normal people who turn to crime.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 5.9

Explain the fundamental assumption underlying the practice of criminal psychological profiling.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Psychological Profiling

Psychological Profiling
The attempt to categorize, understand, and predict the behavior of certain types of offenders based on behavioral clues they provide
Psychological profiling continues at the FBI's Training Academy in Quantico, Virginia, in the Behavioral Science Unit

Glossary definition

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Summary

Psychological and psychiatric theories of criminal behavior emphasize individual propensities and characteristics in explaining criminality.
The two major ideas characterized in early psychological theories are personality and behaviorism.

continued on next slide

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Summary

Early psychological perspectives were couched in terms of mental disease, antisocial personality disorder, and psychopathy.
Cognitive theories are learning theories that examine thought processes, seek how people learn to solve problems and perceive and interpret their social environment.

continued on next slide

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Summary

From the point of view of psychoanalysis, criminal behavior is maladaptive.
Behavior theory holds behavior is directly determined by the environmental consequences produced for the individual exhibiting the behavior.

continued on next slide

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Summary

Cognitive behavioral intervention is based on the belief that offenders need to acquire better social skills in order to become more prosocial.
Psychological and psychiatric theories of criminality may not sufficiently take into account social or environmental conditions that produce crime.

continued on next slide

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Summary

Psychological profiling of criminal offenders is based on the belief that almost any form of conscious behavior is symptomatic of the individual's personality.