Capstone assignment 3 assignment

The Study of Effects of Smoking in Pregnant Women

A Capstone Proposal Presented in Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Degree

Master of Healthcare Administration

Purdue Global University

A Study of Effects of Smoking in Pregnant Women

Smoking during pregnancy carries considerable dangers to both mother and the unborn baby. Prenatal exposure to maternal cigarette smoking (PEMCS) is linked, therefore, with many different obstetric complications such as an augmented danger of ectopic pregnancy, fetal development limitation, placental previa and abruption, preterm premature rip apart of the membranes, preterm delivery, unexpected newborn death syndrome, and oral facial clefts among others. Despite these risks, women still smoke during pregnancy. There is, therefore, a great need to develop policies and interventions such as discovering what can help the women to cease smoking, in order to reduce these risks. As such, alternatives such as the use of electronic cigarettes can be introduced to the pregnant smokers. Treatment for smoking can also be offered to women during pregnancy.

Background

The following section will discuss the background of the topic. Smoking during pregnancy exposes the mother and unborn child to great risks. Prenatal exposure to maternal cigarette smoking (PEMCS) is linked, therefore, with many different obstetric complications. According to Bauld (2017), the complications could range from an augmented danger of ectopic pregnancy, fetal development limitation, placental previa and abruption, preterm premature rip apart of the membranes, preterm delivery, unexpected newborn death syndrome, and oral facial clefts. Anblagan et al., (2013) includes more risks such as the development of respiratory diseases, gestational bleeding, obesity and obesity associated disorders like cardiovascular as well as diabetes results that start when the child reaches puberty. However, intrauterine growth restriction is the most common of them all. Considering all these risks and the fact that women who smoke carry on with this habit during pregnancy, there is a great need to develop policies and interventions that would address this matter. As such, there is need to discover what can be given to these women to help in cessation.

General Problem Statement

The general problem is that there are limited researches that detail about smoking patterns in pregnant women. A research by Eiden et al., (2013) indicates a shifting trajectory in pregnant smokers and major changes in due course within each trajectory. This element is important as it has the prospective to notify timing of smoking cessation intervention.

Specific Problem Statement

The specific problem is that there is little information about the stability of cessation efforts on the elements that distinguish women who effectively minimize smoking during their pregnancy in comparison to the persistent smokers who stop later in pregnancy. For example, little is known about low-income expectant smokers’ demographic factors such as monetary challenges, psychological symptoms like anger and depression, as well as increased supposed stress levels (Goodwin et al., 2017). However, the study by Eiden et al., (2013) demonstrated that financially able pregnant smokers demonstrated a change in trajectory with light moderate smokers showing a considerable decline in smoking during pregnancy. There is also no information regarding age in pregnant smokers.

Purpose Statement

The purpose of this research is to determine the relationship that exists between low-income pregnant smokers and financially stable pregnant smokers as well as the correlation between different ages in pregnant smokers. As such, it should determine if they demonstrate similar trajectories between heavy smokers and light smokers during the course of pregnancy.

Research Questions

The research addressed the following research questions.

RQ1: Do low-income pregnant smokers demonstrate similar trajectories as middle-income pregnant smokers?

RQ2: How does geographic location relate to the trajectory of pregnant smokers?

RQ3: How does socioeconomic status relate to the trajectory of pregnant smokers?

Hypotheses

The following null and alternative hypotheses served as the foundation for the study:

H10: There is no correlation between low-income pregnant smokers and middle-income pregnant smokers.

H1A: There is a correlation between low-income smokers and middle-income smokers.

H20: There is no correlation between 18-35years old pregnant smokers and 35-45 years old pregnant smokers.

H2o: There is correlation between 18-35years old pregnant smokers and 35-45 years old pregnant smokers.

References

Anblagan, D. et al. (July 3, 2013). Maternal Smoking during pregnancy and Fetal Organ Growth: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. Plos One. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067223

Bauld, L., & Oncken, C. (May 1, 2017). Nicotine & Tobacco Research. Oxford University Press, 19(5), 495-496. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntx034

Eiden, R. D., Homish, G. G., Colder, C. R., Schuetze, P., Gray, T. R., & Huestis, M. A. (2013). Changes in Smoking Patterns During Pregnancy. Substance Use & Misuse, 48(7), 513–522. Retrieved from http://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2013.787091

Goodwin, R. et al. (April 11, 2017). Serious psychological distress and smoking during pregnancy in the United States. Nicotine Tob, 19(5), 605-614. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntw288

Wehby, G. L., Prater, K., McCarthy, A. M., Castilla, E. E., & Murray, J. C. (2011). The Impact of Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy on Early Child Neurodevelopment. Journal of Human Capital, 5(2), 207–254. Retrieved from http://doi.org/10.1086/660885