content analysis
ITECH1102 Networking and Security
Topic 8 – Cloud computing & Mobile
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Last week
Last week: The Physical Layer
Difference between Analog and Digital
Point to point verses multipoint circuits
Simplex, Half duplex and full duplex communications
Multiplexing (FDM, TDM, WDM)
Manchester encoding of data (Ethernet’s encoding method)
Transmission media
Twisted pair
Coaxial cable
Fibre optics
Microwave (Teresterial & Satellite)
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This week
This week we will lake a brief look at two network related areas of computing.
Both areas are discussed at length in Networking & Security stream courses.
Topic A: Cloud computing:
ITECH3100 Cloud & mobile security
Topic B: Mobile computing (networking):
ITECH2300 Mobile networking & Wireless communications
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Cloud computing
A definition of cloud computing:
the practice of using a network of remote servers that are hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer.
The cloud is just a metaphor for the Internet.
So in cloud computing we are using computing resources made available by a third party. Those resources are hosted on the Internet.
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Cloud storage services
Cloud storage services are made available by many larger players if the world of computing.
Microsoft’s OneDrive
Dropbox
Google Drive
Apple’s iCloud
There are other less known storage services available including Box & Aarnet’s CloudStor.
Most cloud storage services allow uses limited free storage or extra storage space on a subscription basis. Depending on the service you get file storage, synchronisation with file systems on local devices, ability to share with specific users, access to files via access links, ability to edit files using the storage service’s online applications, access from PC’s, Mac’s, tablets, phones etc.
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Fed Uni cloud services
Fed Uni has hundreds of services running on local or cloud servers.
Until recently most services were hosted on servers at one or other of our campuses or at the IBM data centre.
These local servers are maintained, upgraded, backed up, patched etc. by Fed Uni technical staff.
Local servers:
We have around 85 servers hosted at various Fed Uni campuses or at IBM.
These are all (well almost all) running VMware virtualization software (ESX 5).
Combined they are running around 500 guests (60% Microsoft, 40% Linux)
The number of guest servers only increases with time.
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Fed Uni cloud
Some services have been shifted to cloud service providers.
Corporate Web Site
The Fed Uni corporate web site is hosted by a cloud provider (Amazon)
The service is categorized as SaaS (Software as a Service)
Our staff can add content but the maintenance of the hardware, software patches, front-end cache servers, backup etc. are all handled by the cloud service provider or third party.
We chose the Web Server platform (My Server Matrix)
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Azure cloud services (Microsoft’s cloud product)
Fed Uni also has many servers (around 30) hosting services including:
Workstation management
Identity management
others
These services are an example of Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS).
We have a high speed network link to Azure to ensure fast access to the hosted services.
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Pros and cons of cloud services
Positive features of cloud
Deployment of new or enhanced services is immediate.
If a busy period is approaching then add extra compute services then revert back to normal when the peak period subsides.
Eg. Enrolment time at Fed Uni.
Illusion of infinite resources.
Relieves employed technical staff from many day to day tasks.
Cloud is underpinned by stable Virtualization technologies.
Negative aspects of cloud
Cloud services comes at a cost. (You pay for what you use)
Cost depends on CPU power, Memory, Disk type and capacity, I/O, Backup and other aspects of the service you require.
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Cloud infrastructure relies on Virtualization
Virtualization terminology:
Machine hardware on which the virtualization software is running is called the Host system.
Virtual operating systems (server or desktop) are referred to as Guests.
Virtualization products that run directly on the hardware are described as type 1 virtualization systems. (Bare metal virtualization)
Virtualization products that run on an operating system (eg. Windows, Linux, Mac) are type 2 virtualization products.
Our Virtualbox setup for labs is an example of type 2 virtualization.
Type 1 virtualization is used by cloud providers because of its efficiency.
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Virtualization architectures
Type 2 virtualization (Hosted)
Installs and runs as an application.
Relies on the Host OS for device support.
Type 1 Virtualization (Bare-Metal) (Hypervisor) Architecture:
Lean virtualization-centric kernel
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Mobile computing (networking)
The mobile phone network is underpinned by many technologies.
Those technologies have been in a state of continuous change since mobile phones were first introduced in the 1980’s.
There progression in mobile systems is described as differing generations. The first generation 1G then 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G into the future.
We will take a brief look at some of the most important technologies and the basic architecture of the mobile phone network.
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Technology summary continued
The first mobile phone networks were entirely Analog and only supported voice (no data).
2G networks were based on GSM (Global System for mobile communications) or CDMA (code division multiple access) technologies.
2G systems included the ability to handle data (SMS, MMS etc.)
3G systems introduced high data speeds and were primarily based on CDMA technologies (including CDMA2000, WCDMA, TD-SCDMA).
4G system have much higher data rates. The main 4G technology is LTE (Long Term Evolution) which is based on Internet Protocol (IP) standards. It can also work on a wide range of frequencies which will allow smooth transitions for many mobile carriers.
5G is under development and will provide high speed access from 2020.
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1G – 4G technology summary
| Parameters | 1G | 2G | 3G | 4G |
| Name | 1st Generation Mobile Network (1980’s) | 2nd Generation Mobile Network (1993) | 3rd Generation Mobile Network (2001) | 4th Generation Mobile Network (2009) |
| Switching | Circuit switching | Circuit switching for voice, Packet for data | Packet except for Air Interface between phone and base station. | Packet switching |
| Access system | FDMA | TDMA, CDMA | CDMA (various types) | CDMA |
| Features | Voice only | SMS, MMS, Internet access | High security | Higher speed |
| Bandwidth | Analog. (Voice over carrier) | 25 MHz (GSM / GPRS) | 25 MHz CDMA2000, WCDMA,TD-SCDMA | 100 MHz LTE, WiMax & others |
| Carrier frequency | 30 kHz | 200 kHz | 5 MHz | 15 MHz |
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Elements of Mobile telephone networks.
The mobile coverage area is broken into cells. (1 – 30 km across)
Each cell contains a Base Station & Radio frequency Transmitter/Receiver.
Base stations control communication with mobile devices in its cell. Each device uses 1 radio frequency for Transmission and another for Reception.
The Mobile Switching Centre controls the transition of a mobile phone as it moves from one cell to another.
It also controls the interface with the Internet and the Public telephone network.
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Moving from cell to cell
As a mobile phone moves towards the perimeter of a cell the signal with the base station weakens.
To maintain connectivity with the mobile phone network the Base Station controlling the phone must be changed. This involves a new set of Tx/Rx radio frequencies being used by the phone and all network traffic being directed through the new Base Station.
The change from one cell to the new cell is controlled by the Mobile Switching Centre. After transition all network (voice) traffic to the phone is directed through the new Base Station.
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How Base stations communicate with handsets
Depending on the technology (1G, 2G etc.) and the mobile carrier’s network, the way the base station communicates with the mobile devices in the network varies.
The table above list 3 methods, FDMA (Frequency division multiple access), TDMA (Time division multiple access) and CDMA.
FDMA and TDMA were discussed as part of the Physical Layer discussion.
CDMA is a very interesting digital technique in common use throughout the world. CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access.
In CDMA each device has a unique code called a chipping code, that code is combined with each bit for transmission. The data from multiple devices is also combined and sent as one transmission.
The receiving station uses the its chipping code to decode its data.
CDMA will be investigated during this week’s lab session.
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Next Topic
Security
In the remaining three weeks lectures we will investigate:
Topic 9 (week 10) – Security
Topic 10 (week 11) – Security
Week 12 – Review of semester’s material
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