Critique and Picot
1
7
Quantitative Research Studies Critical Appraisal
Grand Canyon University
Prof. Cheryl Llanos
Background
Study One
The study shows the positive effects of community naloxone distribution and opioid overdose education programs in decreasing opioid-related overdose deaths. Although the findings are promising, opiate overdose is still the leading cause of mortality. The study is significant to nursing because educating pharmacy staff and law enforcement concerning policy changes that legitimize naloxone possession to report the opiate endemic may address people’s reluctance to have naloxone. The purpose of the study was to identify breaches in naloxone use and uptake. Hence, the study aimed to use the cascade idea to determine breaches in naloxone uptake and use, including access, possession, awareness, and training. The research question is: are there gaps in the naloxone cascade?
Study Two
There is a public health crisis due to unintentional opioid overdose deaths, whereby naloxone is the greatest appropriate damage-lessening device to address the deaths. In this case, there is proof that take-home naloxone prevents opioid overconsumption in any population. The research is significant in nursing because it facilitates take-home naloxone as an essential element of an eligible OTP program. The purpose of the research is to evaluate the opioid overconsumption problem for take-home naloxone in respondents having opioid use complaints diagnosed in an OPT (opioid treatment program) facility. Hence, the study’s primary objective is to measure opioid reversal numbers accomplished by offering take-home naloxone within the research population. The study’s research question is: what is the effectiveness of naloxone in the prevention of deaths related to opioid overdose ?
How the Articles Support the Nurse Practice Issue
The first article applies the cascade notion to detect gaps in naloxone application and uptake. Thus, it supports the nursing practice issue that I chose because it demonstrates the positive effects of community naloxone distribution and opioid overdose education programs in lessening opioid-related overdose deaths. The interventions in the study compare to those in the PICOT question because they seek to address changing of norms concerning possession and use with people who have naloxone to prevent overdose that causes mortality. The second article measures the opioid overconsumption rate with take-home naloxone. Hence, I chose the nursing issue, which is about opioid overdose and deaths resulting from it. The study answers the PICOT question by validating a novel model for naloxone application to reduce opioid overdose deaths, commonly among individuals who inject drugs. The primary intervention in the study is to investigate how to use naloxone to avoid opioid overdose.
Methods of study
The first article performed a cross-sectional survey as a large randomized experime nt for individuals with hepatitis C. Participant recruitment happened through word-of-mouth and positioning flyers at medical clinics, drug treatment centers, and community-based organizations. The researchers restricted the analysis to people who reported lifetime heroin use. In the second article, study participants enrolled in the prospective cohort study. In this case, patients registered in an OTP outpatient program qualified for the study. The 244 participants received instructions on using naloxone, overdose education, and two doses of naloxone auto-injector kit. After that, researchers followed the participants subsequently for three months.
In the first article, a cross-sectional study allowed the researchers to collect data from many subjects and compare variances between groups. However, data were from a convenience sample, which did not incorporate individuals who take drugs and are below 30 years or reside in non-urban areas. In the second article , a cohort study enabled the study of multiple outcomes and exposures in one cohort. However, it was impossible to perform a direct outcome assessment for an overdose reversal of community members who received treatment using naloxone due to the health insurance accountability and portability act.
Results of the study
In the first article, the sample was majority male with 46.5 years as the mean age. More than half, 64% of male participants reported crack use, 57% reported injection, and 74% reported heroin use within six months. Ninety percent of the participants were witnesses of an overdose, and naloxone awareness was high (Tobin et al., 2018). Over one-third of the participants reported rarely or never carry naloxone, while 25% claimed always to have naloxone. In this case, naloxone possession was relative to the increased odds of being a female. Two-thirds testified to lifetime personal overconsumption experience, whereby 30% overdosed in the previous year. In the second article, 31 participants testified to overdose reversals when applying their naloxone auto-injector tools. In this case, all overdose reversals were relative to heroin. The findings show that 13% of the partakers applied the naloxone to carry out an overconsumption setback within the society (Katzman et al., 2018). Eighty-seven percent of community associates overturned with naloxone were relatives or friends of the research partakers .
The first article shows that consistent ownership is a gap existing in the naloxone flow. In contexts with reduced structural obstructions to naloxone access, ownership is a serious phase in the cascade to affect overdose death. Although conducting training and raising awareness is essential, they are insufficient. In this case, altering norms in the nursing practice concerning ownership and use with people who possess naloxone is a significant constituent of overdose prevention. The second study’s results validate that naloxone use is common on a secondary objective among individuals who use drugs but less common in an index study participant. Social contacts are also critical harm in reducing overdose reversals. The study affects nursing practice because many overdose reversals suggest replicating the novel model for naloxone application at other OTP facilities can lessen opioid overdose deaths.
Ethical Considerations
Research ethics involves the protection of the dignity of information published in the research and the participants. Various ethical considerations are necessary when conducting research. One ethical consideration is informed consent that involves giving the participants complete information concerning the research to decide whether to participate. In this case, participants should be aware of the study’s purpose, who is funding the study, any potential adverse effects of their participation, who will access the findings, and the use of the results. Another ethical consideration is confidentiality, whereby only the program coordinator can access information. Confidentiality also facilitates the exclusion of any identifying information from published documents or reports.
In the first article, trained research assistants interviewed participants after providing them with informed consent. Again, the Johns Hopkins University Board that reviews health approved all study procedures. On the other hand, the second article had approval from the New Mexico university review committee and human research. All human participants also gave written informed consent, and the study’s confidentiality certificate was on record at the NIH .
References
Katzman, J. G., Takeda, M. Y., Bhatt, S. R., Balasch, M. M., Greenberg, N., & Yonas, H. (2018). An innovative model for naloxone use within an OTP setting: a prospective cohort study. Journal of addiction medicine, 12(2), 113.
Tobin, K., Clyde, C., Davey-Rothwell, M., & Latkin, C. (2018). Awareness and access to naloxone necessary but not sufficient: examining gaps in the naloxone cascade. International Journal of Drug Policy, 59, 94-97.
Hello Eliety,
It was great to see your thoughts and ideas as you organized the research for your quantitative writing assignment.
Please remember to briefly introduce the critique to provide the overall thesis of the paper and the specific quantitative articles you are critiquing. . It is important to also cite your sources per APA 7th edition guidelines throughout the paper in order to clarity the points you are discussing.
You presented several good points as you summarize each study’s background. Please remember to cite your points.
You also presented good rationale on how the two articles support the nurse practices issue you chose. Please also remember to include your specifically developed PICOT question to compare with those in the articles. This is a critical component of the paper.
Each research method presents with good efforts overall, please remember to identify if quantitative. Also, discussion on a benefit and limitation on the use of each method in general would be helpful.
You did a good job discussing the findings and nursing implications.
It also would be helpful to discuss the anticipated outcomes, and also compare the outcome of each of the articles.
Remember to also include your concluding points.
Please see above for additional feedback noted in my bubble comments. Also, continue to review APA 7th edition guidelines; you are presenting good efforts overall. I hope the corrections will be of help to you as you prepare for your Final Critique.
Nice efforts overall Eliety!- Cherryl Llanos, MSN RN
�APA is quite specific about the formatting of the document, including titles, page headers etc. You are presenting great efforts here.
For more help click here: �HYPERLINK "http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/" \o "Click here."��http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/�
Continue to review APA 7TH Edition guidelines to assist you
�APA is quite specific about the formatting of the document, including titles, page headers etc. You are presenting great efforts here.
For more help click here: �HYPERLINK "http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/" \o "Click here."��http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/�
�Please cite and state the study you are referring to. This will help clarify and strengthen your points.
�APA is quite specific about the formatting of the document, including titles, page headers etc. You are presenting great efforts here.
For more help click here: �HYPERLINK "http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/" \o "Click here."��http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/�
�Please cite and state the study you are referring to. This will help clarify and strengthen your points.
�Overall, nice job presenting the study’s background.
�Please remember to avoid using first person in academic writing. Here you can use "the author" or "the writer" when referring to yourself.
�Good start here. Please include your specifically developed PICOT question.
What is your specific PICOT question?
What are your specific PICOT questions?
�Citation needed.
�Good start here, what was the specific method used to conduct the study?
Qualitative or quantitative and further supporting details.
�Good start here, what was the specific method used to conduct the study?
Qualitative or quantitative and further supporting details.
�Please cite the specific study
�Overall good efforts as you review the method of research used for both studies. Please clarify each study and discuss a benefit and limitation on the use of each method in general in conducting a study.
�Here you clearly and effectively presented each study’s findings
�Implications have been well noted here.
�Not required for this paper. However, can be applied to your Final.