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THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

Disclaimer

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers of boundaries.

Views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, the United Nations, or its Member States.

Excerpts may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated.

FOREWORD

III

FOREWORD The State of Saudi Cities Report 2016 utilizes data that has been collected as part of the future Saudi Cities project in the last two years. The report provides an insight of the current urban status, in terms of conditions and trends using a sam- ple of selected Saudi cities. The report provides a compre- hensive discussion of the connections, transformations and linkages between these cities in the context of growth and urban transformation of Saudi Arabia. It also complements the Habitat III Saudi national report, as well as other urban policy documents in the build-up to the Habitat III conference in October 2016. It is particularly relevant and timely to review urbanization issues in Saudi Arabia and draw evidence-based implications for the new urban agenda (NUA), as well as pro- vide a timely benchmark for the next 10-20 years of imple- menting the NUA.

Urbanization has been driven by the country’s economic de- velopment mostly supported by the rich oil resources, and other strategic investments and diversifications of the Saudi economy. The Saudi government recognizes the importance of the cities as centres of innovation, and magnets of in- vestments. As a result, a more balanced network of cities is emerging across the country with economic corridors linking major cities with smaller cities.

In many Saudi cities, there are low levels of inequalities among citizens spread across the country. Revenues from oil have allowed the Saudi government to subsidize the cost of water, electricity, oil, gas and food for some time resulting in some of the highest per capita rates of water and energy consumption and waste generation in the world. However, there are substantial urban differences in inequalities among citizens and non-citizen workers living in Saudi cities. These inequalities can be seen in the quality and size of housing, and access to public services, and they tend to negatively af- fect the sense of community acceptance, and create invisible barriers for human development. In turn, inequality affects economic performance and reduces quality of urban life. Ad- dressing income disparities and achieving a more equal dis- tribution of wealth will enhance well-being and quality of life of Saudi Arabian city dwellers.

At the level of citizen participation, Saudi women and men have had an increasingly relevant role in the economy, with more space being opened for women to contribute in activ- ities such as participating in the job market, elections, etc.

In addition, over 50% of university graduates are women, however, their share of involvement in running government institutions is low compared to men. Therefore, enhancing women participation in the workforce should be a priority and a cornerstone for attaining urban transformations. Also, this comes at the backdrop of declining levels of unemploy- ment in Saudi Arabian cities in the last decade. Considering that more than 50% of the population is below 25 years old, generating employment opportunities for the youth is funda- mental for urban transformations and well-being. Therefore, implementing policies for enabling the creation of jobs cou- pled with training programs, particularly for the youth, will be key for achieving the next phase of economic development.

Although Saudi cities tend to have housing units with ade- quate living space, access to quality public services such as improved shelter, water and sanitation remains highly une- qual. In addition, Saudi cities remain constrained for provid- ing access to some basic social infrastructure such as public libraries, and open public space. These limitations call for the design and implementation of integrated urban policies that give priority to the quality and balanced spatial distribution of housing. In that way, housing policies will help re-densify cit- ies, improve access to public infrastructure and public space, in addition to favouring the use of public transportation.

In terms of Air quality and monitoring, Saudi Arabian cities have seen increases in the size of their vehicle fleets, and polluting activities, which have negatively affected air quali- ty. In addition, the capabilities for monitoring emissions, and tracking how they evolve in time have not increased at the same rhythm of the increments in air pollution. Therefore, it is key to improve the air quality monitoring systems, coupled with the implementation of integrated policies for reducing air pollution, such as shifting transportation from private to public, and reducing trips and travel distance through city re-densification.

The development of renewable energy sources through the King Salman Renewable Energy Initiative sets the foundation for taking advantage of the wind and solar power genera- tion potential of Saudi Arabia. However, the initiative is yet to show results, and cities are almost entirely dependent on fossil fuel energy generation. Therefore, it is fundamental to guarantee its full implementation, and to foster further de- velopment of the renewable energy market. Finally, citizen

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

participation, accountability and transparency in all levels of city governance, planning and management is very key. All aspects of government in Saudi Arabia are highly centralized, including planning and urban administration. The Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs (MOMRA) is responsible for developing national, regional and local urban policies, while municipal authorities implement local plans. Despite efforts to delegate more powers to municipalities, the Saudi Arabian government retains significant control over local governance, including the right to dissolve government, remove members of local councils and set local tax rates. Electing municipal council members is relatively new to Saudi Arabia and citizen participation in public affairs remains a challenge. The elected members of these councils tend to lack sufficient power as to make decisions in favour of their constituents’ interests.

Finally, it is important to note the importance of timely, rele- vant and accurate data for assessing the prosperity of a given city to guide decision making at the local and regional lev- els. In this regard, devising strategies to fill the huge gaps in data availability, especially for medium size and minor cit- ies should be a priority for urban policy in Saudi Arabia as it will significantly increase the ability to track progress of all investments that are going into building more safe, efficient, reliable, inclusive, resilient and environmentally sustainable urban areas for the Kingdom.

Foreword

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The 2016 State of Saudi Cities Report is a popular version that addresses the current city status in line with the goals of the New Urban agenda, sustainable development and city prosperity measurements. This report was prepared in an innovative and participatory way, and in close collaboration between the MOMRA and UN-Habitat that entailed a wide range of consultations with governmental and non-govern- mental partners. This partnership has helped to ensure that the report benefits from the most relevant and most recent facts from surveys, thematic studies, and city-level adminis- trative data. More importantly, this study and analysis also benefitted from consultations and suggestions from special- ists from selected ministries and advisors, including subject matter experts from UN-Habitat, youths, etc., whose views enriched the content of the report. This report is therefore, a product of concerted efforts and substantive contributions from many people with a broad range of expertise.

The 2016 State of Saudi Cities Report contains five chapters with recommendations that address the political and govern- ance context for improving the prosperity and sustainability of Saudi cities, through reviewing and addressing the eco- nomic context, the governance, legal and policy framework, gender dimensions, environmental sustainability, social in- clusion and equity. The source of the information on all the chapters is highly acknowledged. We would like to express our appreciation for the valuable contribution of the Future Saudi Cities Project coordination group for the overall lead- ership and guidance in undertaking the production of this report. Specifically, we acknowledge the leadership of Mr Tarek A. El-Sheikh (Director UN-Habitat Program Saudi Ara- bia), Mr Robert Lewis Lettington (Head, Legislation, Land and Governance Branch, UN-Habitat Nairobi), and Mr Eduardo Moreno (Head, Research and Capacity Development Branch, UN-Habitat Nairobi).

We acknowledge the Research and Reference Group core team under the leadership of Mr Robert Ndugwa (Head of Global Urban Observatory Unit, UN-Habitat Nairobi) and Mr Masayuki Yokota (Chief, Urban Research and Capacity Devel- opment Unit, UN-HABITAT Saudi Arabia Office) for providing timely regular guidance, coordination and quality assurance mechanisms.

Specific acknowledgement goes to François Vigier, Jose Ira- cheta, Julius Majale, Younghoon Moon, Marco Kamiya, Yahya Alyahya, Bader Aldawsari and the editors and other reviewers who contributed to the drafting and review of this report. The efforts of the technical group involved in the compilation and collection of the city prosperity data as well as the technical and financial support from MOMRA during the entire pro- cess are highly acknowledged.

We also extended our thanks to UN-Habitat advocacy team for providing additional editorial support and managing the publication production process. Finally, all the stakeholders and individuals who are not mentioned here but who con- tributed their expertise to the development of this report are highly appreciated.

It is the noble responsibility of all key stakeholders in the spirit of cooperation to ensure wide utilization of the few proposed recommendations, and to strengthen the wake-up call for all urban duty-bearer institutions, organizations, pro- fessionals and individuals in improving the city prosperity and citizen’s well-being in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ....................................................................................................................................................III ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................................................V KEY FINDINGS AND MESSAGES ...............................................................................................................X INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................XI

Urban growth in Saudi Arabia and its implications ............................................................................................................... XI Measuring city prosperity: the City Prosperity Index ............................................................................................................ XIII

CHAPTER 1: DYNAMICS OF URBANIZATION...........................................................................................01 Population and urban growth ................................................................................................................................................ 01 Managing urbanization in Saudi Arabia................................................................................................................................. 05 Evolution of Saudi Arabia’s urban sector ............................................................................................................................... 09 Evolution of urban migration patterns ................................................................................................................................... 14 Patterns of urban growth and housing .................................................................................................................................. 15 Urban Prosperity in Saudi Arabia .......................................................................................................................................... 17

CHAPTER 2: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND DIVERSITY ...................................................................20 Measures addressing economic growth challenges and strengthening sustainable development ....................................... 25 Employment ........................................................................................................................................................................... 25 Productivity ............................................................................................................................................................................ 30 Enhancing the Economic Potential of Saudi Cities ................................................................................................................ 33 Financing Urban Development .............................................................................................................................................. 33 Cities as the Space of Opportunity and Advancement for Women ....................................................................................... 34 Urban Governance and Legislation ........................................................................................................................................ 36

CHAPTER 3: HOUSING, PUBLIC SPACES AND LIVING TOGETHER ......................................................40 First tier cities ....................................................................................................................................................................... 46 Secondary cities .................................................................................................................................................................... 47 Housing supply and affordability ........................................................................................................................................... 47 Infrastructure ......................................................................................................................................................................... 51 Equity and Social Inclusion .................................................................................................................................................... 56

CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENT AND RISK MANAGEMENT ......................................................................62 Quality of life ......................................................................................................................................................................... 64 Environmental Sustainability ................................................................................................................................................. 69 Managing the Environmental City – Challenges and Opportunities ..................................................................................... 73

CONCLUSIONS ..............................................................................................................................................76 ANNEX A: STATISTICAL ANNEX TABLES .................................................................................................78

Foreword

VII

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES FIGURES Figure 0.1: City Prosperity Index 3-Legged Approach ......................................................................................................................................XIII Figure 0.2: Dimensions, Sub-Dimensions and Indicators of the City Prosperity Index ....................................................................................XIV Figure 1.1: Distribution of the Urban Population by size of Settlement, 2004 – 2010 .....................................................................................9 Figure 1.2: Global Scale of City Prosperity ......................................................................................................................................................17 Figure 1.3: The City Prosperity Index for 17 Cities, Overall Results and By City Typology ...............................................................................18 Figure 1.4: The City Prosperity Index for KSA Based on a Sample of 17 Cities ...............................................................................................18 Figure 2.1: Share of Non-Oil, Non-Agriculture National GDP PPP ...................................................................................................................25 Figure 2.2: Percent of Regional and National Employment (exclusive of agriculture and mining) ...................................................................29 Figure 2.3: Dimensions of the CPI: 1. Productivity ...........................................................................................................................................30 Figure 2.4: Economic Strength Sub-Dimension ................................................................................................................................................31 Figure 2.5: Old Age Dependency Indicator ......................................................................................................................................................31 Figure 2.6: Employment Sub-Dimension ..........................................................................................................................................................32 Figure 2.7: Unemployment rates by region in 2012 .........................................................................................................................................35 Figure 2.9: Institutional Capacity Sub-Dimension ............................................................................................................................................38 Figure 3.1: Dimensions of the CPI: 2. Infrastructure ........................................................................................................................................51 Figure 3.10: Gender Inclusion Sub-Dimension .................................................................................................................................................59 Figure 3.2: Housing Infrastructure Sub-Dimension ..........................................................................................................................................52 Figure 3.3: Social Infrastructure Sub-Dimension .............................................................................................................................................52 Figure 3.4: Information and Communications Technology Sub-Dimension ......................................................................................................54 Figure 3.5: Urban Mobility Sub-Dimension ......................................................................................................................................................55 Figure 3.6: Street Connectivity Sub-Dimension ...............................................................................................................................................55 Figure 3.7: Dimensions of the CPI: 4. Equity and Social Inclusion ...................................................................................................................56 Figure 3.8: Economic Equity Sub-Dimension....................................................................................................................................................58 Figure 3.9: Social Inclusion Sub-Dimension ....................................................................................................................................................58 Figure 4.1: Dimensions of the CPI: 3. Quality of Life .......................................................................................................................................65 Figure 4.2: Health Sub-Dimension ...................................................................................................................................................................66 Figure 4.3: Education Sub-Dimension ..............................................................................................................................................................67 Figure 4.4: Safety and Security Sub-Dimension ..............................................................................................................................................67 Figure 4.5: Public Space Sub-Dimension .........................................................................................................................................................68 Figure 4.6: Dimensions of the CPI: 5. Environmental Sustainability ................................................................................................................69 Figure 4.7: Air Quality Sub-Dimension.............................................................................................................................................................70 Figure 4.8: Waste Management Sub-Dimension .............................................................................................................................................71

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TABLES Table 1: Population for 17 cities ......................................................................................................................................................................78 Table 1.1: Saudi Arabia - Urbanization Trends 1970 - 2010 .............................................................................................................................3 Table 1.2: Composition of the Urban Population, 2010 (x 1,000) .....................................................................................................................3 Table 1.3: Saudi Arabia Physical and Social Infrastructure Investments .........................................................................................................5 Table 1.4: Evolution of the Population of Primary Cities – 1990 – 2010 ..........................................................................................................12 Table 1.5: Evolution of the Population of First-tier Cities – 1990 – 2015 ........................................................................................................12 Table 1.6: Evolution of the Population of Secondary Cities – 1990 – 2015 .....................................................................................................13 Table 1.7: Saudi Urban Migration, by City Size: 2004 – 2014 .........................................................................................................................14 Table 10: Marital status by gender ..................................................................................................................................................................156 Table 11: Activity status ..................................................................................................................................................................................162 Table 12: Employment status ...........................................................................................................................................................................170 Table 13: Disability ..........................................................................................................................................................................................174 Table 14: Building Permits Issued by Municipalities by Regions and Type of Permit : 1434 A.H. and 1436 A.H .............................................177 Table 15: Commercial licenses Issued by Region and type 1436 A.H ............................................................................................................179 Table 16: Fires accidents By Regions for year’s 1432 to 1436 A.H. ................................................................................................................179 Table 17: Livestock Slaughtered Under the Supervision of the Municipalities by Region and Type1436 A.H. ................................................180 Table 18: Rescue Operations Civil Defense Administration Area by Administer. For the year : 1436 A.H. ....................................................181 Table 19: Residence permits issued by sex and administrative region’s for 1436 A.H. ...................................................................................181 Table 2: Type of housing unit by .....................................................................................................................................................................80 Table 2.1: Gross Domestic Product by Economic Sector ..................................................................................................................................23 Table 2.2: Share of National Non-Oil, Non-Agricultural Gross Domestic Product (PPP) by City ......................................................................24 Table 2.3: Regional Employment for 2015 .......................................................................................................................................................27 Table 2.4: Employment by City .........................................................................................................................................................................28 Table 2.5: Women’s Employment, 2015 ...........................................................................................................................................................36 Table 20: Saudi Households and Individuals by Availability of Cultural & Recreational Facilities ..................................................................182 Table 3: Construction materials .......................................................................................................................................................................91 Table 3.1: Summary of Development Characteristics of Primary Cities ...........................................................................................................45 Table 3.2: Summary of Development Characteristics of First Tier Cities .........................................................................................................46 Table 3.3: Summary of Development Characteristics of Secondary Cities ......................................................................................................47 Table 3.4: Monthly Housing Expenditures, by income group ...........................................................................................................................48 Table 4: Tenure of housing ...............................................................................................................................................................................101 Table 5: Source of water supply ......................................................................................................................................................................111 Table 6: Source of electricity ...........................................................................................................................................................................120 Table 7: Type of sewage disposal ....................................................................................................................................................................130 Table 8: Schooling stage..................................................................................................................................................................................140 Table 9: Educational status/Highest cerificate ................................................................................................................................................148

Foreword

Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, January 12th, 2017, Aerial night view with neon light of Riyadh with buildings. © Victor Jiang / Shutterstock.com

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THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

KEY FINDINGS AND MESSAGES Saudi Arabia’s urbanization is now driven by the success of its diversification policy that has resulted not only in the eco- nomic and demographic pre-eminence of the five largest cit- ies, which currently account for 45% of the Kingdom’s total population.

By 2010, 55% of Saudi Arabia’s urban population lived in the five largest cities with populations of a million or more; an- other 25% lived in larger secondary cities with a population of 500,000 to 999,000, while smaller cities with populations of less than 500,000 accounted for another 20% of the urban population.

Achieving a balanced growth pattern economically and ge- ographically requires enabling cities to reach a threshold of functional efficiency that enhances their competitiveness as locations for investments and jobs.

Enabling Saudi youth to enter the labour force will be a pre- dominantly urban feature as the benefits of mobility are best reaped in cities where economic activities are often concen- trated.

It is critical to reduce the reliance on public sector employ- ment so as to mitigate the effects of shocks and uncertain- ties on the overall city economic performances.

There is an enduring shortage of affordable housing that has led to the growth of informal settlements in several major cities despite the successful diversification of the economy, development of primary cities and significant improvements in urban physical and social infrastructure.

There is an estimated housing shortage of over 280,000 units for lower and middle-income households and a surplus of luxury housing. To meet the needs of the projected popu- lation growth, 5 million housing units will be needed by 2020.

The inability of local authorities to effectively control private development underlines the necessity to strengthen the role, resources and effectiveness of local governments and clarify their complementary role to that of national line ministries.

In many Saudi cities, there are low levels of inequalities among citizens but there are substantial urban differences in inequalities among Saudi and non-Saudi workers.

There is significant progress in improving the environmental sustainability of Saudi cities, particularly access to potable water and the treatment of liquid wastes.

But the treatment and recycling of solid waste remains prob- lematic in many cities and air pollution resulting from high en- ergy consumption and vehicular traffic is a pervasive problem in all Saudi cities.

Urban policies should have an integrated approach by re-den- sifying cities to enable the development of quality public transportation systems.

It is important to increase women’s job participation and reduce income disparities as a more equal distribution of wealth will enhance quality of life in cities and hence the country’s economic performance.

Access to quality public services such as improved shelter, water and sanitation remains highly unequal, and Saudi cities remain constrained for providing access to some basic social infrastructure such as public libraries, and open public space.

Integrated urban policies should give priority to quality of housing and its spatial distribution, helping re-densify cities, and improve access to public infrastructure and public space.

Given the increase in air pollution in Saudi cities, it is impor- tant to improve the air quality monitoring systems, coupled with the implementation of integrated policies for reducing air pollution, such as increasing public transportation, and re- ducing trips and travel distance by city re-densification.

The King Salman Renewable Energy Initiative is yet to yield positive results in terms of wind and solar power generation, leaving cities almost entirely dependent on fossil fuel energy generation. It is fundamental to guarantee its full implemen- tation, and to foster further development of the renewable energy market.

Citizen participation in public affairs remains a challenge in Saudi cities, calling for continued empowering of elected members of municipality councils to make decisions that meet their constituents’ needs and interests.

Increasing the ability to track progress in safety and resil- ience of Saudi cities should be a priority for urban policy in Saudi Arabia.

INTRODUCTION

Kingdom tower is a business and convention center, shoping mall and one of the main landmarks of Riyadh city. © Shutterstock

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Urban growth in Saudi Arabia and its implications Over the past 40-50 years, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia experienced a process of rapid population growth and in- creased rural-migration flows that led to the rapid growth of its major cities. Indeed, the kingdom is one of the most urbanized countries in the world, with its urban population growing rapidly from 49% in 1970 to 83% in 2015, largely as a result of internal migration but also an influx of expatri- ate workers attracted by the country’s employment oppor- tunities. There is also increased growth of secondary cities, migration between cities, and significant dispersion of urban sprawl across the territory. This urban explosion brings many challenges in terms of provision of basic social services and economic, social and environmental sustainability of cities in the Kingdom.

The national authorities have responded in different ways to the challenges posed by the rapid urban growth in line with the key urban goals set under global agendas such as HABITAT I, HABITAT II, Millennium Development Goals, and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, including the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), and in particular SDG 11 of making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. The ultimate goal is to ensure ade- quate shelter for all and human settlements for safer, health- ier and more liveable cities. In preparation to the Third Unit- ed Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development, or HABITAT III that will take place in October 2016 in Quito, Ecuador, it is important to take stock of the changes and continuities in terms of urban development in the Kingdom since HABITAT II. During this conference, world leaders will decide on adopting a New Urban Agenda con- taining several transformative commitments for sustainable development: Social inclusion and ending poverty, sustaina-

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The national authorities have responded in different ways to the challenges posed by the rapid urban growth in

line with the key urban goals set under global agendas such as HABITAT I, HABITAT II, Millennium Development

Goals, and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, including the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), and in particular SDG 11 of making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.

Public park at jeddah beach. © Shutterstock

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ble and inclusive urban prosperity and opportunities for all, and environmentally sustainable and resilient urban devel- opment. These commitments harness the potential of cities to help eradicate poverty in all its forms and dimensions, to further social inclusion and inclusive growth, reducing ine- qualities, and to cap environmental degradation, achieving sustainable development.1 The New Urban Agenda builds upon the efforts devised under the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), the Habitat Agenda, and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, including the Sustainable Devel- opment Goals (SDG), and in particular SDG 11 of making cit- ies and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sus- tainable. The New Urban Agenda is a critical step for realizing sustainable development in an integrated and coordinated manner at global, regional, national, sub-national and local levels, with the participation of all relevant actors.2 Compared to the MDGs, Goal 11 in the SDGs has several targets and indicators for monitoring the prosperity paths being taken by cities towards inclusive and sustainable urban development.

Using a sample of selected cities, the main aim of this re- port is to provide an update of the conditions and trends of the Kingdom’s urban development, highlighting the connec- tions, transformations and linkages between these cities. To capture the principles of the New Urban Agenda, the report used the City Prosperity Index, a powerful tool developed by UN-Habitat, to monitor the fundamental drivers of change in urban areas in the Kingdom which is supported by strategic investments and interventions such as : 1) developing and implementing national urban policies or strategies within local-national partnerships, as appropriate, building integrat- ed national systems of cities and human settlements, to- ward the achievement of national development targets; 2) strengthening urban governance, with sound institutions and mechanisms that empower and include urban stakeholders,

INTRODUCTION

XIII

FIGURE 0.1: CITY PROSPERITY INDEX 3-LEGGED APPROACH

as well as appropriate checks and balances, providing pre- dictability and coherence in the urban development plans to enable social inclusion, sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth and environmental protection; 3) reinvigor- ating long-term and integrated urban and territorial planning and design in order to optimize the spatial dimension of the urban form and to deliver the positive outcomes of urbaniza- tion; and 4) supporting effective, innovative, and sustainable financing frameworks and instruments, enabling strength- ened municipal finance and local fiscal systems in order to create, sustain, and share the value generated by sustain- able urban development in an inclusive manner.3 The CPI is grounded on sound statistical methodology and robust data collection, allowing for monitoring urban prosperity in a rela- tively simple, and comparable fashion. Therefore, the CPI has the potential to become a global framework for measuring SDG 11 targets, as well as several selected targets from oth- er SDGs that have an urban component,4 and to operational- ize, monitor and track the achievements of the New Urban Agenda.

Measuring city prosperity: the City Prosperity Index Cities are increasingly becoming home to more populations where the ease of obtaining basic needs and essential public goods offer a more satisfactory life. Cities are also where various products and services can be found in sufficiency and their utility enjoyed. Cities are also where ambitions, aspirations and other intangible aspects of life are realized, providing contentment and happiness and increasing the prospects of individual and collective well-being.5 Cities have been catalysts of productivity, technology and infrastructure development, including institutional arrangements that con- tribute to the enhancement of equity, social inclusion and quality of life.6 However, cities throughout the world have faced unprecedented challenges in the past decade, rang- ing from financial to economic to environmental to political. These challenges have exposed systemic market failures and highlighted major imbalances at the core of economic policy making.7

The City Prosperity Index is a tool for understanding, ana- lysing, planning, taking action, and observing the effects of urban policy on people’s well-being. It offers cities from the developed and developing countries the possibility to use in- dicators and baseline information which serves to measure the status of prosperity, but also to enhance the policy dia- logue.8 The CPI is different from other indices because it of- fers a unique and holistic view of sustainable urban develop- ment in four ways: it is 1) a flexible monitoring framework, 2) a framework that promotes integration, 3) an innovative tool

based on spatial analysis, and 4) a multi-scale decision-mak- ing tool. The CPI is based on a 3-legged approach as indicated in Figure 1:9

1. Planning and Urban Design: A reinvigorated planning involves political choices and commitments, which must be turned into tools and sustainable technical solutions. The CPI identifies a number of these interventions that can help cities to move on the prosperity path.

2. Urban legislation and governance: Laws and institu- tions provide the normative and organizational under- pinnings of urban change and the power and rigor for enabling action, granting authority, defining relations and generally sustaining continuity or triggering change. The CPI identifies transformative actions with the potential to transform the legal and institutional system.

3. Urban economy and municipal finance: The CPI identifies transformative actions that can help local and national governments develop revenue enhancement plans which can leverage innovative tools and simple, transparent revenue collection mechanisms. These mechanisms can harness and support growth while gar- nering community buy-in for public sector revenue col- lection efforts.

A prosperous city implements policies and actions in line with sustainable development. A prosperous city is one that enhances:10

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FIGURE 0.2: DIMENSIONS, SUB-DIMENSIONS AND INDICATORS OF THE CITY PROSPERITY INDEX

01 PRODUCTIVITY

0101 ECONOMIC STRENGTH

010101 City Product per Capita

010102 Old Age Dependency

010103 Mean Household Income

0102 ECONOMIC AGGLOMERATION

010201 Economic Density

0103 EMPLOYMENT

010301 Unemployment Rate

010302 Employment to Population Ratio

010303 Informal Employment

02 INFRASTRUCTURE

0201 HOUSING INFRASTRUCTURE

020101 Improved Shelter

020102 Access to Improved Water

020103 Access to Improved Sanitation

020104 Acess to Electricity

020105 Sufficient Living Area

020106 Residencial Density

0202 SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

020201 Physicians Density

020202 Number of Public Libraries

0203 ICT

020301 Internet Access

020302 Home Computer Access

020303 Average Broad Band Speed

0204 URBAN MOBILITY

020401 Use of Public Transport

020402 Average Daily Travel Time

020403 Length of Mass Transport Network

020404 Traffic Fatalities

020405 Affordability of Transport

0205 STREET CONNECTIVITY

020501 Intersection Density

020502 Street Density

020503 Land Allocated to Streets

03 QUALITY OF LIFE

0301 HEALTH

030101 Life Expectancy at Birth

030102 Under-Five Mortality Rate

030103 Vaccination Coverage

030104 Maternal Mortality

0302 EDUCATION

030201 Literacy Rate

030202 Mean Years of Schooling

030203 Early Childhood Education Programme

030204 Net Enrollment Rate in Higher Education

0303 SAFETY AND SECURITY

030301 Homicide Rate

030302 Theft Rate

0304 PUBLIC SPACE

030401 Green Area per Capita

030402 Accessibility to Open Public Space

04 EQUITY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION

0401 ECONOMIC EQUITY

040101 Gini Coefficient

040102 Poverty Rate

0402 SOCIAL INCLUSION

040201 Slum Households

040202 Youth Unemployment

0403 GENDER INCLUSION

040301 Equitable Secondary School Enrollment

040302 Women in Local Government

040303 Women in the Work Force

0404 URBAN DIVERSITY

040401 Land Use Mix

05 ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

0501 AIR QUALITY

050101 Number of Monitoring Stations

050102 PM10 Concentrations

050103 CO2 Emissions

0502 WASTE MANAGEMENT

050201 Solid Waste Collection

050202 Waste Water Treatment

050203 Solid Waste Recycling Share

0503 ENERGY

050302 Share of Renewable Energy Consumption

06 URBAN GOVERNANCE & LEGISLATION

0601 PARTICIPATION

060101 Voter Turnout

0602 ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY

060201 Corruption

0603 INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

060301 Local Expenditure Efficiency

060302 Own Revenue Collection

0604 REGULATORY QUALITY

060401 Days to Start a Business

Productivity: Contributes to economic growth and devel- opment, generates income, provides decent jobs and equal opportunities for all through effective economic policies and reforms.

Infrastructure development: Provides adequate infrastruc- ture –water, sanitation, roads, information and communica- tions technology- to improve living standards and enhance productivity, mobility and connectivity.

Quality of life: Enhances the use of public spaces for the sake of community cohesion and civic identity, and guaran- tees individual and material safety and security.

Equity and social inclusion: Ensures equitable (re)distribu- tion of the benefits of prosperity, reduces poverty and the incidence of slums, protects the rights of minority and vul-

nerable groups, enhances gender equality, and ensures civic participation in the social, political and cultural spheres.

Environmental sustainability: Values the protection of the urban environment and natural assets while ensuring growth, pursues energy efficiency, reduces pressure on surrounding land and natural resources, reduces environ- mental losses through creative, environment-enhancing solutions.

Urban legislation and governance: Combines urban sustainability with shared prosperity through effective urban governance and transformative leadership, devel- ops cohesive and holistic plans with participatory public policies, updates laws, norms and regulations to develop inclusive institutions open to all levels of government, as well as local agents and organizations.

INTRODUCTION

ENDOTES

1 UN Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (HABITAT III), Draft of the New Urban Agenda, July 28, 2016.

2 Ibid

3 Ibid.

4 UN City Prosperity Initiative, 2016.

5 UN-Habitat. State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013: Prosperity of Cities, 2013, p. 4.

6 UN City Prosperity Initiative, 2016.

7 Ibid.

8 Ibid.

9 Ibid.

10 UN-Habitat, State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013: Prosperity of Cities, 2013.

The above six elements also define the dimensions that are used for the analysis of the CPI. Within each dimension, there are sub-dimensions that are used to compute its overall per- formance. These sub-dimensions are composed of expertly selected and globally agreed indicators. Figure 1.3 shows the structure of the CPI.

Using a sample of selected cities, the main aim of this report is to provide an update of the conditions and trends of the Kingdom’s urban development, highlighting the connections, transformations and linkages between these cities. The re- port titled “State of Saudi Cities Report 2016” is a product of collaborative efforts from thematic teams from the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) and Saudi Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs (MOMRA), and is made up of 4 chapters.

Chapter 1 looks at the dynamics of urbanization in the King- dom, highlighting the trends in population and urban growth, and how authorities have responded to manage the rapid ur- banization through dedicated programs, policies and actions.

Chapter 2 examines economic development and diversity in Saudi cities, highlighting their potential as engines of eco-

nomic growth but also the challenges they face in providing equal opportunities and liveable environment to its dwellers and how urban development is financed in these cities.

Chapter 3 looks at housing supply and its affordability and land access and use of public spaces in Saudi cities, making distinction between primary cities, first tier cities, and sec- ondary cities.

In Chapter 4, we examine how environment and risk are managed in these cities. In all chapters, the CPI framework is used to develop a city prosperity index for 17 Saudi cities, helping understand the effects of urban policy on urban res- idents well-being in the Kingdom through an analysis of six dimensions of a CPI (Productivity, Infrastructure, Quality of life, Equity and Social Inclusion, Environmental sustainability, Urban governance and legislation.

Overall, the report provides an overview of progress made by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in responding to the urban explosion, lessons learned and the way forward for ensuring Saudi city dwellers live in safe, resilient and sustainable hu- man settlements, in line with SDG 11 and the “New Urban Agenda”.

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THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

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CHAPTER 1: DYNAMICS OF URBANIZATION

DYNAMICS OF URBANIZATION

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CHAPTER 1: DYNAMICS OF URBANIZATION

Population and urban growth The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is among the most urbanized countries in the world, with 83% of its estimated mid-2015 population of 31.02 million living in cities. Its urban popula- tion grew rapidly from 49% of the total population in 1970 to 66% in 1980, largely as a result of the economic prosperity brought about by rising oil prices following the October 1973 Arab-Israeli war. The rapid urban growth was also brought about by internal migration but also an influx of expatriate workers attracted by the region’s economic prosperity and employment opportunities. The country has a consistent national strategy to diversify the economy by developing oil sector related manufacturing activities, primarily petrochemi- cals, and energy-intensive export-oriented industries such as aluminium (12% of global output), steel (6% of global output) and fertilisers (16% of global production). In 2015, industrial production accounted for 46% of a USD 646 billion Gross Do- mestic Product growing at 3.5% per annum while services accounted for 52%.11

Saudi Arabia’s urbanization is now driven by the success of its diversification policy that has resulted not only in the economic and demographic pre-eminence of the five largest cities, which currently account for 45% of the Kingdom’s total population and 54% of its urban population, but also in the growth of secondary cities. By 2010, 54% of Saudi Arabia’s urban population lived in the five largest cities with populations of a million or more; another 25% lived in larger secondary cities with a population of 500,000 to 999,000, while smaller cities with populations of less than 500,000 accounted for another 20% of the urban population.

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

To promote diversified economic development through greater private sector involvement and the creation of a knowledge

economy in order to increase the competitiveness of the

national economy in the global market.

Aerial view of Riyadh downtown in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. © Fedor Selivanov / Shutterstock

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The country’s rapid urban population growth has some ad- vantages but also several challenges. Major urban challenges that are facing the country include:

• Completing the upgrading of older central urban areas and of the peripheral areas developed informally in the 1970s and 1980s during the early years of the oil boom.

• Meeting the demand for affordable housing in urban ar- eas. It is estimated that 5 million units will be needed by 2020 to meet the demand of Saudi nationals.

• Developing an integrated public transportation system in the Kingdom’s four major urban areas: Riyadh, Makkah, Medina and Jeddah.

• Protecting the environment and addressing the challeng- es of climate change induced threats.

• Improving traffic and security system in major cities due to the expected increase in population density.

Some of the above challenges have been addressed in the strategies laid out in the government’s 9th Development Plan (2010-2014) and continue to feature prominently in the new government development plans. The aim of the 9th Devel- opment Plan has been to strengthen the economic role of secondary cities by developing industries that utilise the na- tional economy’s comparative advantage with an emphasis on petrochemicals and energy-intensive industries, tourism, export-oriented, high-tech, capital intensive industries such as pharmaceuticals, and high-value added agriculture. The manufacturing sector’s share of GDP grew from 9.5% in 2005, to 11% in 2010, reaching 12.3% by 2015 and the annual growth rate of non-oil sector activities had reached 7.8% the same year.12 The Kingdom’s Vision 2030 aims to increase the

CHAPTER 1: DYNAMICS OF URBANIZATION

current percentage (47%) of Saudi families who are homeowners by five percentage points by 2020. This would be a substan- tial achievement given the high increase in the number of new entrants to the housing market. This will be achieved through the introduction of a number of laws and regulations; encouraging the private sector to build houses; and providing funding, mortgage solutions and ownership schemes that meet the needs of Saudi citizens.

TABLE 1.1: SAUDI ARABIA - URBANIZATION TRENDS 1970 - 2010

Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2014).

World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision. Population and Housing Census (2010).

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2015

Total Population (x 1,000) 5,803 9,843 16,200 20,145 27,137 31,016

Total urban population (x 1,000) 2,824 6,483 12,401 16,085 22,426 26,261

Urban as % of total population 49% 66% 77% 80% 83% 85%

Rank order of 5 largest cities:

1 Riyadh Riyadh Riyadh Riyadh Riyadh Riyadh

2 Jeddah Jeddah Jeddah Jeddah Jeddah Jeddah

3 Makkah Makkah Makkah Makkah Makkah Makkah

4 Taief Taief Al-Madinah Al-Madinah Al-Madinah Al-Madinah

5 Hufuf-Mubarraz Hufuf-Mubarraz Dammam Dammam Dammam Dammam

Total population of 5 largest cities (x 1,000) 1,163 2,624 5,862 8,677 12,157 14,377

% of urban Population (5 largest cities) 41% 40% 47% 54% 54% 55%

% of total Population (5 largest cities) 20% 27% 36% 43% 45% 46%

The high labour demand driven by the rapid growth of the Saudi economy has led to a high dependency on expatriate labour in all sectors of the economy, particularly in the larger urban areas, especially given that the male labour force participation rate is only 78%, despite jobs availability, and that female employment has been traditionally low; it has increased in recent years and reached 10%. As a result, non-Saudis accounted for 33% of the total 2015 population, with a significantly higher concentration of 43% in cities of over one million population where there is a high demand for a broad range of services and for construction workers (Table 1.2). Cities with the largest concentration of expatriates are Jeddah (52% of the population), Makkah (47%), Riyadh (42%) and Dammam (41%).13 Approximately 60% of expatriate workers are single-status males with many living in group-quarters.

TABLE 1.2: COMPOSITION OF THE URBAN POPULATION, 2010 (X 1,000)

Source: Population and Housing Census (2010) - General Authority for Statistics.

Total Saudi Non-Saudi Total Non-Saudi

Cities with over one million population 6,368.1 4,885.7 11,253.8 43.4%

% of total population 23.5% 18.0% 41.5%

% of urban population 28.4% 21.8% 50.2%

Cities with 250,000 to one million population 3,496.3 1,277.3 4,773.5 26.8%

% of total population 12.9% 4.7% 17.6%

% of urban population 15.6% 5.7% 21.3%

Cities with 100,000 to 250,000 population 1,616.0 646.9 2,262.9 28.6%

% of total population 6.0% 2.4% 8.3%

% of urban population 7.2% 2.9% 10.1%

Cities with 30,000 to 100,000 population 1,565.5 466.7 2,032.1 23.0%

% of total population 5.8% 7.5%

% of urban population 7.0% 9.1%

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

A key challenge posed by the country’s rapid urbanization has been the provision of safe, sanitary and affordable housing to the increasing number of urban dwellers. Approximately 25% of the existing housing stock, estimated to be about 5 million units, have been financed by the Real Estate Development Fund and an additional 5 million new units will be needed by 2020 to meet current housing shortages, requiring an in- vestment of over USD 640 billion.14 The current yearly budget allocations of USD 27 billion for municipal infrastructure and housing are clearly inadequate and the housing shortage is expected to continue growing. New housing projects need to consider the typology of households in the country. Indeed, with an average size of 5.9 persons, Saudi households tend to be large, particularly in the more isolated regions, where extended families and kin group are the norm. Households with 10 or more people account for between 40% of the pop- ulation in Jazan and 57% in the Northern Borders.15

The Saudi Employment Strategy, adopted in 2009 by the Council of Ministers, proposes to diversify the national econ- omy, redress structural imbalances and improve the produc- tivity of Saudi nationals in emerging sectors of the economy. Diversifying the Kingdom’s economy is vital for its sustaina- bility (Vision 2030). Apart from oil and gas that are essential pillars of its economy, the Kingdom has begun expanding its investments into additional sectors. In the past 25 years, the Saudi economy has grown by an annual average rate of more than 4 percent, contributing to the creation of millions of new job opportunities. A key element of the strategy is the inte- gration of the urban economy in the national development policy and the development of a national spatial strategy with explicit policies to integrate economic development in the preparation of spatial urban plans.

At the national level, the Ministry of Economy and Planning, under the supervision of the Council of Economic and Devel- opment Affairs (CEDA), is responsible for the preparation and implementation of the national development strategy while the Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs (MOMRA) is re- sponsible for the development of spatial growth strategies at all levels of government and the development of infrastruc- ture. Initially driven by the need to provide housing and basic infrastructure to a young population with a high rate of family formation, the focus of the national urban policy has shifted to the diversification of the economy, improving the function- al efficiency of existing cities and the development of knowl- edge-driven new cities that are expected to play a major role in the economy of the Kingdom.

The major specific objectives of the recently completed 9th

National Development Plan (2010-14) were:

• To improve the quality of life, through resource conserva- tion and environmental protection;

• To increase national participation rates in the labour mar- ket to reduce the country’s dependence on expatriate workers;

• To balance development among the regions;

• To promote diversified economic development through greater private sector involvement and the creation of a knowledge economy in order to increase the competitive- ness of the national economy in the global market.

Narrow street of the old Riyadh. © Shutterstock

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CHAPTER 1: DYNAMICS OF URBANIZATION

of the existing housing stock, estimated to be about 5 million units, have been financed by the Real Estate Development Fund and an additional 5 million new units will be needed by 2020 to meet current housing shortages, requiring an investment of over USD 640 billion.

Approximately

25%

One of its objectives was to increase the participation of Sau- di nationals in the labour force to 54%, up from 48% in 2009. This implies the creation of 1.1 million new jobs, primarily in urban areas and the necessity to provide the needed hous- ing and public services. In addition to formulating macro and sectoral objectives, the national Five-year Development Plan now include a national spatial strategy that integrates eco- nomic development in the spatial urban plans being prepared for national, regional and local growth centres.

Managing urbanization in Saudi Arabia A well planned and managed urbanization has been an inte- gral part of Saudi Arabia’s national spatial development strat- egy to diversify the economy by developing industrial and serviced-based urban activities. Primary responsibility for its implementation is vested in the Ministry of Economy and Planning and the Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs, with other line ministries and local governments playing a support- ing role. Despite massive investments that resulted in signifi- cant improvements in urban physical and social infrastructure and in housing, most cities still have pockets of substandard areas and a shortage of affordable housing for both Saudis and expatriate workers. Only 47% of Saudi households are homeowners, a surprising low figure for a country where av- erage monthly household expenditures are USD 2,93616 - and one of the targets of the Housing Ministry is to raise this percentage from 47% to 52% by 2020. The government is

aware of the housing challenge described in the 9th Develop- ment Plan as consisting of an “inadequate supply of housing units; low level of house ownership; lack of affordability of owned or rental housing units; lack of financing of housing or residential land, and proliferation of slum neighbourhoods.”17

Since the inception of the First Development Plan 1390- 1395H (1970-1974), priority has been given to the develop- ment of natural resources (water, oil and gas), the provision of infrastructure (roads, electricity, transport) and of educa- tional and health facilities to provide a firm basis for the ex- pansion of the national economy and for social development. From 1970 to 1984, public expenditures on physical and social infrastructure, including water, sanitation, electricity and other urban services, accounted for 27% of the SR one trillion invested by the government in the country’s develop- ment (Table 1.3). While the share of public investment in ed- ucation, health and human development have continued to rise steadily, accounting for 70% of public investments in the 9th Plan (2010-14), the absolute drop in urban infrastructure investments is worrisome given that, apart from the major cities, access to improved water and sanitation in urban ar- eas and the collection and proper disposal of solid waste is still low. Lack of evidence does not allow to suggest whether this means that these sectors are likely to constitute a threat to responsible urbanization or complimentary to urbanization needs.

TABLE 1.3: SAUDI ARABIA PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS

Source: Ministry of Economy and Planning, The Saudi Economy in Figures, 2013

Infrastructure Human resources & health

SR (billions) % of total SR (billions) % of total Total

1970 -74 14.1 41% 11.9 35% 34.1

1975 -79 171.3 49% 78.9 23% 347.5

1980 -84 256.8 41% 176.6 28% 626.3

1985 - 89 100.7 29% 176.1 51% 347.2

1990 - 94 74.2 22% 230.0 68% 337.3

1995 - 99 60.1 16% 268.2 72% 371.0

2000 - 04 61.4 18% 265.8 76% 348.9

2005 - 09 79.6 13% 458.3 74% 621.9

2010 -14 63.3 15% 433.5 70% 622.9

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

The National Development Strategy18 adopted in 2001 has the following objectives:

1. Promote a spatially balanced pattern of population distri- bution;

2. Minimize the negative consequences of rapid population growth in major cities;

3. Ensure the efficient utilization of infrastructure and public services;

4. Support the overall growth of small and medium cities;

5. Diversify economic centres in different regions to fully uti- lize their existing and potential resources;

6. Support new development projects that contribute to linking rural and urban areas;

7. Support selected cities to function as growth centres to prevent the concentration of population in major cities;

8. Improve the administrative structures of selected growth centres; and

9. Support the development of cities in border areas to strengthen national security.

At the national scale, major investments in transportation have been made to improve inter-urban access. Major cities are now connected by an international standard road network and air links. More recently the development of inter-city rail links has been prioritised in the infrastructure investment budget, including a 946-km cross-country line linking Jeddah, Riyadh and Dammam, a Medina-Jeddah-Mecca high capac- ity link that will facilitate the movement of pilgrims during the Hajj, and an Eastern Region link between Dammam and Jubail Industrial City.

In recent years, Saudi Arabia has pursued an active pro- gramme to protect the environment as part of its policy to manage the country’s rapid urbanization. The National Spatial Strategy, launched in 2000, proposed to reduce urban sprawl and promote a more spatially balanced development by di- recting national investment toward less-developed regions and designating small- and medium-sized cities as region- al growth centres. It includes the redevelopment of older neighbourhoods and substandard housing and slums and encouraging the use of integrated public transport in major cities. Climate resiliency is an integral part of the 10th Devel- opment Plan (2015-2019).

Administrative structure Saudi Arabia consists of thirteen regions. The head of each Regional Council, the emir, is appointed by the King and has the rank of minister. The emir oversees the governorates and municipalities within the region. National agencies still play a key role in the formulation and enforcement of urban policies, including planning regulations, but the role of local govern- ments has been increasing slowly, particularly in the larger cities. While municipalities are empowered to prepare devel- opment and subdivision plans, establish and enforce zoning and dimensional regulations and issue building permits, they operate under the guidance of the Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs.

CHAPTER 1: DYNAMICS OF URBANIZATION

Artistic impression of Jeddah City Extension. © Shutterstock

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Saudi Arabian women participated in municipal elections for the first time as both voters and candidates. Women won 20 out of 2,000 positions in the 2015 election.

• Other line ministries with urban planning responsibilities include the Ministry of Economy and Planning, which oversees the preparation of the five-year plans; the Minis- try of Housing; the Ministry of Transport; and the Ministry of Agriculture.

• Several local authorities have been assigned broad plan- ning and implementation responsibilities:

• The High Commission for the Development of Al-Ri- yadh (HCDA);

• The Development Commission for Makkah Al-Mukar- ramah, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarrah and Al-Mashaer Al-Muqadassa established in 2007 to plan and man- age growth in the holy cities; and

• The Royal Commission for Jubail and Yanbu that suc- cessfully implemented the construction of two new cities in the 1980s.

Other special purpose agencies include the Jeddah Develop- ment and Urban Regeneration Company (JUDRC); Al-Balad Al-Ameen for Development and Urban Regeneration in Mak- kah; the Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Herit- age; the Saudi Organization for Industrial Estates and Tech- nology Zones; the Saudi General Authority for Investment; and Economic Cities Authority for the development of the King Abdullah Economic City, the Knowledge Economic City, the Jazan Economic City and the Abdulaziz Bin Musaid Eco- nomic City. 19

At the local level, each Council is responsible for the main- tenance of law and order and for the management of local affairs, responsibilities that have been expanded during the 8th and 9th Development Plans. Paralleling their growing ad- ministrative and managerial role, their participation and ac- countability in local governance has also increased. Half the members of local councils are now elected. In 2015, Saudi Arabian women participated in municipal elections for the first time as both voters and candidates. Women won 20 out of 2,000 positions in the 2015 election.

At the national level, the main actors are:

• The Deputy Minister of Town Planning in the Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs is the authority in charge of urban planning in the Kingdom.

• At the local level, the Amanahs, the municipal councils of the larger cities and the District councils in smaller cities have been given increasing planning and implementation authority.

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

The regional and city councils prepare the master plans for their areas and monitor their implementation. Despite recent efforts to devolve greater responsibilities to the municipal- ities, their autonomy is limited as higher-level officials have the power to overrule local decisions. Moreover, they are still largely dependent on central government transfers to finance their activities. Despite the growth of revenues collected by municipalities from SR 1,680 million in 2005 to SR 2,251 mil- lion in 2009, central government transfers still account for 70% of local expenditures due to a low efficiency in revenue collection and the traditional provision of many public servic- es free of charge.20

Despite the increasing involvement of local governments in urban management, the Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs (MOMRA) still plays a dominant role in the formula- tion and implementation of development strategies and local plans. Indeed, proposed land development projects must be approved by this Ministry. In recent years, it has developed local development plans that promote:

• A reduction of transportation-related fuel consumption through higher densities, smart growth, mixed-use and transit-oriented development; and

• Reduction of energy consumption at the municipal level through district cooling systems, water conservation and insulated energy efficient buildings.

While most of the land area is crown land, competing tra- ditional rights and the absence of a countrywide cadastre complicates the management of urban growth and hampers the use of property to secure financing. The government has played an active role in urban development through land grants made on behalf of the crown to municipalities for spe- cific projects, to individuals and for the construction of limit- ed-income housing subdivisions by the Ministry of Housing.

Housing situation While there is a surplus of high-rent housing in most cities, Saudi Arabia has a persistent shortage of affordable units for lower- and middle-income Saudi households. Twenty-five per- cent of the existing units have been financed by loans from the government’s Real Estate Development Fund. The exist- ing stock of 4.2 million units in 2007 must be doubled by 2020 to meet current and future needs. To address the con- tinuing deficit of affordable housing for Saudi nationals, the government has decided to invest SR 250 billion to construct 500,000 units.21

In Riyadh, where 28% of all building permits have been is- sued, most of the construction has been speculative; the average rents at USD 66 per square meter for new construc-

tion, is far more than the means of Saudi household whose average monthly income is USD 2,850. An estimated 495,000 affordable housing units will be needed by 2024 to meet the needs of middle-income Saudi households. In Jeddah, whose strong and diversified economy attracts a significant number of expatriate workers each year and where about one-fifth of Saudi Arabia’s future growth will take place, there is an esti- mated shortage of 200,000 middle-income units and 80,000 lower income units, with 52% of households being tenants and 41% owners. While one in eight units is vacant, an es- timated 250,000 people from lower-income households and expatriate workers, are living in overcrowded units. To antici- pate a projected 2029 population of 5.7 million, Jeddah’s Stra- tegic Plan calls for the elimination of informal settlements and the construction of 950,500 housing units, with 685,000 units affordable to lower- and middle-income households.

The 2012 mortgage law developed by the Ministry of Housing is expected to strengthen the ability of the real estate market to provide a wider range of housing by giving Saudis access to housing finance in conformity with Shari’a law. The new law addresses the activities of real estate finance compa- nies and the registration of mortgages, and seeks to increase the supply of residential land at reasonable prices. To prevent land speculation, it imposes an annual fee of 2.5% of its value on privately owned undeveloped land. The Ministry of Housing also will use the income generated on housing and infrastructure projects that increase the supply of affordable housing and has the potential to increase housing supply for

Medinah Street Market in Medina, Saudi Arabia. © Shutterstock

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CHAPTER 1: DYNAMICS OF URBANIZATION

2004

2010

5,000 - 30,000

30,000 - 100,000

100,000 - 250,000

250,000 - 1,000,000

Over one million

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middle- and lower-income households by as much as 50%. In addition, the land fee regulation aims to: a) Increase the sup- ply of undeveloped land to achieve a balance between supply and demand; b) provide residential land at reasonable prices; and c) Protect fair competition, anti-monopolistic practices.

Although the government has been the main financier, non-governmental agencies and the private sector also par- ticipate in the provision of affordable housing. The King Ab- dullah Bin Abdul-Aziz Foundation for Housing Development conducts research and studies on affordable housing that will lead to the implementation of housing projects for Saudi nationals. The Sultan Bin Abdul-Aziz Al-Saud Foundation pro- vides affordable houses for poor Saudi families in different re- gions of the country including Riyadh. Nearly 1,250 housing units have been built or are under construction at a cost of USD 105 million. The project also includes homeless nation- als, senior citizens, orphans, and people with special needs. The Alwaleed bin Talal Foundation, in the span of ten years, has provided some 1,200 housing units to lower-income Sau- di families including 60 residential apartments in Riyadh for widows and individuals with special needs.

Evolution of Saudi Arabia’s urban sector The evolution of Saudi Arabia’s urban sector reflects the dif- ferent dynamics that distinguish a small number of primary cities that currently account for 46% of the country’s popu- lation in 2010 from the rest of the country and other cities whose economic role is primarily regional (Figure 1.1). Their multi-sectoral economic base and high quality infrastructure provides them with the assets needed to compete in the global economy. Dynamic land and housing markets and cul- tural diversity are a hallmark of these cities that anchor the country’s major development corridors, gateways and inter- modal transport nodes.

At the second level, first-tier cities with populations of 500,000 or more, located along development corridors have specific growth potential that should be enhanced by pub- lic investments targeted at sectors where each city has a comparative economic advantage, including industry, trade, higher education, technology, tourism, and cultural and natu- ral heritage assets. They account for 25% of the population and some of them have the potential to expand rapidly and become growth nodes in their own. Planning for their expan- sion is critical to manage their orderly development and avoid the growth of informally developed peri-urban areas.

Secondary cities account for 16% of the population in 2010. They are facing size disadvantages in a global economy. Their historic role as trading centres along historic trade and Hajj pilgrimage routes or as market towns for their agricultural

hinterland, particularly in the southwest Asir region, has been eroded. They lack the economic diversity of first-tier cities to compete at a regional scale and their share of the nation- al population has been declining. They should be linked to larger urban growth nodes, their infrastructure substantially improved and receive catalytic public improvements to spur their development. Those that are located within the impact area of primary cities or new cities can benefit from potential spillover effects. As clusters, their combined strength will of- fer economies of agglomeration and a diversity of production and business services activities. Other smaller agglomera- tions, including denser small cities and clusters of villages, account for 13% of the population.

While the competitive advantage of primary cities is evident, the rising share of the population living in the first-tier cities reflects their growing importance in the national economy. As is the case in other rapidly urbanizing societies, maintain- ing the attractiveness of secondary cities to young people entering the labour force will require a coherent policy involv- ing the support of national agencies. In addition to the crea- tion of jobs matching the increasing levels of skills of young Saudis, the availability of affordable housing and other urban amenities in secondary cities will be critical to their ability to reverse their demographic downturn.

FIGURE 1.1: DISTRIBUTION OF THE URBAN POPULATION BY SIZE OF SETTLEMENT, 2004 – 2010

Source: Population and Housing Census, 2004 and 2010.

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

Primary cities Saudi Arabia’s primary cities – Riyadh, Jeddah, and Dammam – together with Makkah and Madinah, the two holy cities, are its main economic drivers. With a 2015 population of 6.3 million, Riyadh is the largest urban agglomeration in the Gulf Region. Its pre-eminence is due not only to its role as the Kingdom’s capital but as a major regional economic centre that attracts a growing flow of migrants: over 700,000 from 2004 to 2010 and 581,000 from 2010 to 2013. It is the coun- try’s largest financial centre, accounting for 30% of commer- cial establishments, for 26% of building permits issued, and for 20% of higher education enrolments. In 2010, 42% of Riyadh’s population of nearly six million, growing at an annual rate of 4%, were non-Saudis, the second highest concen- tration of expatriate workers after Jeddah. Its 2013 average household income of USD 34,195 was second only to Dam- mam’s. The city is expected to expand greatly, with its 2029 structural development plan expected to cover an area of 3115 square kilometres.

Jeddah is the country’s principal commercial port and gate- way city for pilgrims to Makkah and Madinah. Approximately 80% of consumer goods imports enter through its port. Its population has grown from 2.1 million in 1992 to 2.8 in 2004 and is estimated at about 4.0 million in 2015, with Saudis accounting for 51% of the population. Its rapid growth, has resulted in sprawling development, traffic congestion, insuf- ficient infrastructure, and a solid waste removal problem; an estimated 900,000 lower-income population live in the older areas of the city and in informal settlements,22 the largest concentration of substandard housing in the kingdom. In general, rapid urban growth has resulted in a spill over of development beyond its urban perimeter, and it is expected that the city’s expansion will continue at a fast rate due to its location and role as a major transportation hub.

CHAPTER 1: DYNAMICS OF URBANIZATION

Its employed labour force of nearly 1.6 million is the largest in the country; 54% work in office-based activities, 30% is employed in the retail sector, 20% in trade and 14% in in- dustries. Jeddah’s 2015 average household income was USD 28,997. Its youth unemployment rate of 27.8% is among the highest in the country.

As the principal port of entry for the annual Hajj and the Um- rah, Jeddah experiences unique seasonal population peaks that put enormous stress on its infrastructure. Its high de- pendency on expatriate labour is partially driven by these peaks.

With a population of 1.0 million in 2015, Dammam is the largest city in the Eastern Region and its rapid population growth since 2010 is attributable to its role as the nexus of the kingdom’s petrochemical activities. Its average house- hold income of USD 49,163 is the highest in the kingdom. It anchors a rapidly growing coastal urban corridor that includes Dhahran and Khobar whose economic base includes manu- facturing and shipping in addition to petrochemical extractive and processing activities. Despite its strong economic base, it has the highest youth unemployment rate in the country – 35.6%.

Makkah and Medina, the two holy cities of Islam present a unique situation as their population more than doubles during the annual Hajj. While Makkah’s permanent population has grown from 1,149,000 in 1998 to 1,535,000 in 2010, its pop- ulation is more than doubled during the annual Hajj as the number of pilgrims has grown steadily, reaching 2.6 million in 2009 and is projected to reach 3.0 million by 2019.23 In addi- tion, the number of pilgrims on Umrah at various times dur- ing the year, but particularly during the month of Ramadan, has grown steadily to an average of over 3 million. In both cases, these seasonal population increases have put severe stresses on the urban and regional infrastructures of the two cities, particularly potable water and transport services.

While Medina has a relatively more diverse economic base than Makkah, the two cities religious role has been the prime driver of their economy. As only Muslims are permitted into the holy cities, only workers from Islamic countries come to fill the seasonal employment requirements of the hospitality industry, particularly during the Hajj and Umrah and it is esti- mated that a significant number of them overstay their resi- dency permit. Twenty-six percent of Medina households live in slums or informal housing and access to piped water and water borne sewage is the lowest among the primary cities.

Muslims marching in front of the mosque of the Prophet Muhammad in Medina, KSA. Prophet’s tomb is under the green dome. © Samet Guler / Shutterstock

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THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

TABLE 1.4: EVOLUTION OF THE POPULATION OF PRIMARY CITIES – 1990 – 2010

Source: Population and Housing Census for 1992, 2004 and 2010.

Riyadh Jeddah Dammam Makkah Madinah

Population (x1,000) - 1990 2,325 1,742 409 856 529

% of Urban Population 19.0% 14.0% 3.0% 7.0% 4.0%

Population (1,000) - 2004 4,087 2,801 744 1,294 919

% of Urban Population 22.3% 15.3% 4.1% 7.1% 5.0%

Population (1,000) - 2010 5,188 3,431 0,903 1,535 1,100

% of Urban Population 23.1% 15.3% 4.0% 6.8% 4.9%

Population (1,000) - 2015* 6,270 4,021 1,054 1,758 1,273

% of Urban Population 23.9% 15.3% 4.0% 6.7% 4.8%

First tier cities Cities with 2015 populations of over 300,000 – Taief, Buraidah, Tabuk, and Hail – play a key economic role in their regions, as administrative and economic centres. While they account for only 8% of the urban population, their annual rate of growth has been increasing steadily and they have become significant destinations for both Saudi and expatriate workers. As part of its effort to shift economic growth to secondary cities, the government is undertaking major improvements to their infrastructure, particularly in Hail, Tabuk and Taief.

TABLE 1.5: EVOLUTION OF THE POPULATION OF FIRST-TIER CITIES – 1990 – 2015

Source: Population and Housing Census for 1992, 2004 and 2010.

Taief Buraidah Tabuk Ha’il Al-Ahsa

Population (x 1,000) - 1990 381 212 247 147 -

% of Urban Population 3.0% 2.0% 2.0% 1.0% -

Population (x 1,000) - 2004 521 378 441 267 573

% of Urban Population 2.8% 2.1% 2.4% 1.5% 3.1%

Population (x 1,000) - 2010 580 467 513 311 661

% of Urban Population 2.6% 2.1% 2.3% 1.4% 2.9%

Population ( 1,000) - 2015* 632 556 579 353 743

% of Urban Population 2.4% 2.1% 2.2% 1.3% 3%

* Estimated

Household incomes of USD 22,400 in Taief, a popular resort and summer capital, are among the lowest in the Kingdom and 26.6% of its youths are unemployed and there is a net outmigration of its Saudi population. Agriculture is still the cornerstone of Buraidah’s economy and it is a major producer of such traditional oasis products as dates, lemon, orange and other fruits, and of wheat. Its household income of USD 32,160 is average for First-tier cities. Tabuk, a historic city, is the administrative capital of the Northern Region and an important station on the overland route for pilgrims from Jor- dan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria and Turkey. Due to its more moderate climate, it has developed into a major agricultural area and exports flowers to Europe. Hail, an old stopover on the caravan route through central Arabia is an important ag- ricultural centre with a large regional university. An 800-hec- tare industrial zone was developed in 2003.

Secondary cities An oasis city, Qatif sits in one of the most important fishing and agricultural areas in the Eastern Region. Its population growth has been due to the exploitation of local oil fields. In addition to several oil wells, Qatif has oil-gas separator plants and various petrochemical activities.

Abha is the capital of the southwest Asir region. Located in a mountainous area with fertile valleys, dense palm trees and a mild climate. It has become a popular tourist destination due to its scenic beauty and the development of extensive new facilities. Its long history and rich cultural heritage is reflected in its colourful architecture. The Asir National Park is located nearby.

CHAPTER 1: DYNAMICS OF URBANIZATION

Saudi employment is concentrated in service

occupations, professional jobs and the

public sector, which accounts for 11% of total employment and 88% of Saudi female employment.

Located near the border with Yemen, Najran is one of the old- est settlements in Asir Region and is one of the fastest grow- ing cities in the Kingdom. Its archaeological sites are protect- ed by the Department of Antiquities. The city’s climate has allowed it to sustain its traditional agricultural base.

Sakakah, an old oasis town on the caravan route to Iraq with abundant underground water reserves is the centre of an agricultural area with around 16,000 farms and several large agribusinesses cultivating dates and olives as well as cereals. It is one of the cities selected by the government for mod- ernization as part of the strategy to develop less developed regions. It has been designated as the location of regional facilities such as the Al-Jouf University and a 1,000-bed re- gional hospital.

Jizan, an old port city with a population of 110,000, serves the surrounding agricultural region, with a 2010 population of 1.5 million. It is noted for its production of tropical fruits. It has been designated as a development area with signif-

icant infrastructure investments, including the construction of a 200,000 barrels per day refinery with terminal facilities. Like Abha, Al-Baha’s economic base is largely dependent on tourism attracted by the region’s natural and environmental assets. As part of the Kingdom’s policy to develop secondary cities and take advantage of regional comparative advantag- es, industrial estates are being developed by the Saudi In- dustrial Property authority (MODON) in Najran, Arar, Al Baha and Al Hasa.

TABLE 1.6: EVOLUTION OF THE POPULATION OF SECONDARY CITIES – 1990 – 2015

Qatif Abha Najran Sakakah Arar Jizan Al-Baha

Population (x 1,000) - 1990 - - 90 - - - -

% of Urban Population - - 1.00% - - - -

Population (x 1,000) - 2004 98 202 247 123 145 101 85

% of Urban Population 0.5% 1.1% 1.4% 0.7% 0.8% 0.6% 0.5%

Population (x 1,000) - 2010 118 236 298 150 167 128 95

% of Urban Population 0.5% 1.1% 1.3% 0.7% 0.7% 0.6% 0.44%

Population (x 1,000) - 2015* 138 268 347 177 187 154 104

% of Urban Population 0.5% 1.0% 1.3% 0.7% 0.7% 0.6% 0.4%

Diverting growth patterns In order to shift economic growth to secondary cities, Sau- di Arabia is improving the infrastructure of Asir, Hail, Hofuf, Medina, Tabuk, and Taif. It is also investing in the develop- ment of new towns. The Knowledge Economic City in Medi- na (completion 2016-18) will focus on developing commercial expertise, supported by a range of commercial and cultural complexes. In 2015, a renewable energy city in Riyadh, will be completed. The King Abdullah Economic City, north of Jeddah, and Jizan Economic City will focus on heavy indus- tries, biotech and pharmaceuticals. In Ha’il, the Prince Abdul Aziz Bin Mousaed Economic City will become a transport and logistics hub (completion in 2016). Plans for two other eco- nomic cities, in Tabuk and in the Eastern Provinces, are cur- rently being developed. As per Vision 2030, special zones will also be created in exceptional and competitive locations, con- sidering the comparative advantages of the Kingdom’s differ- ent regions, assessing their feasibility for promising sectors, and then establishing special zones, such as logistic, tourist,

industrial and financial ones. Special commercial regulations to boost investment possibilities and diversify government revenues will be applied to these zones.

Key considerations regarding the new towns include:

• Whether these locations are the most appropriate in terms of the competitiveness, marketing and perfor- mance of economic activities funded by the private sec- tor.

• Does the success of the policy depend on modified ad- ministrative structures to better define the complementa- ry roles of the national agencies and local governments? Is there a need for special agencies to plan and manage the development of new towns, as is the practice in other countries such as France, Morocco and Egypt? In Europe, entrepreneurial local governments have managed to at- tract private investment to build specialized new urban nodes.

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

• Will the education levels of unemployed Saudi youth qual- ify them to get jobs in these private sector-led initiatives? In 2015, young men aged less than 25 years represent- ed 51% of Saudi male unemployment.24 Incentive pro- grams promoting hiring and training have been success- fully implemented in Europe and in Morocco. One of the challenges faced by this policy is the extent to which the educational achievements of unemployed Saudi youth will help them get employment in a private-led highly competitive market for best expertise and benefit from this policy.

Evolution of urban migration patterns The sustained growth of Saudi Arabia’s economy together with a culturally induced low female labour participation rate has resulted in a labour demand far more than the capacity of the indigenous labour force. The employed labour force has risen from 7.2 million workers in 2004 to 8.0 in 2008 and 10.4 million in 2012. Over the same period, the number of employed Saudis rose from 3.7 to 4.4 million of whom 3.8 million were males. Saudi females account for only 10% of the employed labour force. 25

There are sharp differences in the occupational structures of the Saudi and non-Saudi labour force. Many jobs requiring a secondary or higher educational level are occupied by Sau- dis while two/thirds of jobs requiring no formal education or less than a secondary school diploma are filled by non-Saudi labour. Saudi employment is concentrated in service occupa- tions, professional jobs and the public sector, which accounts for 11% of total employment and 88% of Saudi female em- ployment. Expatriate labour is concentrated in services, con- struction and sales.

The combination of a sustained construction boom and a growing economy has resulted in a steady rise in the number of expatriate workers from 4.3 million in 2008 to 6.0 million in 2012. While high concentrations of expatriate workers have historically been found in the major cities, one of the impacts of the current national urban policy to support the growth of small and medium cities and economic centres in different regions to fully utilize their existing and potential resources as part of a national diversification policy has resulted in a growing number of expatriate labour in secondary cities.

TABLE 1.7: SAUDI URBAN MIGRATION, BY CITY SIZE: 2004 – 2014

Source: Population and Housing Census for 1992, 2004 and 2010.

Saudis (x 1,000) Net Migration (x1,000) % Increase in Non-Saudis

2004 2015* 2004 - 15 2004 - 15

Primary Cities

Riyadh 2,660.6 3,530.4 395.5 92%

Jeddah 1,429.8 1,982.2 127.5 49%

Dammam 478.4 611.8 94.1 66%

Makkah 724.2 907.4 161.2 49%

Al-Madinah 639.6 783.2 160.7 76%

First Tier Cities

Taief 120.1 152.2 25.0 27%

Buraidah 76.7 168.4 -55.2 120%

Tabuk 57.6 103.0 -18.0 79%

Ha’il 47.8 92.9 -22.4 94%

Secondary Cities

Qatif 14.1 33.9 -13.1 140%

Abha 45.9 70.1 -2.4 53%

Najran 50.0 94.6 -20.7 89%

Sakakah 21.3 46.1 -14.7 117%

Arar 21.1 33.6 -2.4 59%

Jazan 30.4 52.4 -7.5 72%

Al-Baha 18.0 25.7 0.8 43%

A-Hasa 89.7 158.5 -26.2 77%

* Estimated

CHAPTER 1: DYNAMICS OF URBANIZATION

Primary cities Riyadh’s population grew from 3.6 million in 2000 to 6.5 mil- lion in 2015 resulting in a 70% increase in population density from 3,360 to 5,722 persons per square kilometre. Given the expectation that the city’s population will grow to 8.3 million by 2030, the 2030 MEDSTAR Riyadh Structure plan, adopted by the city’s High Commission in 2002, proposes to develop two satellite cities to accommodate long-term growth, one to the north of the central area and the other to the east.27 One of the major challenges of the city’s growth is that, given the overwhelming dependency on the automobile (only 2% of trips are by public transport), 81 % of the urbanized area’s road network will be overloaded and the duration of the aver- age trip will more than triple.

Landscape view at Al Faisaliah tower and other skyscrapers in Riyadh, view from King Fahd road - main street and highway road in Riyadh. © Shutterstock

PHOTO

Given the expectation that the city’s population

will grow to 8.3 million by 2030, the 2030 MEDSTAR Riyadh Structure plan, adopted by the city’s High Commission in 2002, proposes

to develop two satellite cities to accommodate long-term growth, one to the north of the central

area and the other to the east.

The economic pre-eminence of Riyadh, Jeddah and, to a lesser extent, Dammam is evidenced by their role both as magnets for both Saudis and expatriate workers, reflecting the traditional economic importance for Riyadh and Jeddah and the growing diversity in Dammam’s economic base. The net loss of Saudi population in most other cities is attribut- able to the migration of young men to Riyadh, Jeddah and Dammam where employment opportunities matching their rising educational levels can be found. Even though the econ- omy of other Saudi cities has improved sharply over the last ten years, the new jobs created by the private sector have been filled largely by non-Saudis. While, on average, there was a 60% increase in the number of non-Saudis in the key cities, this percentage was sharply higher in Buraidah, Ha’il, Sakakah and Qatif where it reached 140%. All four cities have developed rapidly in recent years as regional economic and administrative centres and benefited from substantial gov- ernment investment in infrastructure and educational and health facilities; they account, respectively, for 50%, 68%, 63% and 54% of their region’s population.

Patterns of urban growth and housing The 9th Development Plan prioritized housing development as the cornerstone of its economic strategy, allocating SAR 100 billion (USD 27 billion), around 7 percent of the five-year budget to construct one million housing units, roughly 80 per- cent of anticipated demand during the period. The Real Es- tate Development Fund is the principal public funding source for housing. Established in 1974, it provides zero interest loans to Saudi nationals for the construction of housing. From 2010 to 2014, it financed the construction of 109,000 dwell- ing units and, in recent years, the annual value of its loan portfolio has risen from USD 13.5 billion in 2008 to USD 62.1 billion in 2013. The other public actor is the Public Housing Authority that finances the construction of subsidised units. The activities of both agencies are limited to Saudi nationals and, together, they account for an estimated 18% of housing construction.26 The private sector’s role in the housing market still consists primarily of individual and small-scale operators and there are only eight Saudi real estate development com- panies with a paid-up capital of USD 7.8 billion. The Ministry of housing strategic objectives include among others: Stim- ulating the real estate supply and raising productivity to pro- vide residential products with appropriate price and quality; and Enabling citizens to obtain suitable housing financing.

The land requirement for housing during the 9th Plan period (2010-14) was estimated at 266 million square meters. To im- prove the capacities of local governments to manage growth and service the land for the construction of private and public housing projects within existing and new urban areas, MOM- RA proposes to establish 60 new municipalities and 40 new urban centres.

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

Housing the future population is a major challenge and will require the annual construction of over 30,000 dwelling units requiring 1,400 to 1,600 hectares of serviced land annually. Providing sufficient affordable housing is a major challenge, given the recent 6-7% annual increase in the cost of hous- ing and the fact that government intervention in the housing market is limited to housing loans for Saudi first-home buy- ers. While the National Housing Authority has initiated a pro- gram to build 66,000 houses nation-wide, no land in Riyadh has yet been allocated to this program.

The sustained and rapid population growth of Jeddah, com- bined with an inadequate supply of affordable housing and loosely enforced development regulations, resulted in 35% of the city’s residents living in informal settlements as of 2009. Jeddah’s 2009 Strategic Plan Draft recognizes the so- cial, public health and security issues raised by unplanned settlements. An institutional response began in 2007 with the establishment of the public enterprise Jeddah Develop- ment and Urban Regeneration Corporation (JDURC) and the “Jeddah without Slums” programme. JDURC’s mandate in- cludes the elimination of slum areas and developing sustain- able housing solutions by creating public-private partnerships and special purpose vehicles to overcome barriers to borrow- ing and serve as specialized implementation entities.

Hira cave night mecca city, Saudi Arabia. © Shutterstock

PHOTO

CHAPTER 1: DYNAMICS OF URBANIZATION

To accommodate the projected 2029 population of 5.7 mil- lion and decrease the number of informal and precarious housing, Jeddah’s Strategic Plan calls for the construction of 950,500 housing units, with 685,000 affordable units for lower- and middle-income groups (UN-Habitat 2012a). Given land values in Jeddah, acquiring and servicing the required land will be a major challenge. It is unclear whether the use of public-private partnership and special purpose vehicles will be limited to urban regeneration projects. In China, where special purpose vehicles originated, they have been used for both urban renewal and planned urban extensions.

Housing in Makkah and Medina presents unique challenges resulting from extreme short-term population peaks during the yearly Hajj, when their population more than doubles, and from the high demand for transient accommodations from pilgrims. The number of pilgrims during the Hajj has been in- creasing steadily and has reached 3 million in 2014. Hotels and seasonal housing to accommodate pilgrims form a sig- nificant part of the housing stock and their development has driven up land costs; land prices in Makkah are amongst the highest in the world.

First-tier and Secondary cities Given Saudi Arabia’s sparse settlement pattern, most first- and second-tier cities are their region’s primate cities: Tabuk accounts for 71% of its region, Ha’il 68%, Najran 63% and Arar 60%. As a group, they have undergone significant pop- ulation changes since 2004. Their total population has in- creased; except for Jazan that experienced a net population loss of over 86,000 persons. This growth has been primarily due to an influx of expatriate workers that has more than compensated the outflow of younger Saudis seeking eco- nomic opportunities in the Kingdom’s primary cities. In Jazan, there was a net outflow of over 100,000 Saudis over the dec- ade, of 43,000 in Abha, 23,000 in Taief, and 12,000 in Ha’il.

The cities that have fared well, not only retaining their Saudi population but also attracting newcomers as well as expatri- ate workers, have managed to diversify their economic base or taken advantage of their historic situation. Buraidah, for example, accounts for 50% of the Qassim Region popula- tion. While agriculture is still the cornerstone of its economy, there has been a steady diversification of the economy and while the government and service sectors now account for 74% of employment a nascent agro-industrial sector now ac- counts for 3.2% of employment. While densities remain low, reflecting its agricultural heritage (51% of neighbourhoods are developed at densities of less than 10 persons per hec- tare) denser areas with densities of more than 50 persons per hectare now account for roughly 19 percent of the city’s land area.

Urban Prosperity in Saudi Arabia The CPI provides a measure of the state of city prosperity based on the strength or weakness of the results of each di- mension, sub-dimension, and indicator. The scale goes from zero to 100, and it is divided in seven groups, ranging from extremely weak to very strong, defining in each case the rec- ommended type of intervention (Figure 1.2).

The CPI was estimated for 17 Saudi Arabian cities using 58 indicators. These 17 cities were selected based on region- al representation, geographical location, economic and reli- gious importance, share of population and city size (Figures 1.3 and 1.4). The analysis includes the general results, as well as an analysis based on city typology, reflecting the fact that there are relevant differences in city performance depending on their size, as well as their cultural, traditional, and religious background. There are four typologies defined based on such differences: The two Holy cities (Madinah and Makkah), ma- jor cities of over one million inhabitants (Al-Ahsa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taif), medium size cities of between 500 000 and one million inhabitants (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk), and minor cities of less than 500 000 inhabitants (Abha, Al-Bahahh, Arar, Hail, Jizan, Najran and Sakaka).

Overall, data indicate a moderately weak prosperity index (50.4), suggesting large discrepancies among the 6 dimen- sions of urban prosperity in Saudi Arabia. The dimension of “Quality of Life” has the highest value (65.7) followed in order by “Equity and Social Inclusion”, “Productivity”, “Infra- structure”, “Urban governance and legislation” and “Envi- ronment Sustainability”. The last two dimensions have the lowest average values. This suggests there are institutional and structural failures that lead to unbalanced urban system despite the dimension “Quality of life” showing the high- est performance. Medium cities show the highest value for “Productivity”, the two holy cities have the highest value for “Urban governance and legislation”, Major cities are best per- formers for “Infrastructure”, “Equity and Social Inclusion” and “Quality of Life”. Minor cities have the best value for “Envi- ronmental sustainability” (Figure 1.3).

CPI Results State of prosperity Type of intervention

80 - 100 Very strong Consolidate urban policies

70 - 79 Strong

60 - 69 Moderately strong Strengthen urban policies

50 - 59 Moderately weak

40 - 49 Weak

Prioritize urban policies10 - 39 Very weak

0 - 9 Extremely weak

FIGURE 1.2: GLOBAL SCALE OF CITY PROSPERITY

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

FIGURE 1.3: THE CITY PROSPERITY INDEX FOR 17 CITIES, OVERALL RESULTS AND BY CITY TYPOLOGY

FIGURE 1.4: THE CITY PROSPERITY INDEX FOR KSA BASED ON A SAMPLE OF 17 CITIES

FIGURE 2.1: SHARE OF NON-OIL, NON-AGRICULTURE NATIONAL GDP PPP

10%

15%

20%

25%

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0%

Riyadh

Jeddah

Dammam

Makkah

Madinah

Taief

Buraidah

Tabuk

Hail

Qatif

Abha

Najran

Sakaka

Arar

Jazan

Al-Baha

Percent of Total National Employment Percent of Total Regional Employment

Figure 2.2 : Percent of Regional and National Employment (exclusive of agriculture and mining)

10% 11%

16% 15%

11%

20%

11%

19% 18%

12%

16%

23%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Figure 2.3. Unemployment rates by region in 2012

45.3

52.7

63.4

51.8

24.7

56.4 51.7

54.3

71.9

57.9

42.9

50.9 54.6

49.4

71.9

49.2

44.8

36.2 48.0

43.6

62.9

33.9

61.7

37.8

PRODUCTIVITY

INFRASTRUCTURE

QUALITY OF LIFE

EQUITY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

URBAN GOVERNANCE AND

LEGISLATION

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

50.4

100

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S tr

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Ec on

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A gg

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Em pl

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H ou

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So ci

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U rb

an M

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St re

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ity

H ea

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Ed uc

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Sa fe

ty a

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ec ur

ity

Pu bl

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pa ce

Ec on

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E qu

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So ci

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G en

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La nd

U se

M ix

A ir

Q ua

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W as

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En er

Pa rt

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A cc

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Tr an

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In st

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ap ac

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Re gu

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ua lit

01 Productivity 02 Infrastructure 03 Quality of Life 04 Equity and Social

Inclusion 05 Environmental

Sustainability 06 Urban Governance and

Legislation

71.8

5.0 59.1

73.6

11.1 70.3

80.0

5.7 55.7

69.0

3.8 48.5

ECONOMIC STRENGTH

ECONOMIC AGGLOMERATION

EMPLOYMENT

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

68.0

84.4

65.2 50.0

100

City Product per Capita

Old Age Dependency

Mean Household Income

KSA-17 City average

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Hail

Al-Bahah

Abha

Jizan

Makkah

Taif

Najran

Madinah

Jeddah

Buraydah

Arar

Sakaka

Tabuk

Riyadh

Al-Ahsa

Dammam

Qatif

47.3 45.6

97.0

50.0

100

Unemployment Rate Employment to Population Ratio

Informal Employment

KSA-17 City average

61.0

27.0

51.9 45.3

78.4

67.6

26.2

64.6 49.6

63.4

75.3

25.9

46.4 39.0

70.8

44.5

35.6

51.0 24.5

64.2

HOUSING INFRASTRUCTURE

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

ICT URBAN MOBILITY

STREET CONNECTIVITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

52.5

59.0 54.2

95.2 100.0

14.5

48.9

100

Improved Shelter

Access to Improved

Water

Access to Improved Sanitation

Acess to Electricity

Sufficient Living Area

Residencial Density

KSA-17 City average

51.3

0.0

48.9

100

Physicians Density Number of Public Libraries

KSA-17 City average

64.3 61.0

38.4

48.9

100

Internet Access Home Computer Access

Average Broad Band Speed

KSA-17 City average

1.5

100.0

0.0

53.7

86.9

48.9

100

Use of Public Transport

Average Daily Travel Time

Length of Mass Transport Network

Traffic Fatalities

Affordability of Transport

KSA-17 City average

88.5

37.7

74.2

48.9

100

Intersection Density

Street Density Land Allocated to Streets

KSA-17 City average

65.2

56.2

94.6

37.8

74.2

61.5

91.9

59.9

75.8

53.7

92.4

68.5

67.9

55.8

91.9

59.2

HEALTH

EDUCATION

SAFETY AND SECURITY

PUBLIC SPACE

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

70.5 65.8

98.2

43.9

65.7

100

Life Expectancy at Birth

Under-Five Mortality Rate

Vaccination Coverage

Maternal Mortality

KSA-17 City average

89.5

80.2

11.3

49.2

65.7

100

Literacy Rate Mean Years of Schooling

Early Childhood Education Programme

Net Enrollment Rate in Higher Education

KSA-17 City average

87.9

96.0

65.7

100

Homicide Rate Theft Rate

KSA-17 City average

72.3 65.7

100

Green Area per Capita

Accessibility to Open Public Space

72.3

59.9

36.8

66.0

26.0

59.9

66.2

67.7

29.9

61.2

36.6

70.2

28.6

66.6

51.5

54.3

19.5

ECONOMIC EQUITY

SOCIAL INCLUSION

GENDER INCLUSION

URBAN DIVERSITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

40.8

66.6

50.2

100

Gini Coefficient Poverty Rate

KSA-17 City Average

86.8

30.6

50.2

100

Slum Households Youth Unemployment

KSA-17 City Average

91.8

85.3

26.9

59.9

100

Equitable Secondary School Enrollment

Women in Local Government

Women in the Work Force

KSA-17 City Average

8.1

65.9 0.0

41.1

55.0 0.0

50.0

66.2 0.0

40.1

76.9 0.0

AIR QUALITY

WASTE MANAGEMENT ENERGY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

60.3

18.8

1.4

45.1

100

Number of Monitoring Stations

PM10 Concentrations

CO2 Emissions

KSA-17 City Average

94.1

76.1

8.8

45.1

100

Solid Waste Collection

Waste Water Treatment

Solid Waste Recycling Share

KSA-17 City Average

25.6

14.4

100.0

86.5

17.8

0.0

49.6

86.5

18.9

23.3

28.0

74.6

26.1

36.1

95.7

73.0

PARTICIPATION

ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY

INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

REGULATORY QUALITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

83.9

40.4

45.1

100

Local Expenditure Efficiency

Own Revenue Collection

KSA-17 City Average

FIGURE 2.1: SHARE OF NON-OIL, NON-AGRICULTURE NATIONAL GDP PPP

10%

15%

20%

25%

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0%

Riyadh

Jeddah

Dammam

Makkah

Madinah

Taief

Buraidah

Tabuk

Hail

Qatif

Abha

Najran

Sakaka

Arar

Jazan

Al-Baha

Percent of Total National Employment Percent of Total Regional Employment

Figure 2.2 : Percent of Regional and National Employment (exclusive of agriculture and mining)

10% 11%

16% 15%

11%

20%

11%

19% 18%

12%

16%

23%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Figure 2.3. Unemployment rates by region in 2012

45.3

52.7

63.4

51.8

24.7

56.4 51.7

54.3

71.9

57.9

42.9

50.9 54.6

49.4

71.9

49.2

44.8

36.2 48.0

43.6

62.9

33.9

61.7

37.8

PRODUCTIVITY

INFRASTRUCTURE

QUALITY OF LIFE

EQUITY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

URBAN GOVERNANCE AND

LEGISLATION

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

50.4

100

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01 Productivity 02 Infrastructure 03 Quality of Life 04 Equity and Social

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71.8

5.0 59.1

73.6

11.1 70.3

80.0

5.7 55.7

69.0

3.8 48.5

ECONOMIC STRENGTH

ECONOMIC AGGLOMERATION

EMPLOYMENT

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

68.0

84.4

65.2 50.0

100

City Product per Capita

Old Age Dependency

Mean Household Income

KSA-17 City average

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Hail

Al-Bahah

Abha

Jizan

Makkah

Taif

Najran

Madinah

Jeddah

Buraydah

Arar

Sakaka

Tabuk

Riyadh

Al-Ahsa

Dammam

Qatif

47.3 45.6

97.0

50.0

100

Unemployment Rate Employment to Population Ratio

Informal Employment

KSA-17 City average

61.0

27.0

51.9 45.3

78.4

67.6

26.2

64.6 49.6

63.4

75.3

25.9

46.4 39.0

70.8

44.5

35.6

51.0 24.5

64.2

HOUSING INFRASTRUCTURE

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

ICT URBAN MOBILITY

STREET CONNECTIVITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

52.5

59.0 54.2

95.2 100.0

14.5

48.9

100

Improved Shelter

Access to Improved

Water

Access to Improved Sanitation

Acess to Electricity

Sufficient Living Area

Residencial Density

KSA-17 City average

51.3

0.0

48.9

100

Physicians Density Number of Public Libraries

KSA-17 City average

64.3 61.0

38.4

48.9

100

Internet Access Home Computer Access

Average Broad Band Speed

KSA-17 City average

1.5

100.0

0.0

53.7

86.9

48.9

100

Use of Public Transport

Average Daily Travel Time

Length of Mass Transport Network

Traffic Fatalities

Affordability of Transport

KSA-17 City average

88.5

37.7

74.2

48.9

100

Intersection Density

Street Density Land Allocated to Streets

KSA-17 City average

65.2

56.2

94.6

37.8

74.2

61.5

91.9

59.9

75.8

53.7

92.4

68.5

67.9

55.8

91.9

59.2

HEALTH

EDUCATION

SAFETY AND SECURITY

PUBLIC SPACE

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

70.5 65.8

98.2

43.9

65.7

100

Life Expectancy at Birth

Under-Five Mortality Rate

Vaccination Coverage

Maternal Mortality

KSA-17 City average

89.5

80.2

11.3

49.2

65.7

100

Literacy Rate Mean Years of Schooling

Early Childhood Education Programme

Net Enrollment Rate in Higher Education

KSA-17 City average

87.9

96.0

65.7

100

Homicide Rate Theft Rate

KSA-17 City average

72.3 65.7

100

Green Area per Capita

Accessibility to Open Public Space

72.3

59.9

36.8

66.0

26.0

59.9

66.2

67.7

29.9

61.2

36.6

70.2

28.6

66.6

51.5

54.3

19.5

ECONOMIC EQUITY

SOCIAL INCLUSION

GENDER INCLUSION

URBAN DIVERSITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

40.8

66.6

50.2

100

Gini Coefficient Poverty Rate

KSA-17 City Average

86.8

30.6

50.2

100

Slum Households Youth Unemployment

KSA-17 City Average

91.8

85.3

26.9

59.9

100

Equitable Secondary School Enrollment

Women in Local Government

Women in the Work Force

KSA-17 City Average

8.1

65.9 0.0

41.1

55.0 0.0

50.0

66.2 0.0

40.1

76.9 0.0

AIR QUALITY

WASTE MANAGEMENT ENERGY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

60.3

18.8

1.4

45.1

100

Number of Monitoring Stations

PM10 Concentrations

CO2 Emissions

KSA-17 City Average

94.1

76.1

8.8

45.1

100

Solid Waste Collection

Waste Water Treatment

Solid Waste Recycling Share

KSA-17 City Average

25.6

14.4

100.0

86.5

17.8

0.0

49.6

86.5

18.9

23.3

28.0

74.6

26.1

36.1

95.7

73.0

PARTICIPATION

ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY

INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

REGULATORY QUALITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

83.9

40.4

45.1

100

Local Expenditure Efficiency

Own Revenue Collection

KSA-17 City Average

KSA-17

ID CPI 50.4

01 PRODUCTIVITY 50.0

0101 Economic Strength 72.6

0102 Economic Agglomeration 7.1

0103 Employment 57.4

02 INFRASTRUCTURE 48.9

0201 Housing Infrastructure 59.5

0202 Social Infrastructure 25.7

0203 ICT 54.6

0204 Urban Mobility 48.4

0205 Street Connectivity 66.8

03 QUALITY OF LIFE 65.7

0301 Health 71.4

0302 Education 57.2

0303 Safety and Security 92.4

0304 Public Space 41.7

04 EQUITY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION 50.2

0401 Economic Equity 61.9

0402 Social Inclusion 51.5

0403 Gender Inclusion 63.4

0404 Land Use Mix 24.2

05 ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY 45.1

0501 Air Quality 35.5

0502 Waste Management 65.0

0503 Energy 0.0

06 URBAN GOVERNANCE AND LEGISLATION 45.1

0601 Participation 22.1

0602 Accountability and Transparency 24.3

0603 Institutional Capacity 57.2

0604 Regulatory Quality 81.2

CHAPTER 1: DYNAMICS OF URBANIZATION

ENDOTES

1 World Development Indicators, 2016.

2 General Authority for Statistics.

3 Source: Central Department of Statistics & Information, 1431 AH (2012) Population Tables 1-14,

4 Ministry of Economy and Planning, Brief Report on the Development Plan. See also, UN-Habitat, State of the Arab Cities, 2012.

5 Source: Saudi Arabia Housing Budget and Expenditure Surveys, 2007.

6 Source: Saudi Arabia Housing Budget and Expenditure Surveys, 2007. Tables 6-19

7 p. 199.

8 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, National Report submitted to the Third United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development, Riyadh, January 2016. Further cited as KSA Habitat III.

9 King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Review and Analysis of Land Development Policies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 1998. UN Habitat, Review and Evaluation of Urban Planning Legislation in Saudi Arabia,

10 Ninth Development Plan, Paragraph 32.3.

11 KSA Habitat III

12 2009 data.

13 MMM Group, Comprehensive Plan for Makkah, Madinah and Mashaer, September 2009.

14 ILO, 3rd Quarter data.

15 Labour Force Survey for 2012/13

16 MOMRA, UN Habitat III Report, p. 71.

17 Source for this section: UN-Habitat, Riyadh Synthesis Report.

One of the main challenges for estimating the CPI is using data at the city level. The traditional way used in other studies has been to rely on national, or regional data to undertake city-level analysis, even though such levels of analysis are inadequate to capture the specificities of cities. Estimating the CPI of Saudi Arabia has not been different from many other cases around the world, where city-level data is only available for some indicators, or some major cities, but not so for less common measurements, or secondary cities. Therefore, city-level information gaps represent a limitation for estimating the CPI, but also represent an opportunity for

improving national data collection systems, and to move to- wards understanding social, economic, environmental and institutional phenomena from a local and more specific point of view. In Saudi Arabia, the cities of Jeddah, Makkah, Mad- inah and Riyadh consistently have data for most of the indi- cators (although no city had 100% of data), however second- ary cities such as Al-Bahah, Al-Ahsa, Arar, Hail, Jizan, Najran, Qatif, Sakaka, Tabuk and Taeif showed important data gaps, therefore calling for the need to improve local data systems beyond major cities.

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

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THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

CHAPTER 2: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND DIVERSITY

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND DIVERSITY

CHAPTER 2:

CHAPTER 2: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND DIVERSITY

Cities as Engines of Economic Growth The role of cities as engines of economic growth in a glo- balized economy has been discussed at length since the 2004 World Urban Forum in Sao Paolo. This is not surprising as the global economy is increasingly knowledge based and networked, which contributes to its complexity. In order to prosper, the agricultural sector while important for both em- ployment and food security needs to be well linked to the cities.

With control of over half of existing global oil production capacity, Saudi Arabia is the only country in the world that can relatively quickly respond to supply disturbances. Event studies of the First Gulf War, the twin oil shocks in 2003, and the Libyan crisis suggest that Saudi Arabia used its spare capacity to mitigate supply shocks in other countries. As an oil producing country, Saudi Arabia’s economy is urban based with significant revenues from oil invested in major cities and urban areas. This orientation is reinforced by economic diver- sification fostering non-oil and technology sectors including ICT, finance, health and education as well as real estate.

The 9th development plan covered a period of conflict and instability in the Arab region along with the economic crisis due to the sharp decline in oil prices. Saudi Arabia’s general impact from the fluctuations in oil prices is reflected in the decline in the annual growth rate of GDP from 27.1 in 2011 to 14.3 in 2015. The sectoral distribution indicates the depth of the effects on the oil sector including its mining component and its refining, under manufacturing.

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

The annual growth rates of the products from the different economic sectors and activities that contribute to the GDP show their interconnections and the ripple effect of the oil revenues throughout the economy. Measures aimed at di- versifying the GDP include: Establish a unique logistic plat- form across three continents; Establish specific zones with competitive advantages to enhance investments; Develop tourism and entertainment sector; Saudize renewable ener- gy sectors; Saudize industrial equipment sectors; Develop IT sector; Develop mining sector; and Develop Oil & Gas sector (NTP). The growth rate of the construction sector declined from 17.9 in 2011 to 6.6 in 2015; wholesale and retail trade (which includes hotels and restaurants) declined from 13.4 to 4.3; transport and communication from 13.90 to 5.44; and personal savings from 10.9 to 4.0. Finance, insurance and real estate, a predominantly urban sector, was less affected. As in other oil producing countries, government services ex- panded to help mitigate the effect of the crisis and reduce unemployment among nationals.

The economic crisis has informed the adoption of the key drivers for the economy in the 10th Development Plan (2015- 2019). The overriding objective is to increase the value added of resources in all production activities starting with the oil sector. Of immediate importance to the urban areas are the plan’s targets that seek to expand the non-oil sectors’ contri- bution to the GDP from 59.1% in 2014 to 66% in 2019 at con- stant 2010 prices and to promote activities with higher value added ratios. Paralleling this objective, the plan also increas- es the private sector’s contribution to the GDP from 44.9% in 2015 to 50.6% in 2019. Conversely, the plan calls for an increase in public investment injecting SR 2.4 trillion on pro- jects in the different sectors and SR 372 billion on infrastruc- ture, promoting regional balanced growth and diversified local economies. The on-going privatization of state-owned assets,

Road trough the desert. Riyadh-Mecca highway in Saudi Arabia. © Shutterstock

PHOTO

including leading companies, property and other assets, will bring in new and more diverse revenues for the Saudi govern- ment. This will further enhance the financial resources and economic stability, which will be reinvested for long-term im- pact. The government will develop further the sophistication of its investment vehicles, particularly after transferring the ownership of Aramco to the Public Investment Fund, which will become the largest sovereign wealth fund in the world. The government aims to increase the efficiency of the fund’s management and improve its return on investment, with the aim of diversifying the government resources and economy. The Public Investment Fund will not compete with the private sector, but instead help unlock strategic sectors requiring in- tensive capital inputs. This will contribute towards developing entirely new economic sectors and establishing durable na- tional corporations (Vision 2030). The plan also seeks to main- tain the share of consumption of goods and services in the GDP at between 53% and 54% in constant 2010 prices. The Plan’s objectives and strategies are reflected in government expenditures in the different regions, through infrastructure projects, development credits, central transfers to municipal- ities and programs for provision of government services.

The City Prosperity Index database gives a city product in purchasing power parity dollars that is used to calculate a level of economic density for the city by dividing this value by the city’s urban area.28 Statistics provided by the World Bank National Accounts data, gives figures for the GDP in current and purchasing power parity dollars for 2015. The ratio of GDP PPP (purchasing power parity) to GDP current is high at 2.6. This seems to indicate that the prices of goods and ser-

CHAPTER 2: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND DIVERSITY

vices are lower than the exchange rate suggest. The General Authority for Statistics of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia gives the GDP generated by the oil sector and the non-oil sector for 2015. This non-oil GDP figure can then be converted to non-oil GDP PPP by applying the 2.6 ratio. Alternatively, the

ratio of non-oil GDP to total GDP in current dollars is .71 for 2015. This ratio can then be applied to the GDP PPP to obtain the non-oil GDP PPP. The 2 methods give very close results between USD 1.1 and 1.2 trillion (Table 2.1).

TABLE 2.1: GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT BY ECONOMIC SECTOR

Source: CPI Database 2015; General Authority for Statistics

National (Billions of Current Saudi Riyals) Riyadh City (Billions of Current Saudi Riyals)

Agriculture + Oil 1,167.2 179.6

Industry 487.3 88.5

Commerce 412.5 89.0

FIRE 260.0 75.4

Services 77.9 20.4

Government 394.4 82.8

Others 22.5 6.3

Total 2,821.7 542.0

Total Non-Oil, Non Agriculture GDP (Current USD) $ 441.2 $ 96.7

Total Non-Oil, Non Agriculture GDP (USD PPP) $ 1,239.8 $ 271.6

People in the main square of Al Bathaa district, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. © Shutterstock

PHOTO

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

Riyadh is the only city for which a GDP by economic sector has been provided by the government department of statistics. The tables also give a national sectoral distribution of GDP. Excluding the oil and agricultural sectors, the 2015 GDP in current US dollars for Riyadh city is 96 billion. Accordingly, the GDP PPP given in the CPI database uses a conversion factor of 2.8. Sectoral data for the other selected cities are not available. It can be assumed that the same ratio was applied to all cities as a reasonable approximation. The GDP PPP of the selected cities and their contribution to the National GDP PPP is shown in Table 2.2.

TABLE 2.2: SHARE OF NATIONAL NON-OIL, NON-AGRICULTURAL GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (PPP) BY CITY Source: CPI Database 2015; General Authority for Statistics, National Accounts Indicators 2015, Gross Domestic Product by Sector at Current Prices.

Cities Non-oil, Non-Agricultural City Product (in billions of USD PPP) Share of Non-Oil, Non-Agriculture National GDP PPP

Key Cities

Riyadh 271.7 21.9%

Jeddah 79.8 6.4%

Dammam 45.1 3.6%

Makkah 38.5 3.1%

Madinah 36.5 2.9%

Second Tier

Taief 12.4 1.0%

Buraidah 14.5 1.2%

Tabuk 13.8 1.1%

Hail 10.9 0.9%

Second Tier

Qatif 15.6 1.3%

Abha 5.9 0.5%

Najran 5.7 0.5%

Sakakah 5.5 0.4%

Arar 4.1 0.3%

Jazan 1.5 0.1%

Al-Baha 1.9 0.2%

Total 563.5 45.5%

National Non-oil, Non Agricultural GDP (USD PPP)

1,239.8

In many ways, the country’s geography, the location of the pilgrimage cities in the two Western regions and the loca- tion of the oil fields in the Eastern regions have led to a qua- si-balanced growth and mitigated the primacy of Riyadh. The capital remains the dominant city but its share of the GDP at 21.9% is less than that of similar capital cities of the Arab region apart from Morocco.

The largest 16 cities generate 45.5% of the country’s non-oil, non-agriculture GDP. The 5 key cities generate 37.9% of the total, the 1st tier cities produce 4.2% and the 2nd tier cities contribute 3.3% (Figure 2.1). This strong correlation between size and economic product is not surprising since urban growth and public and private investment create economic activity and employment and foster both production and con-

sumption. Riyadh and Jeddah are the two main drivers of the urban economy accounting for 27.3% of the national eco- nomic product exclusive of oil and agriculture. They provide the most diverse economic base and broadest range of op- portunities. They are the key gateway cities and in the case of Jeddah, the international entry point for the Hajj pilgrimage. Dammam is the centre of the oil producing eastern region, a factor that has shaped its economic structure and intercon- nectedness with Khobar. Makkah and Madinah have unique status as the centres of the pilgrimage. This international religious role and relationships worldwide are leveraged to promote Islamic culture within these two cities. All the larg- est cities offer excellent educational institutions, hospitals, a strong finance and real estate sector and bustling trade and commerce.

CHAPTER 2: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND DIVERSITY

FIGURE 2.1: SHARE OF NON-OIL, NON-AGRICULTURE NATIONAL GDP PPP

Source: CPI Database; General Authority for Statistics, 2015 National Indicators FIGURE 2.1: SHARE OF NON-OIL, NON-AGRICULTURE NATIONAL GDP PPP

10%

15%

20%

25%

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0%

Riyadh

Jeddah

Dammam

Makkah

Madinah

Taief

Buraidah

Tabuk

Hail

Qatif

Abha

Najran

Sakaka

Arar

Jazan

Al-Baha

Percent of Total National Employment Percent of Total Regional Employment

Figure 2.2 : Percent of Regional and National Employment (exclusive of agriculture and mining)

10% 11%

16% 15%

11%

20%

11%

19% 18%

12%

16%

23%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Figure 2.3. Unemployment rates by region in 2012

Measures addressing economic growth challenges and strengthening sustainable development The 10th Development Plan assessed the challenges to growth, diversification and the competitiveness of national products, including the impediments to public-private part- nerships and the lack of medium and long-term bank credit to finance SMEs. The plan relies on increasing public spending by an annual rate of 6.3% to promote the non-oil sectors with the aim of increasing non-oil public revenue from 163.5 to SR 530 billion by 2020 at an average annual rate of 11.2%. The aim is to boost its share in total public revenue from 10.1% in 2014 to 13.9% in 2019. This ambitious target will require a special focus on the development of cities as the drivers of the non-oil economy.

Among the impediments to realizing these targets are issues of land ownership, availability, suitability and distance from main cities thereby highlighting the importance of larger cit- ies in improving project performance through access to land, infrastructure, services and technology. The Plan also calls for reducing the rental charges of land in the industrial devel- opment zones, the investment projects and the 4 economic cities to attract private investments.

The Plan proposed to review investment policies to foster the objective of balanced and sustainable development of the different regions based on their comparative advantag- es. This entails a targeted focus on improving the functional efficiency of their major cities and providing incentives for

private investment outside the 3 leading regions. To address these challenges, the plan proposed to increase longer-term public investment through the national specialized institu- tions including the Public Investment Fund, the Real Estate Development Fund, the Saudi Credit and Saving Bank for microenterprises and the Human Resources Development Fund. Furthermore, thirteen regional investment councils are being established to work in cooperation with SAGIA, the Saudi Arabian General Investment Authority, to create an enabling environment for investment in their respective regions.

SAGIA funds projects in a with range of economic sectors that are of interest to cities including transport, housing, in- frastructure, education, healthcare, building materials, man- ufacturing, renewable energy, ICT and tourism. SAGIA has also relaxed its regulations to attract foreign investment in knowledge, technology and innovation. SAGIA is leading the development of the new economic cities starting with King Abdullah Economic City (KAEC) bringing together Saudi pri- vate investors and government entities. KAEC is located on the alignment of the planned high-speed train linking Madi- nah, Makkah, and Jeddah.

Employment Employment statistics demonstrate the extent to which Sau- di cities provide opportunities for both Saudis and non-Saudi expatriate workers. The latter in turn support extended fami- lies in their home countries, contributing to poverty reduction and alleviation of vulnerability, which are two crosscutting objectives of the Sustainable Development Goals.

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

Aside from agriculture and crude oil, all growth and high em- ployment sectors are located in and around the cities particu- larly the rapidly expanding knowledge, technology, finance and real estate sectors. Unfortunately, the distribution of employment by economic sectors or occupational categories within the cities selected is unavailable. However, the Saudi Arabia General Authority for Statistics does provide a sec- toral distribution of employment for 2015 within the different regions. Table 2.3 shows this information in percentage dis- tribution by region and sector to demonstrate their relative importance nationally and regionally. The four categories of economic activities most attractive to the Saudi labour force are public administration, which provides 15.6% of the jobs held by nationals; wholesale and retail trade including of mo- tor vehicles which provides 13.8%; education which provides 12.1% and construction which provides 11.8%.

Employment opportunities reflect the resources and struc- ture of the regional economies as well as the government’s expenditures seeking to alleviate regional disparities and im- prove the urban quality of life and enhance economic poten- tial. Although the cities are key drivers of the regional econ- omy, it must be noted that most regions encompass more

than one important city making it impossible to allocate the sectoral employment shown in Table 2.1 above. This is par- ticularly the case of two lead regions; Makkah Governorate, which encompasses Jeddah, Makkah, Taief and the Eastern Province, which encompasses Dammam, Khobar, Qatif and Dhahran. Nevertheless, the employment figures reflect local resource endowments and the special functions that each city performs. The Riyadh and Makkah region each generate 27% of national employment and the Eastern region 16%, which represents 72% of the jobs in the oil sector indus- tries. Jobs in manufacturing, trade and commerce, transport, utilities, public administration, more importantly knowledge based sectors including information and communication technology, finance, insurance and business services, real estate activities, technical services, education, health and hi- tech activities are primarily located within the cities. Some of these employment sectors are dependent on foreign labour with sometimes significant variations in wages between nationals and non-nationals. Improvements to the internal mobility of foreign workers would enhance their bargaining power and gradually narrow the wage differential. The gov- ernment has recently introduced unemployment allowances for Saudi workers.

Street view with cars and palms, dust storm in Saudi Arabia. © Shutterstock

PHOTO

CHAPTER 2: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND DIVERSITY

TA B

LE 2

.3 : R

EG IO

N AL

E M

PL OY

M EN

T FO

R 20

So ur

ce : G

en er

al A

ut ho

rit y

fo r S

ta tis

tic s,

2 01

5 La

bo ur

F or

ce S

ur ve

Ec on

om ic

A ct

iv ity

Riyadh

Makkah

Madinah

Qassim

Easte. Prov.

Asir

Tabuk

Hail

Northern Border.

Jazan

Najran

Al - Baha

Al - Jouf

Total (100%)

% of National Employment

Ag ric

ul tu

re , f

or es

try a

nd fi

sh in

g 27

% 16

% 6%

7% 15

% 11

% 3%

2% 1%

8% 1%

0% 2%

10 0%

6. 1%

M in

in g

an d

qu ar

ry in

g 5%

14 %

5% 0%

72 %

0% 1%

0% 0%

10 0%

1. 2%

M an

uf ac

tu rin

g 28

% 30

% 4%

3% 26

% 2%

1% 1%

1% 10

0% 8.

El ec

tri ci

ty , g

as , s

te am

a nd

a ir

co nd

iti on

in g

su pp

ly 19

% 22

% 10

% 5%

22 %

8% 2%

2% 1%

3% 2%

1% 1%

10 0%

0. 8%

W at

er s

up pl

y; s

ew er

ag e,

w as

te m

an ag

em en

t an

d re

m ed

ia tio

n ac

tiv iti

es 13

% 54

% 6%

2% 15

% 1%

1% 0%

0% 3%

1% 1%

1% 10

0% 0.

Co ns

tru ct

io n

29 %

30 %

6% 5%

16 %

4% 2%

2% 1%

3% 1%

1% 1%

10 0%

11 .8

W ho

le sa

le a

nd re

ta il

tra de

; r ep

ai r o

f m

ot or

v eh

ic le

s an

d m

ot or

cy cl

es 28

% 30

% 5%

4% 16

% 5%

2% 2%

1% 3%

2% 1%

1% 10

0% 13

.8 %

Tr an

sp or

ta tio

n an

d st

or ag

e 22

% 32

% 7%

2% 23

% 3%

1% 1%

1% 6%

2% 0%

1% 10

0% 3.

Ac co

m m

od at

io n

an d

fo od

s er

vi ce

a ct

iv iti

es 21

% 33

% 22

% 4%

11 %

1% 1%

2% 2%

1% 1%

10 0%

2. 9%

In fo

rm at

io n

an d

co m

m un

ic at

io n

47 %

25 %

4% 1%

16 %

1% 1%

1% 0%

10 0%

1. 0%

Fi na

nc ia

l a nd

in su

ra nc

e ac

tiv iti

es 46

% 26

% 3%

3% 17

% 1%

1% 1%

0% 1%

1% 10

0% 1.

Re al

e st

at e

ac tiv

iti es

19 %

47 %

3% 8%

11 %

4% 3%

1% 0%

2% 1%

0% 0%

10 0%

1. 0%

Pr of

es si

on al

, s ci

en tifi

c an

d te

ch ni

ca l a

ct iv

iti es

35 %

33 %

4% 2%

20 %

1% 1%

0% 1%

1% 1%

10 0%

1. 5%

Ad m

in is

tra tiv

e an

d su

pp or

t s er

vi ce

a ct

iv iti

es 31

% 34

% 3%

5% 15

% 1%

1% 1%

1% 5%

0% 2%

1% 10

0% 2.

Pu bl

ic a

dm in

is tra

tio n

an d

de fe

nc e;

c om

pu ls

or y

so ci

al s

ec ur

ity 26

% 21

% 5%

4% 11

% 13

% 5%

3% 1%

5% 3%

2% 2%

10 0%

15 .6

Ed uc

at io

n 23

% 24

% 6%

6% 12

% 7%

3% 3%

2% 8%

2% 3%

2% 10

0% 12

.1 %

Hu m

an h

ea lth

a nd

s oc

ia l w

or k

ac tiv

iti es

30 %

25 %

7% 4%

15 %

3% 3%

2% 2%

4% 2%

1% 2%

10 0%

4. 8%

Ar ts

, e nt

er ta

in m

en t a

nd re

cr ea

tio n

40 %

35 %

3% 0%

11 %

0% 3%

0% 0%

7% 1%

0% 0%

10 0%

0. 1%

Ot he

r s er

vi ce

a ct

iv iti

es 36

% 27

% 5%

7% 11

% 2%

2% 3%

0% 2%

2% 1%

1% 10

0% 2.

Ac tiv

iti es

o f h

ou se

ho ld

s as

e m

pl oy

er s;

u nd

iff er

en tia

te d

go od

an d

se rv

ic es

-p ro

du ci

ng a

ct iv

iti es

o f h

ou se

ho ld

s fo

r o w

n us

e 31

% 28

% 5%

4% 15

% 6%

1% 2%

1% 3%

1% 1%

2% 10

0% 9.

Ac tiv

iti es

o f e

xt ra

te rri

to ria

l o rg

an iza

tio ns

a nd

b od

ie s

34 %

59 %

6% 0%

0% 1%

0% 0%

0% 10

0% 0.

To ta

l ( x

10 00

) 31

36 30

70 66

8 50

4 18

44 67

8 27

5 21

7 11

9 47

5 18

3 14

9 16

6 11

48 5

10 0%

Pe rc

en t o

f T ot

al 27

% 27

% 6%

4% 16

% 6%

2% 2%

1% 4%

2% 1%

1% 10

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

The Riyadh, Makkah, Eastern and Asir regions were the main beneficiaries of the loans provided by the specialized cred- it institutions during the period covered by the 9th Develop- ment Plan. The Eastern region has, as expected, been the largest recipient of industrial credit (about 70%) followed by Riyadh, Madinah, and Makkah that, together, received about one third. In contrast, Riyadh was the largest recipient of real estate credit (about 25%) followed by Makkah, the Eastern region and Qassim. The effort to improve the quality of the urban environment in the different regions is reflected in the more balanced distribution of real estate loans among the regions. Interestingly, the 4 key beneficiary regions absorbed most of the loans granted by the credit and saving Bank, ac- counting for 60.5% in 200829. This underscores the ability of cities to provide the opportunity for the emergence of small and medium size enterprises and to nurture entrepreneur- ship.

The selected cities provide 68.2% of the total employment distributed as shown in Table 2.4. The share of total national employment by city tier reveals the extent to which larger cities offer more avenues for employment with key, first and second tier cities employing 50.8%, 7.1%, 6.4% of job hold- ers respectively. Comparing the regional employment data with city employment data shows the relative employment footprint each city is producing within their larger region. The region of Makkah provides jobs to an equal percentage of the workers as the region of Riyadh at 27%, however within the Makkah region, Jeddah generated jobs for over 50% of the active labour force. In the Riyadh region, the capital city gen- erates nearly 80% of all the jobs in the region since the Ri- yadh metropolitan area is the dominant feature of the region.

Although the contribution of the 1st and 2nd tier cities to na- tional employment is small by comparison to the 5 key cities, their importance within their region is noticeable. Tabuk pro- vides 76% of the employment in its region, Hail 73%, Najran 61.3%, Arar 59.1% and Sakakah 56.7%.

TABLE 2.4: EMPLOYMENT BY CITY

Source: CPI Database; General Authority for Statistics, 2015 Labour force Survey.

Cities Employed Percent of Total

Regional Employment Percent of Total

National Employment

Percent of Regional Employment (exclusive of

agriculture and mining)

Percent of National Employment (exclusive of

agriculture and mining)

Primary Cities

Riyadh 2,488,145 79.3% 21.7% 84.6% 23.4%

Jeddah 1,585,831 51.7% 13.8% 53.9% 14.9%

Dammam 656,492 35.6% 5.7% 40.0% 6.2%

Makkah 717,746 23.4% 6.2% 24.4% 6.7%

Madinah 390,396 58.4% 3.4% 63.3% 3.7%

First Tier

Taief 237,396 7.7% 2.1% 8.1% 2.2%

Buraidah 206,715 41.0% 1.8% 45.7% 1.9%

Tabuk 209,218 76.0% 1.8% 83.5% 2.0%

Hail 158,679 73.0% 1.4% 78.7% 1.5%

Secondary Cities

Qatif 226,402 12.3% 2.0% 13.8% 2.1%

Abha 135,546 20.0% 1.2% 22.5% 1.3%

Najran 112,476 61.3% 1.0% 64.3% 1.1%

Sakaka 94,215 56.7% 0.8% 62.3% 0.9%

Arar 70,255 59.1% 0.6% 63.8% 0.7%

Jazan 54,045 11.4% 0.5% 12.9% 0.5%

Al-Baha 38,662 26.0% 0.3% 26.6% 0.4%

Total 7,833,186 68.2% 73.6%

CHAPTER 2: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND DIVERSITY

FIGURE 2.2: PERCENT OF REGIONAL AND NATIONAL EMPLOYMENT (EXCLUSIVE OF AGRICULTURE AND MINING)

Source: CPI Database; General Authority for Statistics, 2015 Labour force Survey.

FIGURE 2.1: SHARE OF NON-OIL, NON-AGRICULTURE NATIONAL GDP PPP

10%

15%

20%

25%

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0%

Riyadh

Jeddah

Dammam

Makkah

Madinah

Taief

Buraidah

Tabuk

Hail

Qatif

Abha

Najran

Sakaka

Arar

Jazan

Al-Baha

Percent of Total National Employment Percent of Total Regional Employment

Figure 2.2 : Percent of Regional and National Employment (exclusive of agriculture and mining)

10% 11%

16% 15%

11%

20%

11%

19% 18%

12%

16%

23%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Figure 2.3. Unemployment rates by region in 2012

Excluding agriculture and mining, the 5 key cities generate 54.9% of the national employment in the other sectors with Riyadh providing for 23.4% and Jeddah 14.9%. The 4 first tier cities provide 7.6% and the 7 second-tier cities 7.0%. Among the 16 selected cities, 9 in the 3 tiers provide over half of

the jobs in their respective regions: Riyadh 84.6%, Jeddah 53.9%, Madinah 63.3%, Tabuk 83.5%, Hail 78.7%, Najran 64.3%, Arar 63.8%, Sakakah 62.3% and Jeddah 53.9% (Fig- ures 2.2).

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

Productivity A prosperous city continuously increases its productivity, creating more and better-paying jobs, and balances opportu- nities across socio-economic groups (e.g. between genders or, minorities,) and increases its population’s quality of life. Spatially, a prosperous city efficiently integrates different land uses and provides adequate urban land, grouping together economic, social, and cultural activities, and takes advantage of its agglomeration economies. Through the CPI analysis, Saudi Arabia cities are about half way on the journey of at- taining these goals, with some observed disparities between sub-dimensions.

The Productivity dimension has the smallest disparities across city typologies (Figure 2.3). The major cities tend to have stronger economic performance, particularly regarding

Economic Agglomeration and Employment. These results are expected since the economic activity tends to concentrate in large urban areas, which usually provide more diverse and higher quality products and services, as well as work oppor- tunities. The opposite is also true for the minor cities, which tend to have a weak economic performance. The holy cities, and medium sized cities have a very similar performance, however it is worth noting that both holy cities have well over one million inhabitants, which would make them major cities. Nonetheless, they do not show the expected economic per- formance as the other major cities. This is likely due to their economic systems being strongly driven by the dominant role of pilgrims in their local economy.

FIGURE 2.3: DIMENSIONS OF THE CPI: 1. PRODUCTIVITY

The Economic Strength sub-dimension shows strong per- formance on the global scale of city prosperity. The cities of Dammam and Qatif are the best performers, with scores of 90.5 and 88.4 respectively. These scores are considerably higher than those obtained by the poor performers (Jizan 58.3, Makkah 62.8, and Al-Bahah 63.4), however the differ- ences are not as large as those observed in most of the other sub-dimensions of the CPI. In terms of Economic Strength, Saudi Arabia cities do not have large disparities, however these results are likely to change as new economic devel- opment strategies are put in place and take effect. The cur- rent efforts to shift towards a knowledge-based economy30 is likely to have strong impacts on City Product per Capita,

and Mean Household Income, and to deepen the differenc- es between cities. This is because such structural economic transformations tend to be very heterogeneous across re- gions and cities depending on their existing scientific and knowledge-based assets, and their economic, social and cul- tural backgrounds. Currently, more than 86 and 67% of total industrial activity, and business operations respectively are concentrated in Riyadh, Makkah and the Eastern regions.31 Unless specific policies for distributing economic develop- ment more evenly across the country are implemented, it is to be expected that the transformations on the economic system will have a disproportionally larger positive impact on these same regions, deepening regional disparities.

FIGURE 2.1: SHARE OF NON-OIL, NON-AGRICULTURE NATIONAL GDP PPP

10%

15%

20%

25%

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0%

Riyadh

Jeddah

Dammam

Makkah

Madinah

Taief

Buraidah

Tabuk

Hail

Qatif

Abha

Najran

Sakaka

Arar

Jazan

Al-Baha

Percent of Total National Employment Percent of Total Regional Employment

Figure 2.2 : Percent of Regional and National Employment (exclusive of agriculture and mining)

10% 11%

16% 15%

11%

20%

11%

19% 18%

12%

16%

23%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Figure 2.3. Unemployment rates by region in 2012

45.3

52.7

63.4

51.8

24.7

56.4 51.7

54.3

71.9

57.9

42.9

50.9 54.6

49.4

71.9

49.2

44.8

36.2 48.0

43.6

62.9

33.9

61.7

37.8

PRODUCTIVITY

INFRASTRUCTURE

QUALITY OF LIFE

EQUITY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

URBAN GOVERNANCE AND

LEGISLATION

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

50.4

100

Ec on

om ic

S tr

en gt

Ec on

om ic

A gg

lo m

er at

io n

Em pl

oy m

en t

H ou

si ng

In fr

as tr

uc tu

So ci

al In

fr as

tr uc

tu re

IC T

U rb

an M

ob ili

St re

et C

on ne

ct iv

ity

H ea

lth

Ed uc

at io

Sa fe

ty a

nd S

ec ur

ity

Pu bl

ic S

pa ce

Ec on

om ic

E qu

ity

So ci

al In

cl us

io n

G en

de r I

nc lu

si on

La nd

U se

M ix

A ir

Q ua

lit y

W as

te M

an ag

em en

En er

Pa rt

ic ip

at io

A cc

ou nt

ab ili

ty a

Tr an

sp ar

en cy

In st

itu tio

na l C

ap ac

ity

Re gu

la to

ry Q

ua lit

01 Productivity 02 Infrastructure 03 Quality of Life 04 Equity and Social

Inclusion 05 Environmental

Sustainability 06 Urban Governance and

Legislation

71.8

5.0 59.1

73.6

11.1 70.3

80.0

5.7 55.7

69.0

3.8 48.5

ECONOMIC STRENGTH

ECONOMIC AGGLOMERATION

EMPLOYMENT

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

68.0

84.4

65.2 50.0

100

City Product per Capita

Old Age Dependency

Mean Household Income

KSA-17 City average

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Hail

Al-Bahah

Abha

Jizan

Makkah

Taif

Najran

Madinah

Jeddah

Buraydah

Arar

Sakaka

Tabuk

Riyadh

Al-Ahsa

Dammam

Qatif

47.3 45.6

97.0

50.0

100

Unemployment Rate Employment to Population Ratio

Informal Employment

KSA-17 City average

61.0

27.0

51.9 45.3

78.4

67.6

26.2

64.6 49.6

63.4

75.3

25.9

46.4 39.0

70.8

44.5

35.6

51.0 24.5

64.2

HOUSING INFRASTRUCTURE

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

ICT URBAN MOBILITY

STREET CONNECTIVITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

52.5

59.0 54.2

95.2 100.0

14.5

48.9

100

Improved Shelter

Access to Improved

Water

Access to Improved Sanitation

Acess to Electricity

Sufficient Living Area

Residencial Density

KSA-17 City average

51.3

0.0

48.9

100

Physicians Density Number of Public Libraries

KSA-17 City average

64.3 61.0

38.4

48.9

100

Internet Access Home Computer Access

Average Broad Band Speed

KSA-17 City average

1.5

100.0

0.0

53.7

86.9

48.9

100

Use of Public Transport

Average Daily Travel Time

Length of Mass Transport Network

Traffic Fatalities

Affordability of Transport

KSA-17 City average

88.5

37.7

74.2

48.9

100

Intersection Density

Street Density Land Allocated to Streets

KSA-17 City average

65.2

56.2

94.6

37.8

74.2

61.5

91.9

59.9

75.8

53.7

92.4

68.5

67.9

55.8

91.9

59.2

HEALTH

EDUCATION

SAFETY AND SECURITY

PUBLIC SPACE

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

70.5 65.8

98.2

43.9

65.7

100

Life Expectancy at Birth

Under-Five Mortality Rate

Vaccination Coverage

Maternal Mortality

KSA-17 City average

89.5

80.2

11.3

49.2

65.7

100

Literacy Rate Mean Years of Schooling

Early Childhood Education Programme

Net Enrollment Rate in Higher Education

KSA-17 City average

87.9

96.0

65.7

100

Homicide Rate Theft Rate

KSA-17 City average

72.3 65.7

100

Green Area per Capita

Accessibility to Open Public Space

72.3

59.9

36.8

66.0

26.0

59.9

66.2

67.7

29.9

61.2

36.6

70.2

28.6

66.6

51.5

54.3

19.5

ECONOMIC EQUITY

SOCIAL INCLUSION

GENDER INCLUSION

URBAN DIVERSITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

40.8

66.6

50.2

100

Gini Coefficient Poverty Rate

KSA-17 City Average

86.8

30.6

50.2

100

Slum Households Youth Unemployment

KSA-17 City Average

91.8

85.3

26.9

59.9

100

Equitable Secondary School Enrollment

Women in Local Government

Women in the Work Force

KSA-17 City Average

8.1

65.9 0.0

41.1

55.0 0.0

50.0

66.2 0.0

40.1

76.9 0.0

AIR QUALITY

WASTE MANAGEMENT ENERGY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

60.3

18.8

1.4

45.1

100

Number of Monitoring Stations

PM10 Concentrations

CO2 Emissions

KSA-17 City Average

94.1

76.1

8.8

45.1

100

Solid Waste Collection

Waste Water Treatment

Solid Waste Recycling Share

KSA-17 City Average

25.6

14.4

100.0

86.5

17.8

0.0

49.6

86.5

18.9

23.3

28.0

74.6

26.1

36.1

95.7

73.0

PARTICIPATION

ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY

INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

REGULATORY QUALITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

83.9

40.4

45.1

100

Local Expenditure Efficiency

Own Revenue Collection

KSA-17 City Average

ID CITY

01 PRODUCTIVITY KSA-17

CPI 50.0

0101 ECONOMIC STRENGTH 72.6

010101 City Product per Capita 68.0

010102 Old Age Dependency 84.4

010103 Mean Household Income 65.2

0102 ECONOMIC AGGLOMERATION 7.1

010201 Economic Density 7.1

0103 EMPLOYMENT 57.4

010301 Unemployment Rate 47.3

010302 Employment to Population Ratio 45.6

010303 Informal Employment 97.0

CHAPTER 2: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND DIVERSITY

City Product per Capita: The indicator for the per capita productive value of the local economy is moderately strong, which favours local economic development (Figure 2.4).

Old Age Dependency: The ratio of elderly people (age 65+) to the total number of working-age people (age 15 to 64) re- flects a very strong indicator, which means that the availabili- ty of the workforce, as well as the low dependency levels will remain in the future.

Mean Household Income: The indicator for the income earned by the average household is moderately strong, showing relatively positive conditions of the local economies, with a potential for economic development, and for increas- ing purchasing power.

The indicator of Old Age Dependency does not have steep variations across cities since all of them have a relatively high value (the poor preforming cities -Hail and Al-Bahah- have val- ues of 64.0 and 64.7 respectively). Unlike Old Age Depend- ency, City Product per Capita shows more variation across cities. Abha is the poorest performer with 59.2, whereas Ri- yadh is the strongest with 80.9 (Figure 2.5).

FIGURE 2.4: ECONOMIC STRENGTH SUB-DIMENSION

FIGURE 2.1: SHARE OF NON-OIL, NON-AGRICULTURE NATIONAL GDP PPP

10%

15%

20%

25%

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0%

Riyadh

Jeddah

Dammam

Makkah

Madinah

Taief

Buraidah

Tabuk

Hail

Qatif

Abha

Najran

Sakaka

Arar

Jazan

Al-Baha

Percent of Total National Employment Percent of Total Regional Employment

Figure 2.2 : Percent of Regional and National Employment (exclusive of agriculture and mining)

10% 11%

16% 15%

11%

20%

11%

19% 18%

12%

16%

23%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Figure 2.3. Unemployment rates by region in 2012

45.3

52.7

63.4

51.8

24.7

56.4 51.7

54.3

71.9

57.9

42.9

50.9 54.6

49.4

71.9

49.2

44.8

36.2 48.0

43.6

62.9

33.9

61.7

37.8

PRODUCTIVITY

INFRASTRUCTURE

QUALITY OF LIFE

EQUITY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

URBAN GOVERNANCE AND

LEGISLATION

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

50.4

100

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ity

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01 Productivity 02 Infrastructure 03 Quality of Life 04 Equity and Social

Inclusion 05 Environmental

Sustainability 06 Urban Governance and

Legislation

71.8

5.0 59.1

73.6

11.1 70.3

80.0

5.7 55.7

69.0

3.8 48.5

ECONOMIC STRENGTH

ECONOMIC AGGLOMERATION

EMPLOYMENT

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

68.0

84.4

65.2 50.0

100

City Product per Capita

Old Age Dependency

Mean Household Income

KSA-17 City average

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Hail

Al-Bahah

Abha

Jizan

Makkah

Taif

Najran

Madinah

Jeddah

Buraydah

Arar

Sakaka

Tabuk

Riyadh

Al-Ahsa

Dammam

Qatif

47.3 45.6

97.0

50.0

100

Unemployment Rate Employment to Population Ratio

Informal Employment

KSA-17 City average

61.0

27.0

51.9 45.3

78.4

67.6

26.2

64.6 49.6

63.4

75.3

25.9

46.4 39.0

70.8

44.5

35.6

51.0 24.5

64.2

HOUSING INFRASTRUCTURE

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

ICT URBAN MOBILITY

STREET CONNECTIVITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

52.5

59.0 54.2

95.2 100.0

14.5

48.9

100

Improved Shelter

Access to Improved

Water

Access to Improved Sanitation

Acess to Electricity

Sufficient Living Area

Residencial Density

KSA-17 City average

51.3

0.0

48.9

100

Physicians Density Number of Public Libraries

KSA-17 City average

64.3 61.0

38.4

48.9

100

Internet Access Home Computer Access

Average Broad Band Speed

KSA-17 City average

1.5

100.0

0.0

53.7

86.9

48.9

100

Use of Public Transport

Average Daily Travel Time

Length of Mass Transport Network

Traffic Fatalities

Affordability of Transport

KSA-17 City average

88.5

37.7

74.2

48.9

100

Intersection Density

Street Density Land Allocated to Streets

KSA-17 City average

65.2

56.2

94.6

37.8

74.2

61.5

91.9

59.9

75.8

53.7

92.4

68.5

67.9

55.8

91.9

59.2

HEALTH

EDUCATION

SAFETY AND SECURITY

PUBLIC SPACE

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

70.5 65.8

98.2

43.9

65.7

100

Life Expectancy at Birth

Under-Five Mortality Rate

Vaccination Coverage

Maternal Mortality

KSA-17 City average

89.5

80.2

11.3

49.2

65.7

100

Literacy Rate Mean Years of Schooling

Early Childhood Education Programme

Net Enrollment Rate in Higher Education

KSA-17 City average

87.9

96.0

65.7

100

Homicide Rate Theft Rate

KSA-17 City average

72.3 65.7

100

Green Area per Capita

Accessibility to Open Public Space

72.3

59.9

36.8

66.0

26.0

59.9

66.2

67.7

29.9

61.2

36.6

70.2

28.6

66.6

51.5

54.3

19.5

ECONOMIC EQUITY

SOCIAL INCLUSION

GENDER INCLUSION

URBAN DIVERSITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

40.8

66.6

50.2

100

Gini Coefficient Poverty Rate

KSA-17 City Average

86.8

30.6

50.2

100

Slum Households Youth Unemployment

KSA-17 City Average

91.8

85.3

26.9

59.9

100

Equitable Secondary School Enrollment

Women in Local Government

Women in the Work Force

KSA-17 City Average

8.1

65.9 0.0

41.1

55.0 0.0

50.0

66.2 0.0

40.1

76.9 0.0

AIR QUALITY

WASTE MANAGEMENT ENERGY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

60.3

18.8

1.4

45.1

100

Number of Monitoring Stations

PM10 Concentrations

CO2 Emissions

KSA-17 City Average

94.1

76.1

8.8

45.1

100

Solid Waste Collection

Waste Water Treatment

Solid Waste Recycling Share

KSA-17 City Average

25.6

14.4

100.0

86.5

17.8

0.0

49.6

86.5

18.9

23.3

28.0

74.6

26.1

36.1

95.7

73.0

PARTICIPATION

ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY

INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

REGULATORY QUALITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

83.9

40.4

45.1

100

Local Expenditure Efficiency

Own Revenue Collection

KSA-17 City Average

FIGURE 2.5: OLD AGE DEPENDENCY INDICATOR

FIGURE 2.1: SHARE OF NON-OIL, NON-AGRICULTURE NATIONAL GDP PPP

10%

15%

20%

25%

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0%

Riyadh

Jeddah

Dammam

Makkah

Madinah

Taief

Buraidah

Tabuk

Hail

Qatif

Abha

Najran

Sakaka

Arar

Jazan

Al-Baha

Percent of Total National Employment Percent of Total Regional Employment

Figure 2.2 : Percent of Regional and National Employment (exclusive of agriculture and mining)

10% 11%

16% 15%

11%

20%

11%

19% 18%

12%

16%

23%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Figure 2.3. Unemployment rates by region in 2012

45.3

52.7

63.4

51.8

24.7

56.4 51.7

54.3

71.9

57.9

42.9

50.9 54.6

49.4

71.9

49.2

44.8

36.2 48.0

43.6

62.9

33.9

61.7

37.8

PRODUCTIVITY

INFRASTRUCTURE

QUALITY OF LIFE

EQUITY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

URBAN GOVERNANCE AND

LEGISLATION

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

50.4

100

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01 Productivity 02 Infrastructure 03 Quality of Life 04 Equity and Social

Inclusion 05 Environmental

Sustainability 06 Urban Governance and

Legislation

71.8

5.0 59.1

73.6

11.1 70.3

80.0

5.7 55.7

69.0

3.8 48.5

ECONOMIC STRENGTH

ECONOMIC AGGLOMERATION

EMPLOYMENT

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

68.0

84.4

65.2 50.0

100

City Product per Capita

Old Age Dependency

Mean Household Income

KSA-17 City average

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Hail

Al-Bahah

Abha

Jizan

Makkah

Taif

Najran

Madinah

Jeddah

Buraydah

Arar

Sakaka

Tabuk

Riyadh

Al-Ahsa

Dammam

Qatif

47.3 45.6

97.0

50.0

100

Unemployment Rate Employment to Population Ratio

Informal Employment

KSA-17 City average

61.0

27.0

51.9 45.3

78.4

67.6

26.2

64.6 49.6

63.4

75.3

25.9

46.4 39.0

70.8

44.5

35.6

51.0 24.5

64.2

HOUSING INFRASTRUCTURE

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

ICT URBAN MOBILITY

STREET CONNECTIVITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

52.5

59.0 54.2

95.2 100.0

14.5

48.9

100

Improved Shelter

Access to Improved

Water

Access to Improved Sanitation

Acess to Electricity

Sufficient Living Area

Residencial Density

KSA-17 City average

51.3

0.0

48.9

100

Physicians Density Number of Public Libraries

KSA-17 City average

64.3 61.0

38.4

48.9

100

Internet Access Home Computer Access

Average Broad Band Speed

KSA-17 City average

1.5

100.0

0.0

53.7

86.9

48.9

100

Use of Public Transport

Average Daily Travel Time

Length of Mass Transport Network

Traffic Fatalities

Affordability of Transport

KSA-17 City average

88.5

37.7

74.2

48.9

100

Intersection Density

Street Density Land Allocated to Streets

KSA-17 City average

65.2

56.2

94.6

37.8

74.2

61.5

91.9

59.9

75.8

53.7

92.4

68.5

67.9

55.8

91.9

59.2

HEALTH

EDUCATION

SAFETY AND SECURITY

PUBLIC SPACE

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

70.5 65.8

98.2

43.9

65.7

100

Life Expectancy at Birth

Under-Five Mortality Rate

Vaccination Coverage

Maternal Mortality

KSA-17 City average

89.5

80.2

11.3

49.2

65.7

100

Literacy Rate Mean Years of Schooling

Early Childhood Education Programme

Net Enrollment Rate in Higher Education

KSA-17 City average

87.9

96.0

65.7

100

Homicide Rate Theft Rate

KSA-17 City average

72.3 65.7

100

Green Area per Capita

Accessibility to Open Public Space

72.3

59.9

36.8

66.0

26.0

59.9

66.2

67.7

29.9

61.2

36.6

70.2

28.6

66.6

51.5

54.3

19.5

ECONOMIC EQUITY

SOCIAL INCLUSION

GENDER INCLUSION

URBAN DIVERSITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

40.8

66.6

50.2

100

Gini Coefficient Poverty Rate

KSA-17 City Average

86.8

30.6

50.2

100

Slum Households Youth Unemployment

KSA-17 City Average

91.8

85.3

26.9

59.9

100

Equitable Secondary School Enrollment

Women in Local Government

Women in the Work Force

KSA-17 City Average

8.1

65.9 0.0

41.1

55.0 0.0

50.0

66.2 0.0

40.1

76.9 0.0

AIR QUALITY

WASTE MANAGEMENT ENERGY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

60.3

18.8

1.4

45.1

100

Number of Monitoring Stations

PM10 Concentrations

CO2 Emissions

KSA-17 City Average

94.1

76.1

8.8

45.1

100

Solid Waste Collection

Waste Water Treatment

Solid Waste Recycling Share

KSA-17 City Average

25.6

14.4

100.0

86.5

17.8

0.0

49.6

86.5

18.9

23.3

28.0

74.6

26.1

36.1

95.7

73.0

PARTICIPATION

ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY

INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

REGULATORY QUALITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

83.9

40.4

45.1

100

Local Expenditure Efficiency

Own Revenue Collection

KSA-17 City Average

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

However, as of now the cities of Arar, Hail, and Jizan have no available information about Product per Capita. Mean House- hold Income on the other hand, has the largest disparities of the sub-dimension, ranging from a value of 41.3 (Jizan), and 41.8 (Al-Ahsa and Taif) to 100 (Dammam). These results show that the age structure of the population is similar across the cities of Saudi Arabia, however this is not the case for per capita product, and household income. These two indicators vary significantly, reflecting significant differences in cities’ productivity, in addition to structural imbalances in the labour market, and high dependency on expatriate workers.32

The Economic Agglomeration sub-dimension is intend- ed to measure the spatial relationship that exists between economic activities and urban areas. It works under the as- sumption that higher concentrations of economic activities have the potential to reduce costs, and increase the size of markets by taking advantage of scale economies. Economic agglomeration is an extremely weak sub-dimension for Saudi Arabian cities (with an overall value of 7.1 out of 100 possi- ble), according to the CPI metrics.

The only indicator pertaining to this sub-dimension is that of Economic Density. The city of Riyadh has the highest value (24.4), however it is still very weak, while Al-Bahah (0.5), Na- jran (1.2), and Abha (2.3) have the poorest performance for this indicator. The cities of Arar, Hail, Jizan, and Qatif do not have information about economic density. These extremely poor results show that the urban patterns of Saudi Arabian cities are not taking advantage of the potential economic benefits of having large concentrations of people. Economic agglomerations not only have the ability to create larger mar- kets, but also to develop higher quality, more diverse prod- ucts and services since they tend to push forward market competition and innovation.

Employment to Population Ratio: The proportion of work- ing-age people that is employed reflects a weak indicator. This shows some of the cultural and religious features that negatively affect access participation in the workforce (Figure 2.6).

Informal Employment: The indicator for the proportion of employment that is unregistered, or occurring at small-scale unincorporated enterprises is very high. This shows an inclu- sive economy, with a high fiscal collection potential.

Unemployment Rate: The indicator for the percentage of unemployed people to the total number of working-age peo- ple is weak. This shows a potential imbalance in the labour market, limiting social well-being, consumption, investment, and local production.

Economic Density: The productive value per square kilo- metre of an urban area reflects an extremely weak indicator. This shows a lack of urban scale economies which would reduce costs, and increase work opportunities, cancelling the potential to take advantage of them in favour of more produc- tive, and efficient local economies.

The third sub-dimension among those that form city produc- tivity is employment. There are several strategies in place at the national level aiming at reducing the dependency on expatriate workers,33 and realizing full employment in the next two decades, underscoring the provision of jobs to all those who seek one, including women, and people under 25 years of age.34 Since the strategies are defined for the short (two years), medium (three to five years), and long run (six to 25 years), it will be necessary to re-visit the CPI results in the future to understand and track their impact on em- ployment. In addition, there is an intention to shift toward a knowledge-based economy, which would have several re- percussions in terms of employment and the type of jobs created. A first step in this direction, that will potentially have the largest impact on employment in the short run, is the de- velopment of production and innovation clusters throughout the country.35

FIGURE 2.6: EMPLOYMENT SUB-DIMENSION

FIGURE 2.1: SHARE OF NON-OIL, NON-AGRICULTURE NATIONAL GDP PPP

10%

15%

20%

25%

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0%

Riyadh

Jeddah

Dammam

Makkah

Madinah

Taief

Buraidah

Tabuk

Hail

Qatif

Abha

Najran

Sakaka

Arar

Jazan

Al-Baha

Percent of Total National Employment Percent of Total Regional Employment

Figure 2.2 : Percent of Regional and National Employment (exclusive of agriculture and mining)

10% 11%

16% 15%

11%

20%

11%

19% 18%

12%

16%

23%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Figure 2.3. Unemployment rates by region in 2012

45.3

52.7

63.4

51.8

24.7

56.4 51.7

54.3

71.9

57.9

42.9

50.9 54.6

49.4

71.9

49.2

44.8

36.2 48.0

43.6

62.9

33.9

61.7

37.8

PRODUCTIVITY

INFRASTRUCTURE

QUALITY OF LIFE

EQUITY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

URBAN GOVERNANCE AND

LEGISLATION

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

50.4

100

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In st

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Re gu

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01 Productivity 02 Infrastructure 03 Quality of Life 04 Equity and Social

Inclusion 05 Environmental

Sustainability 06 Urban Governance and

Legislation

71.8

5.0 59.1

73.6

11.1 70.3

80.0

5.7 55.7

69.0

3.8 48.5

ECONOMIC STRENGTH

ECONOMIC AGGLOMERATION

EMPLOYMENT

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

68.0

84.4

65.2 50.0

100

City Product per Capita

Old Age Dependency

Mean Household Income

KSA-17 City average

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Hail

Al-Bahah

Abha

Jizan

Makkah

Taif

Najran

Madinah

Jeddah

Buraydah

Arar

Sakaka

Tabuk

Riyadh

Al-Ahsa

Dammam

Qatif

47.3 45.6

97.0

50.0

100

Unemployment Rate Employment to Population Ratio

Informal Employment

KSA-17 City average

61.0

27.0

51.9 45.3

78.4

67.6

26.2

64.6 49.6

63.4

75.3

25.9

46.4 39.0

70.8

44.5

35.6

51.0 24.5

64.2

HOUSING INFRASTRUCTURE

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

ICT URBAN MOBILITY

STREET CONNECTIVITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

52.5

59.0 54.2

95.2 100.0

14.5

48.9

100

Improved Shelter

Access to Improved

Water

Access to Improved Sanitation

Acess to Electricity

Sufficient Living Area

Residencial Density

KSA-17 City average

51.3

0.0

48.9

100

Physicians Density Number of Public Libraries

KSA-17 City average

64.3 61.0

38.4

48.9

100

Internet Access Home Computer Access

Average Broad Band Speed

KSA-17 City average

1.5

100.0

0.0

53.7

86.9

48.9

100

Use of Public Transport

Average Daily Travel Time

Length of Mass Transport Network

Traffic Fatalities

Affordability of Transport

KSA-17 City average

88.5

37.7

74.2

48.9

100

Intersection Density

Street Density Land Allocated to Streets

KSA-17 City average

65.2

56.2

94.6

37.8

74.2

61.5

91.9

59.9

75.8

53.7

92.4

68.5

67.9

55.8

91.9

59.2

HEALTH

EDUCATION

SAFETY AND SECURITY

PUBLIC SPACE

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

70.5 65.8

98.2

43.9

65.7

100

Life Expectancy at Birth

Under-Five Mortality Rate

Vaccination Coverage

Maternal Mortality

KSA-17 City average

89.5

80.2

11.3

49.2

65.7

100

Literacy Rate Mean Years of Schooling

Early Childhood Education Programme

Net Enrollment Rate in Higher Education

KSA-17 City average

87.9

96.0

65.7

100

Homicide Rate Theft Rate

KSA-17 City average

72.3 65.7

100

Green Area per Capita

Accessibility to Open Public Space

72.3

59.9

36.8

66.0

26.0

59.9

66.2

67.7

29.9

61.2

36.6

70.2

28.6

66.6

51.5

54.3

19.5

ECONOMIC EQUITY

SOCIAL INCLUSION

GENDER INCLUSION

URBAN DIVERSITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

40.8

66.6

50.2

100

Gini Coefficient Poverty Rate

KSA-17 City Average

86.8

30.6

50.2

100

Slum Households Youth Unemployment

KSA-17 City Average

91.8

85.3

26.9

59.9

100

Equitable Secondary School Enrollment

Women in Local Government

Women in the Work Force

KSA-17 City Average

8.1

65.9 0.0

41.1

55.0 0.0

50.0

66.2 0.0

40.1

76.9 0.0

AIR QUALITY

WASTE MANAGEMENT ENERGY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

60.3

18.8

1.4

45.1

100

Number of Monitoring Stations

PM10 Concentrations

CO2 Emissions

KSA-17 City Average

94.1

76.1

8.8

45.1

100

Solid Waste Collection

Waste Water Treatment

Solid Waste Recycling Share

KSA-17 City Average

25.6

14.4

100.0

86.5

17.8

0.0

49.6

86.5

18.9

23.3

28.0

74.6

26.1

36.1

95.7

73.0

PARTICIPATION

ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY

INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

REGULATORY QUALITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

83.9

40.4

45.1

100

Local Expenditure Efficiency

Own Revenue Collection

KSA-17 City Average

CHAPTER 2: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND DIVERSITY

As it currently stands, the overall value of the sub-dimension of employment is 57.4, which is a moderately weak result in terms of the global scale of city prosperity. The indicator of Unemployment Ratio has a value of 47.3. The cities of Buray- dah (17.4) and Jizan (19.2) are the poorest performers, while the best results were obtained by Jeddah (68.6) and Al-Ahsa (67.6). Something similar is happening to the Employment to Population Ratio, which has an overall weak value (45.6). For this indicator, Madinah obtained the lowest value (6.7), followed by Buraydah (30.3), Jizan (31.6) and Najran (35.8). On the other side of the scale, Jeddah obtained the highest value for the Employment to Population Ratio indicator (62.0), followed closely by Taif with a value of 58.9. The last indicator is Informal Employment, which is very high for the whole of Saudi Arabia (97.0). There are minimal differences between cities, all of them being between 90 and 100. Nonetheless, the cities of Al-Bahah, Al-Ahsa, Arar, Hail, Najran, and Qatif have no information about this indicator, which represents a significant weakness in itself.

The sub-dimension of Employment reveals two tales that uniquely capture the conditions of the Saudi Arabian urban economies. On the one hand, there is increasingly high un- employment (the male unemployment rate went from 5.7% in 2009 to 11.7% in 2013)36, and cities are not consolidating dynamic spaces for economic activities, failing to take ad- vantage of having large concentrations of people potentially able to contribute to a vibrant local economy. On the other hand, those who are employed are mostly formal workers, which means that most employees are registered, or work in registered enterprises.

Enhancing the Economic Potential of Saudi Cities Despite being a leader in oil production and petroleum related manufacturing, Saudi Arabia’s development goals listed in its 10th Development Plan look beyond the oil sector to achieve a balanced growth pattern economically and geographi- cally. The plan focuses on diversification as the key driver to reduce disparities and enhance social equity among the regions through government expenditure on infrastructure, public services and development projects. The economic im- portance of the larger cities within their regions implies that this balance can only be achieved by enabling them to reach a threshold of functional efficiency that enhances their com- petitiveness as locations for investments and jobs.

The government’s financing of urban development has consistently sought to improve the cities’ economic perfor- mance, the quality of their urban environment and supported their sustainable growth by investing in planned urban ex- tensions and new towns. Following on the industrial port cit-

ies of Jubail and Yanbu, which were built in the 70’s, 7 new economic cities are under construction in different regions. This new generation addresses the requirements of a more diversified economic base. A renewable energy city is being developed on the outskirts of Riyadh. The knowledge Eco- nomic City in Madinah will focus on developing commercial expertise, supported by a range of commercial and cultural complexes. The King Abdullah Economic City, north of Jed- dah, and the Jazan Economic City will focus on heavy indus- tries, biotech and pharmaceuticals. The Prince Abdul Aziz Bin Mousaed Economic City in Hail will become a transport and logistics hub. Plans for two other economic cities in Tabuk and in the Eastern Province are currently under development.

Financing Urban Development In countries where the economy is driven by oil, other min- eral resources or high yield tax bases that are owned by the state, sub-national units receive budgetary allocations that rely primarily on redistribution of the revenue derived from these sources. It is not therefore surprising that the Saudi Arabian cities obtain the bulk of their financial resources from the central government. Given the structure of the national economy and the tax regime, it is unlikely that this situation change at least by the 2030 horizon. Nevertheless, cities are facing constraints in their efforts to bolster their own reve-

Arabs sell sweets at sweets and dates bazaar in Medina. © Ahmad Faizal Yahya / Shutterstock

PHOTO

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

The rates for consumption of city services are

concessionary for electricity and still not instituted

for water supply. There are no charges for solid

waste collection. All key cities collect 100% of the solid waste generated, the only 1

st tier city, Taief,

for which statistics are available collects 71.6%. Data for 2

nd tier cities is not available but is not

expected to exceed this level.

nues. Local revenue is collected only from licenses and fees of which the most important are building permits and licens- es to operate economic activities. The rates for consumption of city services are concessionary for electricity and still not instituted for water supply. There are no charges for sol- id waste collection. All key cities collect 100% of the solid waste generated, the only 1st tier city, Taief, for which statis- tics are available collects 71.6%. Data for 2nd tier cities is not available but is not expected to exceed this level.

The 9th Development Plan encouraged the establishment of modest fees for municipal services to shore up own local revenues. The 10th Development Plan proposes fostering public-private partnerships in infrastructure projects as wells as in health, education and social services. This entails that regional and municipal authorities be provided with strength- ened powers to manage their complex land markets as land is a major factor in establishing PPPs. Although the private sector plays an important role in the economy, it currently contributes less than 40% of GDP. To increase its long-term contribution to the Saudi economy, the government will open up new investment opportunities, facilitate investment, en- courage innovation and competition and remove all obstacles preventing the private sector from playing a larger role in de- velopment. It will continue to improve and reform our regula- tions, paving the way for investors and the private sector to acquire and deliver services - such as health care and educa- tion - that are currently provided by the public sector. The gov- ernment’s role will be shifted from providing services to one that focuses on regulating and monitoring them and we will build the capability to monitor this transition. The government will seek to increase private sector contribution by encourag- ing investments, both local and international, in healthcare, municipal services, housing, finance, energy (Vision 2030).

The two strategies are needed. Municipalities cannot con- tinue to provide services free of charge to growing urban populations and rapidly expanding cities. Whether locally collected as part of own revenues or levied by the regions and shared according to a redistribution formula, sustainable urbanization demands that households pay for the resources they consume and the services they use. Several modalities have been applied elsewhere and offer socially conscious ap- proaches that should be considered in establishing a cultural- ly adapted and equitable system that does not burden lower income Saudi families.

It is however unrealistic to assume that fees for services and licenses and other low yield tax bases can fund municipal operating expenditures let alone their capital investment budget. The lack of a tax on real estate property (land and buildings) deprives cities of their most buoyant potential source of revenue given the inordinately high value of urban land and its very rapid rate of appreciation. Some form of

partial recovery of this value added by public investment in infrastructure and services, that is capitalized in the escalat- ing prices of real estate needs to be instituted. There is no other local asset that can make a meaningful contribution to local revenue given the size of the budgets required by the country’s rapidly growing cities.

Although the ratio of own revenue to total expenditures for the selected cities is not available, locally generated revenue can only cover a fraction of the city budget without some form of real estate taxation. Central transfers will continue to support local operating and maintenance expenditures and ministries will continue to finance and implement develop- ment projects in accordance with national plans and budget allocations. MOMRA as the Ministry in charge approves re- quests and proposals submitted by the municipal councils and acts as a coordinating entity to ensure the coherence of urban plans and development projects and their adherence to national strategies and concepts of sustainability.

Cities as the Space of Opportunity and Advancement for Women Based on ILO statistics, the 10th Development Plan noted that despite the country’s impressive economic performance, youth unemployment rates remain high standing at 21% for males and 54% for females. The rate for males is lower than the levels prevailing in other Arab countries outside the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region. The plan proposes to re- duce the dependency on expatriate workers and to increase their mobility by expanding the wafeed system with the twin objective of reducing the wage gap between Saudi and ex- patriate workers and opening up employment opportunities for Saudis. To increase labour force participation by Saudis, unemployment allowance (hafiz) is being expanded to pro- vide coverage to all those from 20 to 60 years old actively looking for jobs.

CHAPTER 2: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND DIVERSITY

The new dynamics created by removing constraints on the movement of expatriate workers within the labour market and providing education, training and financial incentives to enable Saudi youth to enter the labour force will be a pre- dominantly urban feature as the benefits of mobility are best reaped in centres of concentrated economic activity. It is in the cities that the youth will find the opportunities attractive to them in the expanding commercial and technology sec- tors. In general, through the recently established Job Cre- ation and Anti-Unemployment Commission, the authorities aim to place a renewed emphasis on lifelong training and to make the most of the potential of the Kingdom’s workforce

by encouraging a culture of high performance. To take advan- tage of the lively and vibrant youth, entrepreneurship and enterprise opportunities will be expanded, while their skills will be developed and properly developed. Special attention will be given to Saudi women who constitute 50 percent of university graduates being female. Investments will be made to develop their talents, increase their productive capabilities and enable them to strengthen their future and contribute to the development of the Kingdom. People with disabilities will receive appropriate education and job opportunities that will ensure their independence and integration as effective members of society (Vision 2030).

FIGURE 2.7: UNEMPLOYMENT RATES BY REGION IN 2012

Source: Department of Statistics and Information, Manpower Research Study, 1433 (2012), Ministry of Economy and Planning.

FIGURE 2.1: SHARE OF NON-OIL, NON-AGRICULTURE NATIONAL GDP PPP

10%

15%

20%

25%

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0%

Riyadh

Jeddah

Dammam

Makkah

Madinah

Taief

Buraidah

Tabuk

Hail

Qatif

Abha

Najran

Sakaka

Arar

Jazan

Al-Baha

Percent of Total National Employment Percent of Total Regional Employment

Figure 2.2 : Percent of Regional and National Employment (exclusive of agriculture and mining)

10% 11%

16% 15%

11%

20%

11%

19% 18%

12%

16%

23%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Figure 2.3. Unemployment rates by region in 2012

Cities offer women the opportunity to access higher educa- tion and acquire the skills needed to enter the labour force. As opposed to young men who can travel abroad to en- ter colleges and universities mostly in the US and the UK, young women usually stay within their families and attend local educational institutions. The percentage of women en- rolled in tertiary education institutions averages above 50% (Table 2.5). These institutions are located in the larger cities. Furthermore, cities offer women a wider range of suitable employment opportunities, particularly in the public sector

hence their higher rate of participation in Jeddah and Riyadh. In 15 of the 16 selected cities, the percentage of females occupying city government positions is 35% or higher. The extent to which this occurs throughout all 3 tiers of cities is indicative of cities as the locus of opportunities for Saudi women. In this respect, their participation in municipal elec- tions and their representation on municipal councils is a note- worthy achievement as is their growing numbers in social service delivery and specialized commercial activities.

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

TABLE 2.5: WOMEN’S EMPLOYMENT, 2015

Source: CPI Database; General Authority for Statistics, Enrolment by University 2015.

Cities Employed Women as Percent of National Female Labour Force

Percent of Women Working in City Government

Percent of Female in Tertiary Education Enrolments per Region

Primary Cities

Riyadh 8% 35% 54%

Jeddah 9% 35% 44%

Dammam 3% 44% 78%

Makkah 4% 40% 51%

Madinah 3% 12% 46%

First Tier cities

Taief 2% 47% 59%

Buraidah 4% 45% 61%

Tabuk 1% 45% 61%

Hail 1% 46% 62%

Secondary cities

Qatif 1% 46% -

Abha 6% 49% 59%

Najran 1% 43% 61%

Sakaka 1% 37% 55%

Arar 1% 42% 58%

Jazan 3% 50% 55%

Al-Baha 1% 50% 51%

This role of cities in fostering new opportunities for advance- ment for Saudi women is an important national objective. It is also a major cross-cutting issue within the SDGs and a tar- get of the New Urban Agenda. At the city level, available evi- dence shows that a broad social consultation on key aspects of the labour markets strategy and key policies will be crucial to manage the macroeconomic impact and assure their suc- cess. Reducing the reliance on public sector employment will be essential to set expectations and lower impacts on the overall city economic performances in times of shocks and uncertainties, and assure stability of the emerging economic and employment sectors that complement the oil production sector.

Urban Governance and Legislation The urban government functions, such as electoral partici- pation, access to information and accountability, and checks and balances in public institutions, work toward making sure that no dimension has predominance over the others. There- fore, being prosperous means that local legislation, public ad- ministration, and the structures for civil participation support the functioning of the other dimensions.

The Urban Governance and Legislation dimension shows steep differences in results across both city typologies and sub-dimensions (Figure 2.8). The major cities stand out for their poor performance in terms of civic participation, which is a counter intuitive result, since usually larger cities tend to have greater citizen participation in public affairs. For Ac- countability and Transparency, the minor cities have the best performance, reflecting a closer relationship between deci- sion-makers and constituents. However, the scores remain on the lower side of the global scale of city prosperity. The limitations increase for medium size cities, and have the low- est values for the holy cities. Again, this may be reflecting the impact of large population flows, and pilgrimages that constitute an implicit barrier for accountability and transpar- ency. The major cities do not have information available for this sub-dimension. For the holy cities, the results of Institu- tional Capacity show the other side of the story, since they are highly efficient with steep differences when compared to major and medium sized cities. Finally, the Regulatory Qual- ity sub-dimension is fairly balanced across city typologies mainly because regulations tend to be implemented at the national level.

CHAPTER 2: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND DIVERSITY

This dimension showed the worst performance for the set of 17 cities with an overall score of 45.1. It is worth noting the lack of information in almost all cities, with the exceptions of Buraydah on the one hand and Abha and Tabuk on the other, where it was possible to measure 5 and 4 indicators respec- tively.

Considering the gaps in data availability, the cities of Taif, Makkah, and Abha performed well the Urban Governance and Legislation dimension. The remaining cities either had a very poor performance (Jizan, Dammam, Buraydah, Sakaka and Tabuk) or did not have information to estimate the indica- tors (Al-Bahah, Al-Ahsa, Arar, Hail, Najran, Qatif and Riyadh), which shows low transparency of public information.

The sub-dimensions of Participation, and Accountability and Transparency obtained a very low score in the global scale of city prosperity with values of 22.1 and 24.3 respective- ly. For both, most cities do not have information, and those cities that do showed very poor performance. This means that there is a very low involvement of the public in the deci- sion-making process, coupled with a high level of corruption perception. Such results may suggest that the processes for electing representatives for the municipal councils have not translated into policies that necessarily represent the con- stituents’ interests. One possible reason is that the elected council members usually lack the powers to implement par- ticular policies, which end up generating a negative percep- tion of their performance.37

Voter Turnout: The indicator for the percentage of eligible voters who cast a ballot in the last local election is very low. This shows a very low degree of citizen involvement in public decision making.

Corruption: Corruption as measured by the Corruption Per- ception Index shows an overall negative perception and re- sults about the public current state of affairs. This translates into a very weak indicator.

As established in the Saudi Vision 2030, a big challenge of the country consists in building deeper “...communication channels between government agencies on one hand, and citizens and the private sector on the other.”38 To address this issue, the government “…shall facilitate interactive, on- line and smart engagement methods and ways to listen to citizens’ views, and to hear all insights and perspectives… encourage government agencies to improve the quality of their services, and to meet the needs of every citizen. We want to give everyone the opportunity to have their say so that the government can serve them better and meet their aspirations.”39

In order to help achieve these goals, the “...Council of Minis- ters Resolution No. 43 of 2007 approved the National Strat- egy to Protect Integrity and Combat Corruption. The resolu- tion pointed to the importance of creating a national body to combat corruption, which monitors, reviews and evaluates the results of the strategy, in addition to developing work pro- grams and implementation mechanisms.”40 The government also adopted the principle of performance measurement, and made sure it is properly used in evaluating all govern- ment agencies, their programs, initiatives and executives. The Center for Performance Management of Government Agencies was established to institutionalize these efforts for the long-term and built performance dashboards to promote accountability and transparency.

The Al Thumairi souq in Al Bathaa district, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. © Shutterstock

PHOTO

We want to give everyone the opportunity to have their say so that the government can serve

them better and meet their aspirations.

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

Local Expenditure Efficiency: The indicator for the percent- age of real local expenditures in relation to the estimated expenditures is very strong, reflecting balanced local public finances in terms of budget and actual spending. This shows ability to plan for future expenses, and strong financial man- agement (Figure 2.9).

Own Revenue Collection: The percentage of own source revenue of total city revenues is relatively low, which is re- flected on a weak performance. This translates into a high dependency on financial transfers from other levels of gov- ernment, reducing local fiscal autonomy, and furthering the low capacity to collect own revenue.

The second best rated sub-dimension of the Urban Govern- ance and Legislation dimension is the one of Institutional Capacity, although showing a moderately poor performance with a standardized value of 57.2. Its weakness is due mainly to the fact that in KSA local governments do not raise rev- enue from tax collection, since it comes from the national budget.41 Revenues collected at the local level usually come from the provision of public services, however it remains a small fraction of the local governments’ budget. This is ob- served in the cities of Dammam, Buraydah, Jeddah, and Tabuk, although this is not necessarily the case for all cities, as showed by Makkah and Abha which have opposite higher and very strong performance. The eleven remaining cities did not have available information on this indicator. The overall results show an extremely low degree of cities’ fiscal autono- my and their strong dependence on the central government.

Regarding the Local Expenditure Efficiency indicator, only four of the 17 cities had available information. Abha and Taif performed very well in administrative efficiency, whereas Jeddah and Buraydah show lower scores.

Days to Start a Business: The indicator for the days that take to start a business is very strong. This shows an efficient reg- ulatory system, that enhances the potential of local econo- mies to attract investments, and to facilitate doing business.

The sub-dimension of Regulatory Quality (and the indicator of Days to Start a Business, which is the only one that is part of it) shows a good performance (particularly for the cities of Taif and Makkah), with an overall result of 81.2. Neverthe- less, ten cities did not have available information to meas- ure the indicator, which might indicate administrative and/or regulatory obstacles that reduce their potential of attracting investments and business. These limitations however, are a key component for the economic development strategies of Saudi Arabian cities that aim at facilitating the creation of new enterprises, and favouring the participation of the youth in these programs.42

FIGURE 2.9: INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY SUB-DIMENSION

FIGURE 2.1: SHARE OF NON-OIL, NON-AGRICULTURE NATIONAL GDP PPP

10%

15%

20%

25%

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0%

Riyadh

Jeddah

Dammam

Makkah

Madinah

Taief

Buraidah

Tabuk

Hail

Qatif

Abha

Najran

Sakaka

Arar

Jazan

Al-Baha

Percent of Total National Employment Percent of Total Regional Employment

Figure 2.2 : Percent of Regional and National Employment (exclusive of agriculture and mining)

10% 11%

16% 15%

11%

20%

11%

19% 18%

12%

16%

23%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Figure 2.3. Unemployment rates by region in 2012

45.3

52.7

63.4

51.8

24.7

56.4 51.7

54.3

71.9

57.9

42.9

50.9 54.6

49.4

71.9

49.2

44.8

36.2 48.0

43.6

62.9

33.9

61.7

37.8

PRODUCTIVITY

INFRASTRUCTURE

QUALITY OF LIFE

EQUITY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

URBAN GOVERNANCE AND

LEGISLATION

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

50.4

100

Ec on

om ic

S tr

en gt

Ec on

om ic

A gg

lo m

er at

io n

Em pl

oy m

en t

H ou

si ng

In fr

as tr

uc tu

So ci

al In

fr as

tr uc

tu re

IC T

U rb

an M

ob ili

St re

et C

on ne

ct iv

ity

H ea

lth

Ed uc

at io

Sa fe

ty a

nd S

ec ur

ity

Pu bl

ic S

pa ce

Ec on

om ic

E qu

ity

So ci

al In

cl us

io n

G en

de r I

nc lu

si on

La nd

U se

M ix

A ir

Q ua

lit y

W as

te M

an ag

em en

En er

Pa rt

ic ip

at io

A cc

ou nt

ab ili

ty a

Tr an

sp ar

en cy

In st

itu tio

na l C

ap ac

ity

Re gu

la to

ry Q

ua lit

01 Productivity 02 Infrastructure 03 Quality of Life 04 Equity and Social

Inclusion 05 Environmental

Sustainability 06 Urban Governance and

Legislation

71.8

5.0 59.1

73.6

11.1 70.3

80.0

5.7 55.7

69.0

3.8 48.5

ECONOMIC STRENGTH

ECONOMIC AGGLOMERATION

EMPLOYMENT

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

68.0

84.4

65.2 50.0

100

City Product per Capita

Old Age Dependency

Mean Household Income

KSA-17 City average

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Hail

Al-Bahah

Abha

Jizan

Makkah

Taif

Najran

Madinah

Jeddah

Buraydah

Arar

Sakaka

Tabuk

Riyadh

Al-Ahsa

Dammam

Qatif

47.3 45.6

97.0

50.0

100

Unemployment Rate Employment to Population Ratio

Informal Employment

KSA-17 City average

61.0

27.0

51.9 45.3

78.4

67.6

26.2

64.6 49.6

63.4

75.3

25.9

46.4 39.0

70.8

44.5

35.6

51.0 24.5

64.2

HOUSING INFRASTRUCTURE

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

ICT URBAN MOBILITY

STREET CONNECTIVITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

52.5

59.0 54.2

95.2 100.0

14.5

48.9

100

Improved Shelter

Access to Improved

Water

Access to Improved Sanitation

Acess to Electricity

Sufficient Living Area

Residencial Density

KSA-17 City average

51.3

0.0

48.9

100

Physicians Density Number of Public Libraries

KSA-17 City average

64.3 61.0

38.4

48.9

100

Internet Access Home Computer Access

Average Broad Band Speed

KSA-17 City average

1.5

100.0

0.0

53.7

86.9

48.9

100

Use of Public Transport

Average Daily Travel Time

Length of Mass Transport Network

Traffic Fatalities

Affordability of Transport

KSA-17 City average

88.5

37.7

74.2

48.9

100

Intersection Density

Street Density Land Allocated to Streets

KSA-17 City average

65.2

56.2

94.6

37.8

74.2

61.5

91.9

59.9

75.8

53.7

92.4

68.5

67.9

55.8

91.9

59.2

HEALTH

EDUCATION

SAFETY AND SECURITY

PUBLIC SPACE

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

70.5 65.8

98.2

43.9

65.7

100

Life Expectancy at Birth

Under-Five Mortality Rate

Vaccination Coverage

Maternal Mortality

KSA-17 City average

89.5

80.2

11.3

49.2

65.7

100

Literacy Rate Mean Years of Schooling

Early Childhood Education Programme

Net Enrollment Rate in Higher Education

KSA-17 City average

87.9

96.0

65.7

100

Homicide Rate Theft Rate

KSA-17 City average

72.3 65.7

100

Green Area per Capita

Accessibility to Open Public Space

72.3

59.9

36.8

66.0

26.0

59.9

66.2

67.7

29.9

61.2

36.6

70.2

28.6

66.6

51.5

54.3

19.5

ECONOMIC EQUITY

SOCIAL INCLUSION

GENDER INCLUSION

URBAN DIVERSITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

40.8

66.6

50.2

100

Gini Coefficient Poverty Rate

KSA-17 City Average

86.8

30.6

50.2

100

Slum Households Youth Unemployment

KSA-17 City Average

91.8

85.3

26.9

59.9

100

Equitable Secondary School Enrollment

Women in Local Government

Women in the Work Force

KSA-17 City Average

8.1

65.9 0.0

41.1

55.0 0.0

50.0

66.2 0.0

40.1

76.9 0.0

AIR QUALITY

WASTE MANAGEMENT ENERGY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

60.3

18.8

1.4

45.1

100

Number of Monitoring Stations

PM10 Concentrations

CO2 Emissions

KSA-17 City Average

94.1

76.1

8.8

45.1

100

Solid Waste Collection

Waste Water Treatment

Solid Waste Recycling Share

KSA-17 City Average

25.6

14.4

100.0

86.5

17.8

0.0

49.6

86.5

18.9

23.3

28.0

74.6

26.1

36.1

95.7

73.0

PARTICIPATION

ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY

INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

REGULATORY QUALITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

83.9

40.4

45.1

100

Local Expenditure Efficiency

Own Revenue Collection

KSA-17 City Average

CHAPTER 2: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND DIVERSITY

ENDOTES

28 See analysis of the CPI in seventeen Saudi cities in other chapters.

29 9th Development Plan

30 Korea Development Institute. Toward Knowledge-Based Economy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2012

31 Third United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III). Kingdom of Saudi Arabia National Report, January 2016

32 Ibid.

33 Ibid

34 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of Labor. Summary of Saudi Employment Strategy, 2009

35 Korea Development Institute. Toward Knowledge-Based Economy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2012

36 Third United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III). Kingdom of Saudi Arabia National Report, January 2016

37 Alskait, Khalid. Impacts of Increasing Building Density on Urban Roads: The Case of Riyadh, Spatial Policis and Land Use Planning, Third World Planning Schools Congress, July 2011.

38 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Vision 2030. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2016, p. 65.

39 Ibid

40 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of Economy and Planning. The Ninth Development Plan 2010-2014, Chapter 7 Institutional and Administrative Development, 2010, p. 127

41 Third United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia National Report, January 2016

42 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Vision 2030. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2016

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Aerial view of Riyadh downtown. © Fedor Selivanov / Shutterstock

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THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

CHAPTER 3: HOUSING, PUBLIC SPACES AND LIVING TOGETHER

HOUSING, PUBLIC SPACES AND LIVING TOGETHER

CHAPTER 3:

CHAPTER 3: HOUSING, PUBLIC SPACES AND LIVING TOGETHER

In the last 30 years, Saudi Arabia has experienced significant growth in wealth and population. The rapid growth of Sau- di cities over the past 40 years has been remarkable with the urban population increasing by 130% from 1970 to 1980, nearly doubling again between 1980 and 1990 and growing at a sustained annual rate of 4% since then, increasing by nearly ten million people from 1990 to 2010.

Urban growth has been driven by both internal migrations to major metropolitan centres and a steady rise in the number of foreign workers employed in the country’s ambitious de- velopment projects. While the 9th Development Plan (2009- 2014) initiated an ambitious strategy to balance urban devel- opment in the Kingdom by promoting a shift away from the prime urban agglomerations, the dominance of the five larg- est cities – Riyadh, Jeddah, Makkah, Madinah and Dammam – increased from 18% of the total urban population in 2004 to 25% in 2010. The growth of Riyadh was due to its dominant role as the political and economic hub of the Kingdom and that of Jeddah and Dammam to their respective role as the principal port of entry and the centre of the petroleum indus- try. The growth of Makkah and Madinah was due primarily to their religious role in Islam. While there has been a general rise in housing quality, the demand for new housing units and the large appreciation in real estate values has driven up the cost of housing beyond the means of moderate-income households.

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

Providing safe, sanitary and affordable housing to its citizens has been a cornerstone of Saudi Arabia’s urban policy since the creation of the Real Estate Development Fund in 1974. As is the case in other Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, the policy of the government is to provide land, housing, or home construction loans to its citizens. Through the provision of zero-interest loans, the Real Estate Development Fund has been the major housing financier for both new construction and improvements to the housing stock. In recent years, its yearly expenditures have risen sharply from USD 13.5 billion in 2008 to USD 23.6 billion in 2011. Given the combined hous- ing demand caused by a high rate of Saudi family formation and the growing number of expatriate workers, the net ad- dition of 1.14 million dwellings constructed between 1992 and 2004 fell short of the 1.25 million units needed to meet demand for new housing units and the replacement of sub- standard units. For the 2010-14 period, the Real Estate Devel- opment Fund and the Public Housing Authority financed 18% of the 660,379 new housing units constructed.43

In addition to providing land grants and generous zero-in- terest loans, the government of Saudi Arabia’s urban policy aims to address housing demand by providing government assistance to the private sector. Redeveloping old neighbour- hoods and slums to integrate them into the urban fabric, as well as encouraging the use of integrated public transport in major cities are among the key goals of Saudi Arabia’s Nation-

al Urban Strategy. In this chapter, we examine housing supply and its affordability and land access and use of public spaces in Saudi cities, making distinction between primary cities, first tier cities, and secondary cities. In addition, we look at the status of infrastructure development in Saudi cities using the CPI framework.

Primary cities While the growth of Riyadh, Jeddah and Dammam has been driven by their economic dominance, the development of Makkah and Madinah has been largely driven by the need to accommodate the growing number of pilgrims coming for the Hajj and Umrah. All pilgrims go to Makkah and, on aver- age, 90% of pilgrims on Hajj and 80% of Umrah pilgrims also visit Medina. The number of pilgrims is estimated to reach 6.3 million by 2019 and the need to provide them with adequate access to the two Holy mosques and nearby short-term pil- grim accommodations has resulted in the redevelopment, densification and extensive transformation of the two cities’ central areas and the progressive relocation of part of the permanent population to more peripheral areas. The number of formal pilgrims (domestic and foreign) is projected to reach 2.5 million by 2020 while the number of Umrah pilgrims from

A view of the King Fahd Causeway between Saudi Arabia and Bahrain showing the view from Saudi Arabia. © Shutterstock

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CHAPTER 3: HOUSING, PUBLIC SPACES AND LIVING TOGETHER

abroad is expected to reach 15 million by 2020. A number of major redevelopment projects have been undertaken around the Haram in recent years, including the 601 meters Abraj Al-Bait Tower, the fourth tallest freestanding structure in the world. Over the next 20 years, an estimated 7,000 to 7,800 hectares of new peripheral development will be required, in addition to the densification of existing areas, to accommo- date Makkah’s permanent population, projected to reach 2.1 million in 2018 and 3.8 million in 2040.

In Medina, whose population is expected to reach 2.7 million by 2040, only one-fifth of the population increase can be ac- commodated through the densification of existing urbanized areas and between 5,000 and 5,700 hectares of peripheral land will have to be developed. Major infrastructure improve- ments are part of the two cities’ development strategies, in- cluding public transportation systems to improve the mobility of pilgrims.44

High land costs and the competing demand for transient and permanent accommodations has led to increasingly dense housing development in both cities; Makkah’s population density of 9,328 persons per square kilometre is the high- est among Saudi Arabia’s modern cities, followed by Riyadh (5,722 persons/km2); Medina’s density of 5,073 persons/ km2 density is average for Saudi cities. Fifty-two percent of dwellings in Makkah and 54% in Madinah are owner-oc- cupied, which is significantly higher than the 27% national figure reported in the 2006-07 Household Expenditure and

Income Survey. In spite of intensive redevelopment over the past decades, informal housing still constitute a significant portion of the two cities’ central areas – approximately 43% in Makkah and 23% in Medina.45 Consisting primarily of smaller, over-crowded rental units in densely developed low- rise buildings (two to three stories in Medina, five or more in Makkah) they are occupied by a mixture of low-income expatriate workers, refugees from various Islamic countries and illegal pilgrims who have overstayed their visa.46 A spe- cial committee has been created to assess the situation in unplanned areas and propose strategies for the elimination of slums and the relocation of their population.47

Riyadh’s rapid growth over the last 22 years has more than doubled its population from 1.4 million in 1986 to 4.75 million in 2008 and 5.2 million in 2010 and it is expected to reach 7.3 million in 2025.48 With a current built-up area of 1,062 km2, it is the largest city in the kingdom and, with 6,030 persons per km2 it is the most densely developed city after Makkah. Current population projections put its anticipated annual net growth at 300,000 persons per year for the next 10 years.49 As the Kingdom’s capital, Riyadh has benefitted from a suc- cession of planning interventions and the construction of major publicly funded improvements by the Riyadh Devel- opment Authority, a public agency with broad powers and extensive resources. The basic principles that have guided its development over the years date back to the first Struc- ture Plan50 prepared in 1971 that established a north-south growth corridor consisting of a 2 km x 2 km super-grid parallel to Wadi Hanifa, whose natural assets were to be protected. Its 1.4 million holding capacity was quickly exceeded and a succession of structure plans expanded the development of the north-south corridor as well as eastward.

The combination of sprawl and rising car-ownership has re- sulted in a projected increase in the percentage of overload- ed arterials in the greater Riyadh region from 39% in 2006 to 78% in 2021.51 To address this issue, the current MEDSTAR Structure Plan, adopted by the Riyadh High Commission in 2002, proposes to prevent further sprawl by reinforcing the role of the city centre and creating denser mixed land use sub-centres on the periphery of the urbanized area that will be served by light-rail public transportation. The two million square meters Eastern Sub-Centre, for example, will include commercial and office uses in addition to some 12,500 resi- dential units housing some 44,000 people; 50% of the land will be allocated to public purposes. In order to cope with the projected annual growth rate of 8 per cent, future growth will be directed in part to two “new cities” north and west of Riyadh: Al-Qarrawan and Al-Dandriyah, each housing 500,000 people, and five smaller centres housing 1.25 million people

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

The Structure Plan proposes to strengthen the network of green areas and incorporate water retention areas to manage the run-off of periodic rainstorms as part of a comprehensive environmental management program. With 11.3 m2 of green open space per capita and 20% of the population living with- in 300 meters of a public open space, Riyadh has the highest accessibility level to open space of any Saudi city.

Housing in Riyadh is generally of high quality, with 98% of dwellings constructed with durable material and less than 1% of substandard units. Ninety-seven percent of units have access to piped water and 86% to improved sanitation, which a significant achievement given the fact that private housing development, driven by the private sector, has left 560 km2 of vacant subdivided land within the built-up area, of which only a third is serviced. A major challenge faced by the Riyadh Amarat is how to prevent land speculators from holding zoned and serviced urban land for extended periods of time in order to take advantage of rising prices.52 A major challenge facing the High Commission will be to channel on accessible, serviced land for the construction of the 132,000 dwelling units that will be constructed annually until 2030.

With a population of 4.1 million, Jeddah is Saudi Arabia’s second largest city and, with a density of 5,400 persons per square kilometre, the third densest city after Makkah and Ri- yadh. Its average annual rate of growth of 6.4% from 1990 to 2010, second only to Riyadh’s (7.9%), is due to its economic role as the principal port of entry for goods and passengers, its significant role as a manufacturing and oil processing centre, and its key role as the gateway for pilgrims on Hajj and Umrah. Its population is projected to reach 5.7 million by 2029. Its largely unplanned north-south development has been shaped by its location between the Red Sea, and the Sarawat Hills to the east and a natural harbour to the south, the site of extensive freight and passenger port facilities and a navy base. The city is structured by a series of major east- west and north-south thoroughfares.

In 2010, its 703,000 households lived in a mixture of tradition- al houses, apartments and villas and duplexes. An estimated 35% of the total population lived in informal and substandard housing units, the highest percentage in the country. Most of these settlements developed in the 1980s because of the obligation on the municipality to allocate plots of 625 to 900 m2 to any adult Saudi resident who requests it. During this period of rapid expansion, the ability of the municipality to provide public services did not match the demand and low quality housing on unoccupied land developed in what were then peripheral locations but are now well within the built- up area. These settlements are estimated to occupy around 4,800 hectares and house 1.2 million persons. Their develop- ment has been driven by a sustained high demand for land and a limited supply of serviced land. Average land prices rose by around 15-18% per annum.53 The municipality esti- mates a shortfall of 283,000 low- and middle-income housing units.

Despite its active role in undertaking planning studies and commissioning master plans, the pace of development, ap- proximately 900 hectares of built-up area every year from 1947 to 2009, has hampered the municipality’s ability to manage growth and provide public services. With only 86% of households connected to piped water and 46% to im- proved sanitation, Jeddah has the lowest rate of basic public services of Saudi Arabia’s major cities; only 3% of the solid waste collected is recycled as opposed to 14% in Riyadh. Consequently, Jeddah’s groundwater is being polluted by septic tanks and uncontrolled discharges from the industrial sector. The lack of treatment prior to discharge is polluting the fragile marine environment and reducing water safety for swimming. Coastal development activities are threaten- ing mangroves and fringing reefs, leading to coastal erosion. Jeddah’s limited waste management infrastructure relies heavily on landfills for waste disposal.54

Two Saudi Arabian men in traditional authentic dress on the streets of Jeddah old town. © Shutterstock

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CHAPTER 3: HOUSING, PUBLIC SPACES AND LIVING TOGETHER

With the development of the Jeddah Strategic Plan for 2029, the municipality is seeking to take a more effective role in managing future growth and addressing environmental con- cerns. One of the plan’s key objectives is to “regenerate un- planned settlements into mixed use neighbourhoods with adequate housing and ancillary services, a high quality public realm, and thriving businesses.”55

The growth of both Dammam and its region has been phe- nomenal. In 1973, the built-up area of the region was 2,050 hectares of which 1,083 were in Dammam; in 2003, the ur- banized portions of the metropolitan area covered 19,532

hectares of which 10,972 were in Dammam, a ten-fold in- crease.56 Structurally, Dammam and Al-Khobar consist of a range of urban typologies, ranging from remnants of the dense, low-rise older residential districts to modern grid subdivisions and high-density high-rise developments. Malls and commercial centres and industrial areas are scattered throughout the urban area.

The latest plan proposes to extend the metropolitan region northward to include Qatif and Ras Tanoura and southward to Thuqbah. Accommodating the forecasted regional population of 2.5 million in 2029 will require the development of 126 km2

of land within the metropolitan region.

Table 3.1 summarizes the development characteristic of the five cities. Their transformation over the past decades is ev- idenced by the small percentage of unplanned traditional development except in Madinah; while the only “new” city is Dammam, many of the older neighbourhoods in other pri- mary cities have largely been redeveloped due to rising land values. Only Jeddah has tried to conserve and rehabilitate its historic centre. While a combination of climatic and cultural reasons has resulted in a lack of urban open space, available open space had shrunk in many Saudi cities. 57

With only 86% of households connected to piped water and 46% to improved sanitation, Jeddah has the lowest rate of basic public services of

Saudi Arabia’s major cities; only 3% of the solid waste collected is recycled as opposed to 14% in Riyadh.

TABLE 3.1: SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMARY CITIES

Source: UN Habitat, Spatial Capital of Saudi Arabian Cities, 2015.

Riyadh Jeddah Dammam Makkah Madinah

1. Urban area (km2) 1,062 756 562 211 252

2. Developed area (km2) 701 469 287 137 141

3. Population (x 1,000) 6,507 4,082 1,737 1,970 1,278

4. Population density (persons/developed km2) 9,287 8,709 6,058 14,349 9,060

5. Organic development (% of 2) 6.7% 5.3% 0.9% 1.9% 12.7%

6. Housing projects (% of 2) 9.5% 2.1% 5.4% 0.3% 1.0%

7. Formal subdivisions (% of 2) 45.7% 24.0% 42.3% 29.6% 17.0%

8. Informal subdivisions (% of 2) 2.9% 11.4% 1.7% 8.7% 35.8%

9. High density development (% of 2) 45.0% 49.0% 41.0% 62.0% 48.0%

10. Medium density development (% of 2) 18.0% 7.0% 9.0% 3.0% 7.0%

11. Low density development (% of 2) 3.0% 5.0% 1.0% 0.0% 2.0%

12. Open space (m2 / inhabitant) 11.3 5.7 n.d. 1.0 5.0

13. Mean household income (USD PPP) $34,195 $28,997 $49,168 $32,387 $30,208

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

First tier cities Despite healthy rates of population growth, the relative im- portance of secondary cities in general dropped slightly be- tween 2004 and 2014, from 22% to 20% of the urban popula- tion (Table 3.2). Only a few experienced significant population gains: Buraidah, Tabuk, Najran and Sakakah; others had rates of population growth at or below their rate of natural increase despite a continued inflow of expatriate workers. Those that gained in importance benefited from significant public invest- ments to develop their economies.

Although not as good as in the primary cities, their housing stock is generally sound, with 90% or more of units built of durable material. The main difference between primary and secondary cities is the quality of their public utilities. While over 80% of households in the first-tier cities have access to piped water, 60% or less of households in the second-tier cities do. The differential in access to sanitary sewers is even more striking: While almost all households are connected in the primary cities, most households rely on individual sys- tems in secondary cities apart from Buraidah, Tabuk and Ji- zan. In Najran, only 5% of households have access to im- proved sanitation.

Their individual development is driven by various dynamics. Taif’s elevation and cooler summer temperatures and its proximity to Jeddah have made it a popular resort and its

population has grown quickly in recent years, from 883,000 in 2004 to 1.1 million in 2014. As part of the long-term plan- ning to handle Hajj visitors, the construction of a major airport in the vicinity of Taif for pilgrims from Southeast Asia is under consideration. Protecting its fragile natural environment from development pressures is one of the challenges it faces.

In Buraidah, an old trading town and the capital of the Qas- sim region, major public investments have been made to de- velop local agriculture and food processing, in addition to the construction of regional educational and service facilities. The Buraidah oasis is now one of the largest producer of wheat, animal fodder, dairy and poultry in addition to its traditional crops of fruits and dates. Its population grew from 505,000 in 2004 to 693,000 in 2014; most of this increase is due to a 7.8% increase in the non-Saudi population, a rate significant- ly higher than the national growth rate of 5.2%. Unplanned development at a relatively high density reflects traditional housing patterns of low-rise structures. While the growth of first tier cities generally corresponds with their role as older regional capitals, some are slated for significant development that will significantly enhance their role. The central city of Hail, for example, is the site of the proposed Hail Econom- ic City, a USD 1.2 billion project to create an industrial hub. Scheduled to be completed in 2025, the project will cover an area of 15.6 km2 and its 30,000 housing units will provide accommodation to some 140,000 inhabitants.

TABLE 3.2: SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF FIRST TIER CITIES

Source: UN Habitat, Spatial Capital of Saudi Arabian Cities, 2015.

Taief Buraidah Tabuk Ha’il

1. Urban area (km2) 122 224 86 148

2. Developed area (km2) 71 134 56 89

3. Population (x 1,000) 635 556 653 475

4. Population density (persons/developed km2) 8,999 4,144 11,690 5,353

5. Organic development (% of developed area) 21.1% 29.4% 15.8% 36.4%

6. Housing projects (% of developed area) 1.5% 0.2% 0.6% 0.1%

7. Formal subdivision (% of developed area) 24.6% 2.5% 0.9% 1.3%

8. Informal subdivision (% of developed area) 18.3% 7.8% n.d. 7.2%

9. High density development (% of developed area)) 77.6% 71.7% 76.9% 78.3%

10. Medium density development (% of developed area) 6.9% 13.3% 20.0% 13.3%

11. Low density development (% of developed area) 13.8% 15.0% 3.1% 8.3%

12. Open space (m2 / inhabitant) n.d. 0.13 n.d. n.d.

13. Average household income (USD PPP) 22,400 32,160 33,562 34,198

CHAPTER 3: HOUSING, PUBLIC SPACES AND LIVING TOGETHER

Secondary cities Given their more local role as sub-regional service centres, household incomes in secondary cities, apart from Qatif, are lower than in the larger urban agglomerations. Their physical development continues to follow the traditional pattern of low-rise high-density unplanned housing developments with a preponderance of one- and two-family units. While access to electricity is almost universal, access to improved water and to sanitation varies significantly, from 83% of dwellings

in Jazan to only 5% in Najran. Landscaped public open space is scarce. The government recognizes that their future eco- nomic development will require substantial investments in both infrastructure and housing.

One of them, the port city of Jizan, has been selected as the site of a 250,000-people new city focusing on labour-inten- sive industry and agribusiness utilizing the region’s agricul- tural produce.

TABLE 3.3: SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF SECONDARY CITIES

Source: UN Habitat, Spatial Capital of Saudi Arabian Cities, 2015.

Qatif Najran Sakakah Arar Jizan Al-Baha

1. Urban area (km2) 59 101 57 35 45 48

2. Developed area (km2) 30 36 33 22 19 15

3. Population (x1,000) 599 380 280 219 182 119

4. Population density (persons/developed km2) 20,013 10,447 8,538 9,837 9,452 7,956

5. Organic development (% of developed area) 10.8% 19.7% 18.5% n.d. 50.2% 59.8%

6. Housing projects (% of developed area) n.d. n.d. 0.7% 4.2% 1.5% 0.8%

7. Formal subdivision (% of developed area) 56.3% 15.2% 14.9% 35.4% 2.0% 2.8%

8. Informal subdivision (% of developed area) n.d. 20.2% 27.8% 21.5% 16.7% 0.1%

9. High density development (% of developed area) 76.5% 47.2% 0.2% 93.8% 97.7% 67.7%

10. Medium density development (% of developed area) 23.5% 22.2% 36.2% 4.0% 1.2% 22.6%

11. Low density development (% of developed area) 0.0% 30.6% 12.1% 1.2% 1.2% 9.7%

12. Open space (m2 / inhabitant) n.d. n.d. 0.1 n.d. n.d. 0.5

13. Average household income (USD PPP) 42,326 32,387 29,622 36,822 22,182 30,518

Housing supply and affordability There is a clear contrast between the achievements of a na- tional urbanization strategy that is successfully diversifying the economy and developing the Kingdom’s primary cities and an enduring shortage of affordable housing that has led to the growth of informal settlements in several major cities. This recurring problem has been due largely to the inability of local authorities to effectively control private development and underlines the necessity to strengthen the role, resourc- es and effectiveness of local governments and clarify their complementary role to that of national line ministries.

Despite significant increases in the housing stock over the past two decades, housing costs are high in Saudi cities. Housing costs are a significant component of household expenditures, for both Saudi and expatriate households and represent up to 50% of monthly expenditures for lower-in- come households. Eighteen percent of the population lives in sub-standard housing. On average, Saudi households spend 22% of their income on housing and utilities and household expenditures have recently been increasing at an annual rate of 6.1%.58 Households with monthly incomes of between SR 9,000 and SR 14,999 spend 28% while lower-income households earning less than SR 3,000 spend between 46% and 48% of their income on housing (Table 3.4).

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

TABLE 3.4: MONTHLY HOUSING EXPENDITURES, BY INCOME GROUP

Source: Department of Statistics, Household Expenditures Survey, 2013.

Monthly Income All households Saudi households

< SR 1,000 41% 43%

SR 1,000-1499 44% 48%

SR 1,500-1999 45% 49%

SR 2000-2999 40% 46%

SR 3,000-8,999 29% 32%

SR 9,000-14,999 25% 28%

SR 15,000-24,999 21% 23%

SR 25,000 + 17% 18%

The rapid growth of the urban population, particularly in the primary cities (Riyadh, Jeddah, and Dammam, Makkah and Madinah) coupled with rising land costs due to demand from private developers, land speculation and government projects has made it difficult for the government to meet the housing demand of lower- and middle-income households. In Jeddah, for example, there are 200,000 unprocessed applications for land grants and there is a shortage over 280,000 units for low and middle-income households. In Riyadh, land and housing costs have risen by 20% over the past three years.59

In spite of a construction boom that dates back to the 1970s, Saudi Arabia’s housing stock still reflects its historic context: while 41% of Saudi households live in a multi-family apart- ment building and 18% in a single-family dwelling, 27 % still live in a traditional house; 6% live in other accommodation, including informal dwellings. Even in Riyadh, where 63% of households live in modern apartment buildings or villas, tra- ditional housing still accounts for 13% of the housing stock.

While housing is expensive in the major cities, particularly for expatriates, it is most expensive in some secondary cities, such as Buraidah where, for Saudis, it accounts for 31% of household expenditures, 26% in Sakakah and 25% in Najran (all cities that have experienced significant population growth between 2004 and 2014). In Hail, a city that has experienced a net loss of its Saudi population over that decade, it accounts for 24% of household expenditures.60

Housing: Supply and Demand Saudi Arabia, is coping with an estimated housing shortage of over 280,000 units for lower61 and middle-income house- holds and a surplus of luxury housing. With an existing stock of 4.2 million units in 2007, to meet the needs of the project- ed population growth, 1.5 million housing units will be need- ed by 2015, and 5 million by 2020, requiring an investment of USD 640 billion. Twenty-five percent of the existing units have been financed by loans from the government’s Real Es- tate Development Fund.

While Riyadh has experienced a construction boom, with 28 percent of all building permits issued countrywide, much of the construction has been speculative, with inadequate provision for middle-income housing. An estimated 495,000 units will be needed by 2024. Given average rents at USD 66 per square meter, providing affordable housing is a chal- lenge with a median family income averaging USD 1,600 per month.

About one-fifth of Saudi Arabia’s future growth will take place in Jeddah, which has an oversupply of high-end retail space and luxury housing. While one in eight units is vacant, an esti- mated 250,000 people are living in overcrowded units reflect- ing the segmentation of the housing market. To anticipate the 2029 population of 5.7 million, Jeddah’s Strategic Plan calls for the construction of 950,500 housing units, with 685,000 units affordable to lower- and middle-income groups.

Poverty and housing Neither the poverty rate nor a reliable enumeration of sub- standard housing is available for Saudi Arabia. While esti- mates put the poverty rate at a very low 12.7 percent,62 there is evidence that it may be increasing as the number of unem- ployed young people continues to grow. Despite the govern- ment’s Saudization policy to diminish the country’s traditional dependency on expatriate labour, youth unemployment is estimated by the ILO at close to 30% and university gradu- ates make up a high percentage of those unemployed.63 The growing mismatch between housing costs and income is a major challenge that will have to be addressed; housing costs have continued to increase in major cities while barely stabi- lising in other locations. In Riyadh, Jeddah and the Greater Dammam area, rentals increased by 5%, 4% and 10% re- spectively in 2014 and by 11%, 12 and 12% respectively in 2015.64

Apart from Riyadh, informal developments are common in the rapidly growing cities and are the result of the combi- nation of demographic pressures, an inadequate supply of

CHAPTER 3: HOUSING, PUBLIC SPACES AND LIVING TOGETHER

Aerial view of Riyadh downtown. © Fedor Selivanov / Shutterstock

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affordable housing and loosely enforced development regula- tions. In Jeddah, whose strong and diversified economy has attracted a significant number of expatriate workers, roughly half the population lived in over-crowded conditions in 2005. Some lived in the partially rehabilitated Old City but the ma- jority had settled in more than 50 peripheral informal settle- ments spread across 4,800 hectares, about 16% of the city’s built-up area. These settlements not only lacked sanitation but were often located in areas subject to periodic flooding.

While recognizing the social cohesion and economic vitality of these developments, Jeddah’s 2009 Draft Strategic Plan points to the public health and security challenges they pose for the municipality. The Jeddah without Slums programme launched in 2007 by the Jeddah Development and Urban Regeneration Corporation (JDURC), a public corporation, has four strategic objectives:

• To reclaim, refurbish or upgrade areas that have a strate- gic significance for future developments;

• To leverage government support by engaging the private sector in establishing public private partnerships (PPPs) to develop, fund and implement regeneration strategies for specific areas.

• To provide decent and affordable housing solutions and to enable Jeddah to accommodate the future housing needs for poor and low income residents regardless of their nationality or origins; and

• To contribute to the enhancement of Jeddah’s image as an inclusive city, with a high quality of life for all citizens, including the spatial and social integration of informal communities into the urban physical and social fabric.

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

The Jeddah without Slums Programme embodies the stra- tegic objectives of Global Shelter Strategy 2000 by not only improving housing condition but addressing the social exclu- sion experienced in informal settlements due to lack of public services, and understanding the diverse cultural and financial needs of the inhabitants. Jeddah has allocated 25.5 million square meters of land for the construction of affordable hous- es in the city. The program uses regeneration projects as cat- alysts for development and opportunity.

At the national level, the Development Plan has prioritised housing as the cornerstone of its economic policy, allocating SAR 100 billion (USD 27 billion) for municipal and housing services, or around 7 percent of the five-year budget. These allocations will finance municipal services and one million housing units, roughly 80 percent of anticipated demand dur- ing the period. A new Ministry of Housing has been created with an initial budget allocation of USD 4 billion and the gov- ernment has announced a plan to construct 500,000 afforda- ble housing units.

In July 2012, a new Saudi mortgage law was approved to boost the real estate finance market and to help Saudis ac- cess finance in conformity with Shari’a regulations. The new law has the potential to increase housing supply by as much as 50 per cent. In addition to acting as a catalyst for the do- mestic real estate sector, it will widen the funding options for middle- and lower-income nationals. While the number of real estate loans went up sharply from 2012 to 2014, it then dropped as the December 2014 decision to set the loan-to- value ratio at 70% priced out middle-income households who were unable to afford the 30% down payment in a booming housing market. To counter this trend, the Saudi Arabian Cen- tral Bank has recently raised the maximum loan-to-value ratio to 85% and the demand for housing financing is expected to increase.65 However, the anticipated reduction in government spending as a result of falling oil prices is likely to result in the delayed financing of real estate projects, further exacerbating the shortage of affordable housing in Saudi cities.

Despite improvement in access to housing finance, the re- structuring and recapitalizing of the Real Estate Development Fund and the introduction of a mortgage law to improve ac- cess to home ownership, housing remains as a major chal- lenge as an effective housing policy requires the coordinated intervention of both central and local governments. The Min- istry of housing aims to 1) stimulate the real estate supply and raise productivity to provide residential products with appropriate price and quality, and 2) enable citizens to obtain suitable housing financing.

Saudi Arabia’s highly centralized administrative structure still permeates its urban policy. While local governments provide services and, at least in the major cities, participate in the preparation of their development plans, funding for capital works is provided by the concerned line ministries do not necessarily respond to local circumstances in a timely man- ner. While a partial local dependency on the transfer of oper- ating and capital funds from central government is common in the region, the implementation of a successful housing policy is partially dependent on the ability of the local govern- ment to provide serviced land.

Kingdom tower is a business and convention center, shoping mall and one of the main landmarks of Riyadh city. © Fedor Selivanov / Shutterstock

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CHAPTER 3: HOUSING, PUBLIC SPACES AND LIVING TOGETHER

Infrastructure A prosperous city continuously improves the quality and coverage of its infrastructure, including housing, social, in- formation and communications technology, urban mobility, and street connectivity. These infrastructures are key for the functioning of the city, and for its economic development. They also impact on the quality of life of its inhabitants and enhance social networks.

The Infrastructure dimension shows differences across city typologies (Figure 3.1). Housing Infrastructure sub-index per- forms well in medium size, and major cities, with minor cit- ies showing poor performance. These results are expected considering that larger cities tend to develop higher quality, broader access services. However, the results for Social Infra- structure (in particular for physician’s density) contradict the previous findings. One possible explanation is that the num- ber of physicians required to maintain the same proportional density, makes it more difficult to attain better performance in large cities. Access to ICT is clearly superior in major cities, with the other typologies having weaker results. Again, these results show that major cities tend to concentrate more di- verse economic, social, and cultural activities that relate to access to Information and Communications Technology. The results of Urban Mobility seem to be directly related to the total population of each city typology since their results are consistent with the different sizes of their populations, even when the holy cities are included. Such result is expected since the higher the population concentration, the larger the needs to develop diversified transportation and street net- work systems. Finally, the Street Connectivity is fairly bal- anced across city typologies. This shows a stable urban de- velopment pattern for different regions, economic, cultural, and religious backgrounds, where there are relatively high developed street network systems.

All 17 cities of the KSA show a weak performance on the In- frastructure dimension, having a standardized value of 48.9. This score is the third lowest of all CPI dimensions. The cities of Madinah, and Tabuk are the ones that had the best results with values of 60.9 and 60.0 respectively. On the other hand, Najran and Qatif have poorer results, with values of 30.4 and 35.3 respectively.

The sub-dimension of housing infrastructure obtained mod- erately weak results in the global scale of city prosperity, with an overall value of 59.5. It is worth noting that, for the ten cities that have data, the indicator of sufficient living space obtained the highest possible value in the scale, close- ly followed by the indicator of Access to Electricity with a value of 95.2. However, there is an increasing annual demand for housing units that is expected to remain for the coming years, which is putting pressure over housing prices. As de-

FIGURE 3.1: DIMENSIONS OF THE CPI: 2. INFRASTRUCTURE

FIGURE 2.1: SHARE OF NON-OIL, NON-AGRICULTURE NATIONAL GDP PPP

10%

15%

20%

25%

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0%

Riyadh

Jeddah

Dammam

Makkah

Madinah

Taief

Buraidah

Tabuk

Hail

Qatif

Abha

Najran

Sakaka

Arar

Jazan

Al-Baha

Percent of Total National Employment Percent of Total Regional Employment

Figure 2.2 : Percent of Regional and National Employment (exclusive of agriculture and mining)

10% 11%

16% 15%

11%

20%

11%

19% 18%

12%

16%

23%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Figure 2.3. Unemployment rates by region in 2012

45.3

52.7

63.4

51.8

24.7

56.4 51.7

54.3

71.9

57.9

42.9

50.9 54.6

49.4

71.9

49.2

44.8

36.2 48.0

43.6

62.9

33.9

61.7

37.8

PRODUCTIVITY

INFRASTRUCTURE

QUALITY OF LIFE

EQUITY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

URBAN GOVERNANCE AND

LEGISLATION

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

50.4

100

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71.8

5.0 59.1

73.6

11.1 70.3

80.0

5.7 55.7

69.0

3.8 48.5

ECONOMIC STRENGTH

ECONOMIC AGGLOMERATION

EMPLOYMENT

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

68.0

84.4

65.2 50.0

100

City Product per Capita

Old Age Dependency

Mean Household Income

KSA-17 City average

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Hail

Al-Bahah

Abha

Jizan

Makkah

Taif

Najran

Madinah

Jeddah

Buraydah

Arar

Sakaka

Tabuk

Riyadh

Al-Ahsa

Dammam

Qatif

47.3 45.6

97.0

50.0

100

Unemployment Rate Employment to Population Ratio

Informal Employment

KSA-17 City average

61.0

27.0

51.9 45.3

78.4

67.6

26.2

64.6 49.6

63.4

75.3

25.9

46.4 39.0

70.8

44.5

35.6

51.0 24.5

64.2

HOUSING INFRASTRUCTURE

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

ICT URBAN MOBILITY

STREET CONNECTIVITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

52.5

59.0 54.2

95.2 100.0

14.5

48.9

100

Improved Shelter

Access to Improved

Water

Access to Improved Sanitation

Acess to Electricity

Sufficient Living Area

Residencial Density

KSA-17 City average

51.3

0.0

48.9

100

Physicians Density Number of Public Libraries

KSA-17 City average

64.3 61.0

38.4

48.9

100

Internet Access Home Computer Access

Average Broad Band Speed

KSA-17 City average

1.5

100.0

0.0

53.7

86.9

48.9

100

Use of Public Transport

Average Daily Travel Time

Length of Mass Transport Network

Traffic Fatalities

Affordability of Transport

KSA-17 City average

88.5

37.7

74.2

48.9

100

Intersection Density

Street Density Land Allocated to Streets

KSA-17 City average

65.2

56.2

94.6

37.8

74.2

61.5

91.9

59.9

75.8

53.7

92.4

68.5

67.9

55.8

91.9

59.2

HEALTH

EDUCATION

SAFETY AND SECURITY

PUBLIC SPACE

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

70.5 65.8

98.2

43.9

65.7

100

Life Expectancy at Birth

Under-Five Mortality Rate

Vaccination Coverage

Maternal Mortality

KSA-17 City average

89.5

80.2

11.3

49.2

65.7

100

Literacy Rate Mean Years of Schooling

Early Childhood Education Programme

Net Enrollment Rate in Higher Education

KSA-17 City average

87.9

96.0

65.7

100

Homicide Rate Theft Rate

KSA-17 City average

72.3 65.7

100

Green Area per Capita

Accessibility to Open Public Space

72.3

59.9

36.8

66.0

26.0

59.9

66.2

67.7

29.9

61.2

36.6

70.2

28.6

66.6

51.5

54.3

19.5

ECONOMIC EQUITY

SOCIAL INCLUSION

GENDER INCLUSION

URBAN DIVERSITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

40.8

66.6

50.2

100

Gini Coefficient Poverty Rate

KSA-17 City Average

86.8

30.6

50.2

100

Slum Households Youth Unemployment

KSA-17 City Average

91.8

85.3

26.9

59.9

100

Equitable Secondary School Enrollment

Women in Local Government

Women in the Work Force

KSA-17 City Average

8.1

65.9 0.0

41.1

55.0 0.0

50.0

66.2 0.0

40.1

76.9 0.0

AIR QUALITY

WASTE MANAGEMENT ENERGY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

60.3

18.8

1.4

45.1

100

Number of Monitoring Stations

PM10 Concentrations

CO2 Emissions

KSA-17 City Average

94.1

76.1

8.8

45.1

100

Solid Waste Collection

Waste Water Treatment

Solid Waste Recycling Share

KSA-17 City Average

25.6

14.4

100.0

86.5

17.8

0.0

49.6

86.5

18.9

23.3

28.0

74.6

26.1

36.1

95.7

73.0

PARTICIPATION

ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY

INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

REGULATORY QUALITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

83.9

40.4

45.1

100

Local Expenditure Efficiency

Own Revenue Collection

KSA-17 City Average

ID CITY

02 INFRASTRUCTURE KSA-17

CPI 48.9

0201 HOUSING INFRASTRUCTURE 59.5

020101 Improved Shelter 52.5

020102 Access to Improved Water 59.0

020103 Access to Improved Sanitation 54.2

020104 Acess to Electricity 95.2

020105 Sufficient Living Area 100.0

020106 Residencial Density 14.9

0202 SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE 25.7

020201 Physicians Density 51.3

020202 Number of Public Libraries 0.0

0203 ICT 54.6

020301 Internet Access 64.3

020302 Home Computer Access 61.0

020303 Average Broad Band Speed 38.4

0204 URBAN MOBILITY 48.4

020401 Use of Public Transport 1.5

020402 Average Daily Travel Time 100.0

020403 Length of Mass Transport Network 0.0

020404 Traffic Fatalities 53.7

020405 Affordability of Transport 86.9

0205 STREET CONNECTIVITY 66.8

020501 Intersection Density 88.5

020502 Street Density 37.7

020503 Land Allocated to Streets 74.2

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

shows that some of the basic services are being adequately provided, improving the overall quality of life.

Sufficient Living Area: The indicator for the proportion of households with less than four persons per room is very strong. This shows that overcrowding is not a problem in the KSA.

Residential Density: Under conditions of increasing urban- ization, and urban sprawl, densification is a planning goal aiming at social, economic, and environmental benefits for the cities. Considering a global high density parameter of 15 thousand pop/km2, the result for KSA cities is very low. This shows a very weak indicator for residential density, reflected on unsustainable urban sprawl, inefficiencies for providing public services, and high costs for infrastructure construc- tion.

Improved Shelter: The proportion of durable housing units (built with durable materials for floors, walls, and ceilings, in non-hazardous locations) represents a moderately weak in- dicator. This has a negative effect on the health and safety conditions of the population.

Access to Improved Water: The indicator for the proportion of housing units with access to an improved source of water is moderately weak. Access to quality drinking water is a pre- requisite for maintaining good health, therefore this condition is negatively affecting the overall quality of life.

The proportion of housing units with durable materials in floors, walls and roofs, or with access to improved water and to improved sanitation, shows a moderately weak per- formance among the 17 Saudi Arabian cities. Nevertheless, important differences are observed between them. On the one hand, Dammam, Riyadh, Jizan and Tabuk show moder- ately better housing environment conditions, while on the other hand, the cities of Abha, Najran, Sakaka, Makkah and Jeddah, have less durable housing environments and poorer access to sanitation and improved water.

Physicians Density: The indicator for the number of physi- cians per 1,000 people is moderately weak. This has a nega- tive effect over labour productivity, and quality of life (Figure 3.3).

FIGURE 3.2: HOUSING INFRASTRUCTURE SUB-DIMENSION

FIGURE 2.1: SHARE OF NON-OIL, NON-AGRICULTURE NATIONAL GDP PPP

10%

15%

20%

25%

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0%

Riyadh

Jeddah

Dammam

Makkah

Madinah

Taief

Buraidah

Tabuk

Hail

Qatif

Abha

Najran

Sakaka

Arar

Jazan

Al-Baha

Percent of Total National Employment Percent of Total Regional Employment

Figure 2.2 : Percent of Regional and National Employment (exclusive of agriculture and mining)

10% 11%

16% 15%

11%

20%

11%

19% 18%

12%

16%

23%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Figure 2.3. Unemployment rates by region in 2012

45.3

52.7

63.4

51.8

24.7

56.4 51.7

54.3

71.9

57.9

42.9

50.9 54.6

49.4

71.9

49.2

44.8

36.2 48.0

43.6

62.9

33.9

61.7

37.8

PRODUCTIVITY

INFRASTRUCTURE

QUALITY OF LIFE

EQUITY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

URBAN GOVERNANCE AND

LEGISLATION

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

50.4

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71.8

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73.6

11.1 70.3

80.0

5.7 55.7

69.0

3.8 48.5

ECONOMIC STRENGTH

ECONOMIC AGGLOMERATION

EMPLOYMENT

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

68.0

84.4

65.2 50.0

100

City Product per Capita

Old Age Dependency

Mean Household Income

KSA-17 City average

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Hail

Al-Bahah

Abha

Jizan

Makkah

Taif

Najran

Madinah

Jeddah

Buraydah

Arar

Sakaka

Tabuk

Riyadh

Al-Ahsa

Dammam

Qatif

47.3 45.6

97.0

50.0

100

Unemployment Rate Employment to Population Ratio

Informal Employment

KSA-17 City average

61.0

27.0

51.9 45.3

78.4

67.6

26.2

64.6 49.6

63.4

75.3

25.9

46.4 39.0

70.8

44.5

35.6

51.0 24.5

64.2

HOUSING INFRASTRUCTURE

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

ICT URBAN MOBILITY

STREET CONNECTIVITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

52.5

59.0 54.2

95.2 100.0

14.5

48.9

100

Improved Shelter

Access to Improved

Water

Access to Improved Sanitation

Acess to Electricity

Sufficient Living Area

Residencial Density

KSA-17 City average

51.3

0.0

48.9

100

Physicians Density Number of Public Libraries

KSA-17 City average

64.3 61.0

38.4

48.9

100

Internet Access Home Computer Access

Average Broad Band Speed

KSA-17 City average

1.5

100.0

0.0

53.7

86.9

48.9

100

Use of Public Transport

Average Daily Travel Time

Length of Mass Transport Network

Traffic Fatalities

Affordability of Transport

KSA-17 City average

88.5

37.7

74.2

48.9

100

Intersection Density

Street Density Land Allocated to Streets

KSA-17 City average

65.2

56.2

94.6

37.8

74.2

61.5

91.9

59.9

75.8

53.7

92.4

68.5

67.9

55.8

91.9

59.2

HEALTH

EDUCATION

SAFETY AND SECURITY

PUBLIC SPACE

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

70.5 65.8

98.2

43.9

65.7

100

Life Expectancy at Birth

Under-Five Mortality Rate

Vaccination Coverage

Maternal Mortality

KSA-17 City average

89.5

80.2

11.3

49.2

65.7

100

Literacy Rate Mean Years of Schooling

Early Childhood Education Programme

Net Enrollment Rate in Higher Education

KSA-17 City average

87.9

96.0

65.7

100

Homicide Rate Theft Rate

KSA-17 City average

72.3 65.7

100

Green Area per Capita

Accessibility to Open Public Space

72.3

59.9

36.8

66.0

26.0

59.9

66.2

67.7

29.9

61.2

36.6

70.2

28.6

66.6

51.5

54.3

19.5

ECONOMIC EQUITY

SOCIAL INCLUSION

GENDER INCLUSION

URBAN DIVERSITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

40.8

66.6

50.2

100

Gini Coefficient Poverty Rate

KSA-17 City Average

86.8

30.6

50.2

100

Slum Households Youth Unemployment

KSA-17 City Average

91.8

85.3

26.9

59.9

100

Equitable Secondary School Enrollment

Women in Local Government

Women in the Work Force

KSA-17 City Average

8.1

65.9 0.0

41.1

55.0 0.0

50.0

66.2 0.0

40.1

76.9 0.0

AIR QUALITY

WASTE MANAGEMENT ENERGY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

60.3

18.8

1.4

45.1

100

Number of Monitoring Stations

PM10 Concentrations

CO2 Emissions

KSA-17 City Average

94.1

76.1

8.8

45.1

100

Solid Waste Collection

Waste Water Treatment

Solid Waste Recycling Share

KSA-17 City Average

25.6

14.4

100.0

86.5

17.8

0.0

49.6

86.5

18.9

23.3

28.0

74.6

26.1

36.1

95.7

73.0

PARTICIPATION

ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY

INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

REGULATORY QUALITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

83.9

40.4

45.1

100

Local Expenditure Efficiency

Own Revenue Collection

KSA-17 City Average

FIGURE 3.3: SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE SUB-DIMENSION

FIGURE 2.1: SHARE OF NON-OIL, NON-AGRICULTURE NATIONAL GDP PPP

10%

15%

20%

25%

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0%

Riyadh

Jeddah

Dammam

Makkah

Madinah

Taief

Buraidah

Tabuk

Hail

Qatif

Abha

Najran

Sakaka

Arar

Jazan

Al-Baha

Percent of Total National Employment Percent of Total Regional Employment

Figure 2.2 : Percent of Regional and National Employment (exclusive of agriculture and mining)

10% 11%

16% 15%

11%

20%

11%

19% 18%

12%

16%

23%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Figure 2.3. Unemployment rates by region in 2012

45.3

52.7

63.4

51.8

24.7

56.4 51.7

54.3

71.9

57.9

42.9

50.9 54.6

49.4

71.9

49.2

44.8

36.2 48.0

43.6

62.9

33.9

61.7

37.8

PRODUCTIVITY

INFRASTRUCTURE

QUALITY OF LIFE

EQUITY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

URBAN GOVERNANCE AND

LEGISLATION

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

50.4

100

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01 Productivity 02 Infrastructure 03 Quality of Life 04 Equity and Social

Inclusion 05 Environmental

Sustainability 06 Urban Governance and

Legislation

71.8

5.0 59.1

73.6

11.1 70.3

80.0

5.7 55.7

69.0

3.8 48.5

ECONOMIC STRENGTH

ECONOMIC AGGLOMERATION

EMPLOYMENT

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

68.0

84.4

65.2 50.0

100

City Product per Capita

Old Age Dependency

Mean Household Income

KSA-17 City average

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Hail

Al-Bahah

Abha

Jizan

Makkah

Taif

Najran

Madinah

Jeddah

Buraydah

Arar

Sakaka

Tabuk

Riyadh

Al-Ahsa

Dammam

Qatif

47.3 45.6

97.0

50.0

100

Unemployment Rate Employment to Population Ratio

Informal Employment

KSA-17 City average

61.0

27.0

51.9 45.3

78.4

67.6

26.2

64.6 49.6

63.4

75.3

25.9

46.4 39.0

70.8

44.5

35.6

51.0 24.5

64.2

HOUSING INFRASTRUCTURE

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

ICT URBAN MOBILITY

STREET CONNECTIVITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

52.5

59.0 54.2

95.2 100.0

14.5

48.9

100

Improved Shelter

Access to Improved

Water

Access to Improved Sanitation

Acess to Electricity

Sufficient Living Area

Residencial Density

KSA-17 City average

51.3

0.0

48.9

100

Physicians Density Number of Public Libraries

KSA-17 City average

64.3 61.0

38.4

48.9

100

Internet Access Home Computer Access

Average Broad Band Speed

KSA-17 City average

1.5

100.0

0.0

53.7

86.9

48.9

100

Use of Public Transport

Average Daily Travel Time

Length of Mass Transport Network

Traffic Fatalities

Affordability of Transport

KSA-17 City average

88.5

37.7

74.2

48.9

100

Intersection Density

Street Density Land Allocated to Streets

KSA-17 City average

65.2

56.2

94.6

37.8

74.2

61.5

91.9

59.9

75.8

53.7

92.4

68.5

67.9

55.8

91.9

59.2

HEALTH

EDUCATION

SAFETY AND SECURITY

PUBLIC SPACE

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

70.5 65.8

98.2

43.9

65.7

100

Life Expectancy at Birth

Under-Five Mortality Rate

Vaccination Coverage

Maternal Mortality

KSA-17 City average

89.5

80.2

11.3

49.2

65.7

100

Literacy Rate Mean Years of Schooling

Early Childhood Education Programme

Net Enrollment Rate in Higher Education

KSA-17 City average

87.9

96.0

65.7

100

Homicide Rate Theft Rate

KSA-17 City average

72.3 65.7

100

Green Area per Capita

Accessibility to Open Public Space

72.3

59.9

36.8

66.0

26.0

59.9

66.2

67.7

29.9

61.2

36.6

70.2

28.6

66.6

51.5

54.3

19.5

ECONOMIC EQUITY

SOCIAL INCLUSION

GENDER INCLUSION

URBAN DIVERSITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

40.8

66.6

50.2

100

Gini Coefficient Poverty Rate

KSA-17 City Average

86.8

30.6

50.2

100

Slum Households Youth Unemployment

KSA-17 City Average

91.8

85.3

26.9

59.9

100

Equitable Secondary School Enrollment

Women in Local Government

Women in the Work Force

KSA-17 City Average

8.1

65.9 0.0

41.1

55.0 0.0

50.0

66.2 0.0

40.1

76.9 0.0

AIR QUALITY

WASTE MANAGEMENT ENERGY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

60.3

18.8

1.4

45.1

100

Number of Monitoring Stations

PM10 Concentrations

CO2 Emissions

KSA-17 City Average

94.1

76.1

8.8

45.1

100

Solid Waste Collection

Waste Water Treatment

Solid Waste Recycling Share

KSA-17 City Average

25.6

14.4

100.0

86.5

17.8

0.0

49.6

86.5

18.9

23.3

28.0

74.6

26.1

36.1

95.7

73.0

PARTICIPATION

ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY

INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

REGULATORY QUALITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

83.9

40.4

45.1

100

Local Expenditure Efficiency

Own Revenue Collection

KSA-17 City Average

All 17 cities of the KSA show a weak performance

on the Infrastructure dimension, having a standardized value of 48.9. This score is the third lowest of all CPI dimensions. The cities

of Madinah, and Tabuk are the ones that had

the best results with values of 60.9 and 60.0 respectively.

CHAPTER 3: HOUSING, PUBLIC SPACES AND LIVING TOGETHER

Number of Public Libraries: The number of public libraries per 100,000 people, available for consultation, and for provid- ing access to information, knowledge, and culture represents an extremely weak indicator. Such lack of public facilities rep- resents an obstacle for development.

The Social Infrastructure sub-dimension has the lowest score (25.7). Its low performance results from the lack of public li- braries in 13 cities (the remaining cities did not have available information), as well as from the low number of physicians’ availability to attend to the population’s health needs.

On average, the 17 cities have moderately weak scores re- garding access to Information and Communications Technol- ogy (54.6). Although the indicators of Access to Internet and Home Computer Access show better results, the sub-dimen- sion is affected by low Average Broadband Speed (Figure 3.4). Considering that a key driver of the world economy is innovation which in turn depends on access to information and knowledge, the low broadband speed may limit econom- ic development, in addition to hindering cultural and social activities that need fixed access to high speed Internet. The results are particularly weak for Jizan and Buraydah, where just a small proportion of housing units have access to a com- puter.

Internet Access: The indicator for the proportion of internet users to total population is moderately strong. When coupled with a computer, this condition favours the fulfilment of edu- cational, professional, and social activities.

Home Computer Access: The proportion of households that own home computers represents a moderately strong indica- tor. This favours attaining useful skills for both the profession- al and personal life. When coupled with broad band internet, provides access to information, knowledge, and culture.

Average Broad Band Speed: The indicator for the average download speed of the internet connection (Mbps) is very weak. Such condition limits to a considerable degree the abil- ity to access and take advantage of all the information that is available online.

Pilgrims walk underneath giant umbrellas at Nabawi Mosque compound in Medina, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Nabawi mosque is the second holiest mosque in Islam. © Mawardi Bahar / Shutterstock

PHOTO

Although the indicators of Access to Internet and

Home Computer Access show better results,

the sub-dimension is affected by low Average

Broadband Speed. Considering that a key driver

of the world economy is innovation which in turn depends on access to information and knowledge,

the low broadband speed may limit economic

development, in addition to hindering cultural and

social activities that need fixed access to high speed Internet.

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

The urban mobility sub-dimension scores are weak according to the global scale of city prosperity (48.4) mainly due to the steep limitations of massive public transport in the 17 cities of the KSA (Figure 3.5). This implies an extremely low use of the public transport systems in all cities, in part because of the low quality of its service, making private vehicles the primary transportation mode. Jeddah is the exception with a slightly more diversified system. Despite these character- istics, the overall costs of transportation are very low in all cities, except Najran.

These indicators portray a mobility model that is highly ag- gressive to the environment, to people’s health, and for road safety, in addition to being inequitable and inefficient. The number of traffic accidents fatalities is, on average, relatively high for the 17 cities when compared to international bench- marks. Furthermore, their occurrence substantially increased from around 3,500 deaths to almost 6,600 in the 2000-2010 period.67 In this context, and considering the good qualifica- tion of road connectivity in Saudi Arabia cities, promoting and incentivizing sustainable mobility (pedestrian and cycle, in ad- dition to public transport) represents an opportunity for public policy, not only in terms of improving mobility, but also for improving road safety.

Use of Public Transport: High capacity public transit sys- tems (based on the latest technologies, providing high quality and efficient service), are recommended for cities with over 500 thousand inhabitants. Each city needs to estimate their population growth rates to plan for current, and future needs of this kind of transport system.

The indicator for the percentage of trips made on public transport mode is extremely weak, reflecting the rooted cul- ture of private vehicle use due to historically low fuel prices, coupled with relatively dense street systems, and relevant proportions of urban open space. These conditions favour the use of private vehicles, which work against what a sustaina- ble city in terms of mobility would be.

Traffic Fatalities: The indicator for the number of yearly traffic fatalities per 100 thousand inhabitants is moderately weak. This shows that the urban policies, planning, design and road safety actions that are in place (including pedestrians, and cyclists’ infrastructure), are not fully meeting their goals.

Average Daily Travel Time: The average daily travel time (using any transport means) represents a very strong indi- cator. This shows that the prevailing use of private vehicles is not yet an issue in terms of commuting time, mainly due to the relatively dense street system. However, this is likely to change in the medium run as population grows, with its corresponding negative effects over health, air quality, and urban sustainability.

Length of Mass Transport Network: The indicator for the number of kilometres of high capacity transit mode per one million people has a zero value, reflecting the lack of this type of transport system in Saudi Arabian cities. This condition may pose a threat to the sustainability of the cities in the mid run, in terms of mobility, connectivity, and territorial integra- tion. It may also limit productivity, and quality of life.

Affordability of Transport: The public transport cost in rela- tion to per capita income for the lowest quintile is very low, which translates into a very strong indicator in favours of ur- ban mobility, and equity. Nonetheless, this indicator needs to be framed within the extremely low use of public transport. An equitable and well connected city is in conditions of being more sustainable, improving its productivity, and the overall quality of life of its inhabitants.

FIGURE 3.4: INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SUB-DIMENSION

FIGURE 2.1: SHARE OF NON-OIL, NON-AGRICULTURE NATIONAL GDP PPP

10%

15%

20%

25%

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0%

Riyadh

Jeddah

Dammam

Makkah

Madinah

Taief

Buraidah

Tabuk

Hail

Qatif

Abha

Najran

Sakaka

Arar

Jazan

Al-Baha

Percent of Total National Employment Percent of Total Regional Employment

Figure 2.2 : Percent of Regional and National Employment (exclusive of agriculture and mining)

10% 11%

16% 15%

11%

20%

11%

19% 18%

12%

16%

23%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Figure 2.3. Unemployment rates by region in 2012

45.3

52.7

63.4

51.8

24.7

56.4 51.7

54.3

71.9

57.9

42.9

50.9 54.6

49.4

71.9

49.2

44.8

36.2 48.0

43.6

62.9

33.9

61.7

37.8

PRODUCTIVITY

INFRASTRUCTURE

QUALITY OF LIFE

EQUITY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

URBAN GOVERNANCE AND

LEGISLATION

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

50.4

100

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Inclusion 05 Environmental

Sustainability 06 Urban Governance and

Legislation

71.8

5.0 59.1

73.6

11.1 70.3

80.0

5.7 55.7

69.0

3.8 48.5

ECONOMIC STRENGTH

ECONOMIC AGGLOMERATION

EMPLOYMENT

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

68.0

84.4

65.2 50.0

100

City Product per Capita

Old Age Dependency

Mean Household Income

KSA-17 City average

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Hail

Al-Bahah

Abha

Jizan

Makkah

Taif

Najran

Madinah

Jeddah

Buraydah

Arar

Sakaka

Tabuk

Riyadh

Al-Ahsa

Dammam

Qatif

47.3 45.6

97.0

50.0

100

Unemployment Rate Employment to Population Ratio

Informal Employment

KSA-17 City average

61.0

27.0

51.9 45.3

78.4

67.6

26.2

64.6 49.6

63.4

75.3

25.9

46.4 39.0

70.8

44.5

35.6

51.0 24.5

64.2

HOUSING INFRASTRUCTURE

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

ICT URBAN MOBILITY

STREET CONNECTIVITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

52.5

59.0 54.2

95.2 100.0

14.5

48.9

100

Improved Shelter

Access to Improved

Water

Access to Improved Sanitation

Acess to Electricity

Sufficient Living Area

Residencial Density

KSA-17 City average

51.3

0.0

48.9

100

Physicians Density Number of Public Libraries

KSA-17 City average

64.3 61.0

38.4

48.9

100

Internet Access Home Computer Access

Average Broad Band Speed

KSA-17 City average

1.5

100.0

0.0

53.7

86.9

48.9

100

Use of Public Transport

Average Daily Travel Time

Length of Mass Transport Network

Traffic Fatalities

Affordability of Transport

KSA-17 City average

88.5

37.7

74.2

48.9

100

Intersection Density

Street Density Land Allocated to Streets

KSA-17 City average

65.2

56.2

94.6

37.8

74.2

61.5

91.9

59.9

75.8

53.7

92.4

68.5

67.9

55.8

91.9

59.2

HEALTH

EDUCATION

SAFETY AND SECURITY

PUBLIC SPACE

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

70.5 65.8

98.2

43.9

65.7

100

Life Expectancy at Birth

Under-Five Mortality Rate

Vaccination Coverage

Maternal Mortality

KSA-17 City average

89.5

80.2

11.3

49.2

65.7

100

Literacy Rate Mean Years of Schooling

Early Childhood Education Programme

Net Enrollment Rate in Higher Education

KSA-17 City average

87.9

96.0

65.7

100

Homicide Rate Theft Rate

KSA-17 City average

72.3 65.7

100

Green Area per Capita

Accessibility to Open Public Space

72.3

59.9

36.8

66.0

26.0

59.9

66.2

67.7

29.9

61.2

36.6

70.2

28.6

66.6

51.5

54.3

19.5

ECONOMIC EQUITY

SOCIAL INCLUSION

GENDER INCLUSION

URBAN DIVERSITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

40.8

66.6

50.2

100

Gini Coefficient Poverty Rate

KSA-17 City Average

86.8

30.6

50.2

100

Slum Households Youth Unemployment

KSA-17 City Average

91.8

85.3

26.9

59.9

100

Equitable Secondary School Enrollment

Women in Local Government

Women in the Work Force

KSA-17 City Average

8.1

65.9 0.0

41.1

55.0 0.0

50.0

66.2 0.0

40.1

76.9 0.0

AIR QUALITY

WASTE MANAGEMENT ENERGY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

60.3

18.8

1.4

45.1

100

Number of Monitoring Stations

PM10 Concentrations

CO2 Emissions

KSA-17 City Average

94.1

76.1

8.8

45.1

100

Solid Waste Collection

Waste Water Treatment

Solid Waste Recycling Share

KSA-17 City Average

25.6

14.4

100.0

86.5

17.8

0.0

49.6

86.5

18.9

23.3

28.0

74.6

26.1

36.1

95.7

73.0

PARTICIPATION

ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY

INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

REGULATORY QUALITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

83.9

40.4

45.1

100

Local Expenditure Efficiency

Own Revenue Collection

KSA-17 City Average

CHAPTER 3: HOUSING, PUBLIC SPACES AND LIVING TOGETHER

The Street Connectivity sub-dimension scored moderately strong (66.8) in the global scale of city prosperity. The good performance of this sub-dimension is related to the good performance of Intersection Density, and Land Allocated to Streets indicators. However, these results are highly sensi- tive to factors such as if the open land is included in the com- putations (in which case the values of the indicators drop), or if the analysis is performed for intra-city informal subdivisions (in which case the values of the indicators improve). Overall, Saudi cities tend to allocate sufficient land to streets, with high intersection densities, making their street networks well connected. However, there are relevant variations across cit- ies that should not be overlooked.68

It is worth noting that the cities of Al-Bahah, Najran, and Riyadh have an extremely poor performance in the Street Density indicator. This is because of the large amount of “white land” (open space and vacant ground) that character- izes Saudi urban development. This generates low density, with inefficient land use and road networks, inefficient infra- structure investments and lack of available land for affordable housing.69 “While nearly half of land in Saudi cities remains empty, the possibility of sustainable urban development is compromised.”70

Intersection Density: The indicator for the number of street intersections per square kilometre of urban area is very strong, which means that the distance between intersec- tions is short. Such kind of urban design has the potential to improve mobility, by favouring pedestrians and cyclists (Fig- ure 3.6).

Street Density: The indicator for the length of the street net- work per square kilometre of urban area is very weak. This means that there are not enough short and direct streets that would enhance non-motorized mobility, such as walking, or cycling.

Land Allocated to Streets: The percentage of total urban surface allocated to streets shows a strong indicator, which means that streets surface and land dedicated to other pro- ductive, social, and environmental uses is relatively balanced. This has the potential for favouring more efficient mobility, and land uses.

FIGURE 3.5: URBAN MOBILITY SUB-DIMENSION

FIGURE 2.1: SHARE OF NON-OIL, NON-AGRICULTURE NATIONAL GDP PPP

10%

15%

20%

25%

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0%

Riyadh

Jeddah

Dammam

Makkah

Madinah

Taief

Buraidah

Tabuk

Hail

Qatif

Abha

Najran

Sakaka

Arar

Jazan

Al-Baha

Percent of Total National Employment Percent of Total Regional Employment

Figure 2.2 : Percent of Regional and National Employment (exclusive of agriculture and mining)

10% 11%

16% 15%

11%

20%

11%

19% 18%

12%

16%

23%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Figure 2.3. Unemployment rates by region in 2012

45.3

52.7

63.4

51.8

24.7

56.4 51.7

54.3

71.9

57.9

42.9

50.9 54.6

49.4

71.9

49.2

44.8

36.2 48.0

43.6

62.9

33.9

61.7

37.8

PRODUCTIVITY

INFRASTRUCTURE

QUALITY OF LIFE

EQUITY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

URBAN GOVERNANCE AND

LEGISLATION

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

50.4

100

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01 Productivity 02 Infrastructure 03 Quality of Life 04 Equity and Social

Inclusion 05 Environmental

Sustainability 06 Urban Governance and

Legislation

71.8

5.0 59.1

73.6

11.1 70.3

80.0

5.7 55.7

69.0

3.8 48.5

ECONOMIC STRENGTH

ECONOMIC AGGLOMERATION

EMPLOYMENT

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

68.0

84.4

65.2 50.0

100

City Product per Capita

Old Age Dependency

Mean Household Income

KSA-17 City average

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Hail

Al-Bahah

Abha

Jizan

Makkah

Taif

Najran

Madinah

Jeddah

Buraydah

Arar

Sakaka

Tabuk

Riyadh

Al-Ahsa

Dammam

Qatif

47.3 45.6

97.0

50.0

100

Unemployment Rate Employment to Population Ratio

Informal Employment

KSA-17 City average

61.0

27.0

51.9 45.3

78.4

67.6

26.2

64.6 49.6

63.4

75.3

25.9

46.4 39.0

70.8

44.5

35.6

51.0 24.5

64.2

HOUSING INFRASTRUCTURE

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

ICT URBAN MOBILITY

STREET CONNECTIVITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

52.5

59.0 54.2

95.2 100.0

14.5

48.9

100

Improved Shelter

Access to Improved

Water

Access to Improved Sanitation

Acess to Electricity

Sufficient Living Area

Residencial Density

KSA-17 City average

51.3

0.0

48.9

100

Physicians Density Number of Public Libraries

KSA-17 City average

64.3 61.0

38.4

48.9

100

Internet Access Home Computer Access

Average Broad Band Speed

KSA-17 City average

1.5

100.0

0.0

53.7

86.9

48.9

100

Use of Public Transport

Average Daily Travel Time

Length of Mass Transport Network

Traffic Fatalities

Affordability of Transport

KSA-17 City average

88.5

37.7

74.2

48.9

100

Intersection Density

Street Density Land Allocated to Streets

KSA-17 City average

65.2

56.2

94.6

37.8

74.2

61.5

91.9

59.9

75.8

53.7

92.4

68.5

67.9

55.8

91.9

59.2

HEALTH

EDUCATION

SAFETY AND SECURITY

PUBLIC SPACE

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

70.5 65.8

98.2

43.9

65.7

100

Life Expectancy at Birth

Under-Five Mortality Rate

Vaccination Coverage

Maternal Mortality

KSA-17 City average

89.5

80.2

11.3

49.2

65.7

100

Literacy Rate Mean Years of Schooling

Early Childhood Education Programme

Net Enrollment Rate in Higher Education

KSA-17 City average

87.9

96.0

65.7

100

Homicide Rate Theft Rate

KSA-17 City average

72.3 65.7

100

Green Area per Capita

Accessibility to Open Public Space

72.3

59.9

36.8

66.0

26.0

59.9

66.2

67.7

29.9

61.2

36.6

70.2

28.6

66.6

51.5

54.3

19.5

ECONOMIC EQUITY

SOCIAL INCLUSION

GENDER INCLUSION

URBAN DIVERSITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

40.8

66.6

50.2

100

Gini Coefficient Poverty Rate

KSA-17 City Average

86.8

30.6

50.2

100

Slum Households Youth Unemployment

KSA-17 City Average

91.8

85.3

26.9

59.9

100

Equitable Secondary School Enrollment

Women in Local Government

Women in the Work Force

KSA-17 City Average

8.1

65.9 0.0

41.1

55.0 0.0

50.0

66.2 0.0

40.1

76.9 0.0

AIR QUALITY

WASTE MANAGEMENT ENERGY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

60.3

18.8

1.4

45.1

100

Number of Monitoring Stations

PM10 Concentrations

CO2 Emissions

KSA-17 City Average

94.1

76.1

8.8

45.1

100

Solid Waste Collection

Waste Water Treatment

Solid Waste Recycling Share

KSA-17 City Average

25.6

14.4

100.0

86.5

17.8

0.0

49.6

86.5

18.9

23.3

28.0

74.6

26.1

36.1

95.7

73.0

PARTICIPATION

ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY

INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

REGULATORY QUALITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

83.9

40.4

45.1

100

Local Expenditure Efficiency

Own Revenue Collection

KSA-17 City Average

FIGURE 3.6: STREET CONNECTIVITY SUB-DIMENSION

FIGURE 2.1: SHARE OF NON-OIL, NON-AGRICULTURE NATIONAL GDP PPP

10%

15%

20%

25%

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0%

Riyadh

Jeddah

Dammam

Makkah

Madinah

Taief

Buraidah

Tabuk

Hail

Qatif

Abha

Najran

Sakaka

Arar

Jazan

Al-Baha

Percent of Total National Employment Percent of Total Regional Employment

Figure 2.2 : Percent of Regional and National Employment (exclusive of agriculture and mining)

10% 11%

16% 15%

11%

20%

11%

19% 18%

12%

16%

23%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Figure 2.3. Unemployment rates by region in 2012

45.3

52.7

63.4

51.8

24.7

56.4 51.7

54.3

71.9

57.9

42.9

50.9 54.6

49.4

71.9

49.2

44.8

36.2 48.0

43.6

62.9

33.9

61.7

37.8

PRODUCTIVITY

INFRASTRUCTURE

QUALITY OF LIFE

EQUITY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

URBAN GOVERNANCE AND

LEGISLATION

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

50.4

100

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01 Productivity 02 Infrastructure 03 Quality of Life 04 Equity and Social

Inclusion 05 Environmental

Sustainability 06 Urban Governance and

Legislation

71.8

5.0 59.1

73.6

11.1 70.3

80.0

5.7 55.7

69.0

3.8 48.5

ECONOMIC STRENGTH

ECONOMIC AGGLOMERATION

EMPLOYMENT

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

68.0

84.4

65.2 50.0

100

City Product per Capita

Old Age Dependency

Mean Household Income

KSA-17 City average

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Hail

Al-Bahah

Abha

Jizan

Makkah

Taif

Najran

Madinah

Jeddah

Buraydah

Arar

Sakaka

Tabuk

Riyadh

Al-Ahsa

Dammam

Qatif

47.3 45.6

97.0

50.0

100

Unemployment Rate Employment to Population Ratio

Informal Employment

KSA-17 City average

61.0

27.0

51.9 45.3

78.4

67.6

26.2

64.6 49.6

63.4

75.3

25.9

46.4 39.0

70.8

44.5

35.6

51.0 24.5

64.2

HOUSING INFRASTRUCTURE

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

ICT URBAN MOBILITY

STREET CONNECTIVITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

52.5

59.0 54.2

95.2 100.0

14.5

48.9

100

Improved Shelter

Access to Improved

Water

Access to Improved Sanitation

Acess to Electricity

Sufficient Living Area

Residencial Density

KSA-17 City average

51.3

0.0

48.9

100

Physicians Density Number of Public Libraries

KSA-17 City average

64.3 61.0

38.4

48.9

100

Internet Access Home Computer Access

Average Broad Band Speed

KSA-17 City average

1.5

100.0

0.0

53.7

86.9

48.9

100

Use of Public Transport

Average Daily Travel Time

Length of Mass Transport Network

Traffic Fatalities

Affordability of Transport

KSA-17 City average

88.5

37.7

74.2

48.9

100

Intersection Density

Street Density Land Allocated to Streets

KSA-17 City average

65.2

56.2

94.6

37.8

74.2

61.5

91.9

59.9

75.8

53.7

92.4

68.5

67.9

55.8

91.9

59.2

HEALTH

EDUCATION

SAFETY AND SECURITY

PUBLIC SPACE

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

70.5 65.8

98.2

43.9

65.7

100

Life Expectancy at Birth

Under-Five Mortality Rate

Vaccination Coverage

Maternal Mortality

KSA-17 City average

89.5

80.2

11.3

49.2

65.7

100

Literacy Rate Mean Years of Schooling

Early Childhood Education Programme

Net Enrollment Rate in Higher Education

KSA-17 City average

87.9

96.0

65.7

100

Homicide Rate Theft Rate

KSA-17 City average

72.3 65.7

100

Green Area per Capita

Accessibility to Open Public Space

72.3

59.9

36.8

66.0

26.0

59.9

66.2

67.7

29.9

61.2

36.6

70.2

28.6

66.6

51.5

54.3

19.5

ECONOMIC EQUITY

SOCIAL INCLUSION

GENDER INCLUSION

URBAN DIVERSITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

40.8

66.6

50.2

100

Gini Coefficient Poverty Rate

KSA-17 City Average

86.8

30.6

50.2

100

Slum Households Youth Unemployment

KSA-17 City Average

91.8

85.3

26.9

59.9

100

Equitable Secondary School Enrollment

Women in Local Government

Women in the Work Force

KSA-17 City Average

8.1

65.9 0.0

41.1

55.0 0.0

50.0

66.2 0.0

40.1

76.9 0.0

AIR QUALITY

WASTE MANAGEMENT ENERGY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

60.3

18.8

1.4

45.1

100

Number of Monitoring Stations

PM10 Concentrations

CO2 Emissions

KSA-17 City Average

94.1

76.1

8.8

45.1

100

Solid Waste Collection

Waste Water Treatment

Solid Waste Recycling Share

KSA-17 City Average

25.6

14.4

100.0

86.5

17.8

0.0

49.6

86.5

18.9

23.3

28.0

74.6

26.1

36.1

95.7

73.0

PARTICIPATION

ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY

INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

REGULATORY QUALITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

83.9

40.4

45.1

100

Local Expenditure Efficiency

Own Revenue Collection

KSA-17 City Average

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

The Intersection Density indicator reached the maximum possible value (100.0) in nine cities (Abha, Arar, Buraydah, Hail, Jeddah, Madinah, Makkah, Najran, and Taif). Neverthe- less, this does not necessarily mean the existence of rele- vant pedestrian connectivity between places. According to UN-Habitat,71 the organic urban development that charac- terizes, for example, the historical centers of Madinah and Tabuk, helps increase connectivity. However, considering the large amounts of open spaces of Saudi formal urban develop- ments, the degree of connectivity considerably diminishes.

Equity and Social Inclusion Equity and social inclusion reflects not only such economic and social factors as poverty, the incidence of slums, youth unemployment and gender equality but also the diversity of the urban environment and its ability to provide for the needs of the population. While the traditional mixed land-use pat- tern is still prevalent in smaller cities, it is gradually being replaced by larger-scale development in the larger ones.

More equitable cities have better possibilities of being pros- perous. A prosperous city must be socially inclusive, more equitable regarding gender, protective of minorities and vul- nerable groups rights, and assuring effective participation on social, political, and cultural activities. Failing to fully integrate the usually excluded groups in the decision-making process,

creates and reinforces poverty. The general score obtained in this dimension is 64.2 and it represents a moderately strong factor in the global scale of city prosperity.

The Equity and Social Inclusion dimension does not have steep differences across city typologies, apart from Social Inclusion (Figure 4.6). The Urban Diversity sub-dimension suffers from information gaps for the holy and major cities. In terms of Economic Equity, all typologies have similar per- formance, which is also the case or Gender Inclusion (minor cities are the only exception for the latter, which show weak- er results). Overall, the results of the Economic and Gender Equity sub-dimension are similar across cities and regions. This is not the case of Social Inclusion, where there are steep differences, particularly between major cities, and the holy cities. This is likely due to the access to higher quality ser- vices and economic opportunities in larger cities, and to the existence of large floating populations in the holy cities. The Urban Diversity sub-dimension has the poorest performance of the Equity and Social Inclusion dimension. The minor cities are those with the lowest scores, whereas major cities show the highest degrees of urban diversity. These results are con- sistent since larger cities tend to integrate better different land uses in order to provide a wider variety of products and services, however the differences between the four city ty- pologies are very small.

FIGURE 3.7: DIMENSIONS OF THE CPI: 4. EQUITY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION

FIGURE 2.1: SHARE OF NON-OIL, NON-AGRICULTURE NATIONAL GDP PPP

10%

15%

20%

25%

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0%

Riyadh

Jeddah

Dammam

Makkah

Madinah

Taief

Buraidah

Tabuk

Hail

Qatif

Abha

Najran

Sakaka

Arar

Jazan

Al-Baha

Percent of Total National Employment Percent of Total Regional Employment

Figure 2.2 : Percent of Regional and National Employment (exclusive of agriculture and mining)

10% 11%

16% 15%

11%

20%

11%

19% 18%

12%

16%

23%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Figure 2.3. Unemployment rates by region in 2012

45.3

52.7

63.4

51.8

24.7

56.4 51.7

54.3

71.9

57.9

42.9

50.9 54.6

49.4

71.9

49.2

44.8

36.2 48.0

43.6

62.9

33.9

61.7

37.8

PRODUCTIVITY

INFRASTRUCTURE

QUALITY OF LIFE

EQUITY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

URBAN GOVERNANCE AND

LEGISLATION

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

50.4

100

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ity

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01 Productivity 02 Infrastructure 03 Quality of Life 04 Equity and Social

Inclusion 05 Environmental

Sustainability 06 Urban Governance and

Legislation

71.8

5.0 59.1

73.6

11.1 70.3

80.0

5.7 55.7

69.0

3.8 48.5

ECONOMIC STRENGTH

ECONOMIC AGGLOMERATION

EMPLOYMENT

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

68.0

84.4

65.2 50.0

100

City Product per Capita

Old Age Dependency

Mean Household Income

KSA-17 City average

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Hail

Al-Bahah

Abha

Jizan

Makkah

Taif

Najran

Madinah

Jeddah

Buraydah

Arar

Sakaka

Tabuk

Riyadh

Al-Ahsa

Dammam

Qatif

47.3 45.6

97.0

50.0

100

Unemployment Rate Employment to Population Ratio

Informal Employment

KSA-17 City average

61.0

27.0

51.9 45.3

78.4

67.6

26.2

64.6 49.6

63.4

75.3

25.9

46.4 39.0

70.8

44.5

35.6

51.0 24.5

64.2

HOUSING INFRASTRUCTURE

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

ICT URBAN MOBILITY

STREET CONNECTIVITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

52.5

59.0 54.2

95.2 100.0

14.5

48.9

100

Improved Shelter

Access to Improved

Water

Access to Improved Sanitation

Acess to Electricity

Sufficient Living Area

Residencial Density

KSA-17 City average

51.3

0.0

48.9

100

Physicians Density Number of Public Libraries

KSA-17 City average

64.3 61.0

38.4

48.9

100

Internet Access Home Computer Access

Average Broad Band Speed

KSA-17 City average

1.5

100.0

0.0

53.7

86.9

48.9

100

Use of Public Transport

Average Daily Travel Time

Length of Mass Transport Network

Traffic Fatalities

Affordability of Transport

KSA-17 City average

88.5

37.7

74.2

48.9

100

Intersection Density

Street Density Land Allocated to Streets

KSA-17 City average

65.2

56.2

94.6

37.8

74.2

61.5

91.9

59.9

75.8

53.7

92.4

68.5

67.9

55.8

91.9

59.2

HEALTH

EDUCATION

SAFETY AND SECURITY

PUBLIC SPACE

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

70.5 65.8

98.2

43.9

65.7

100

Life Expectancy at Birth

Under-Five Mortality Rate

Vaccination Coverage

Maternal Mortality

KSA-17 City average

89.5

80.2

11.3

49.2

65.7

100

Literacy Rate Mean Years of Schooling

Early Childhood Education Programme

Net Enrollment Rate in Higher Education

KSA-17 City average

87.9

96.0

65.7

100

Homicide Rate Theft Rate

KSA-17 City average

72.3 65.7

100

Green Area per Capita

Accessibility to Open Public Space

72.3

59.9

36.8

66.0

26.0

59.9

66.2

67.7

29.9

61.2

36.6

70.2

28.6

66.6

51.5

54.3

19.5

ECONOMIC EQUITY

SOCIAL INCLUSION

GENDER INCLUSION

URBAN DIVERSITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

40.8

66.6

50.2

100

Gini Coefficient Poverty Rate

KSA-17 City Average

86.8

30.6

50.2

100

Slum Households Youth Unemployment

KSA-17 City Average

91.8

85.3

26.9

59.9

100

Equitable Secondary School Enrollment

Women in Local Government

Women in the Work Force

KSA-17 City Average

8.1

65.9 0.0

41.1

55.0 0.0

50.0

66.2 0.0

40.1

76.9 0.0

AIR QUALITY

WASTE MANAGEMENT ENERGY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

60.3

18.8

1.4

45.1

100

Number of Monitoring Stations

PM10 Concentrations

CO2 Emissions

KSA-17 City Average

94.1

76.1

8.8

45.1

100

Solid Waste Collection

Waste Water Treatment

Solid Waste Recycling Share

KSA-17 City Average

25.6

14.4

100.0

86.5

17.8

0.0

49.6

86.5

18.9

23.3

28.0

74.6

26.1

36.1

95.7

73.0

PARTICIPATION

ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY

INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

REGULATORY QUALITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

83.9

40.4

45.1

100

Local Expenditure Efficiency

Own Revenue Collection

KSA-17 City Average

ID CITY

04 EQUITY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION KSA-17

CPI 50.2

0401 ECONOMIC EQUITY 61.9

040101 Gini Coefficient 40.8

040102 Poverty Rate 66.6

0402 SOCIAL INCLUSION 51.5

040201 Slum Households 86.8

040202 Youth Unemployment 30.6

0403 GENDER INCLUSION 63.4

040301 Equitable Secondary School Enrollment 91.8

040302 Women in Local Government 85.3

040303 Women in the Work Force 26.9

0404 URBAN DIVERSITY 24.2

040401 Land Use Mix 24.2

CHAPTER 3: HOUSING, PUBLIC SPACES AND LIVING TOGETHER

The Economic Equity sub-dimension has a moderately strong value (61.9) in the city prosperity global scale. This result was affected by the prevailing income inequality conditions in the cities of Jeddah and Makkah. Although the Poverty Rate indi- cator performs moderately well, there are important dispari- ties across cities. In Jeddah, for example, some visitors stay in the city after the pilgrimages creating pockets of poverty. Nonetheless, large cities in general have overcome the ex- treme poverty conditions, while other cities, such as Sakaka, Tabuk, Dammam and Makkah are still facing challenges to tackle them. In these cities, the Unemployment and Eco- nomic Agglomeration indicators have very poor results, so it is possible to infer a relationship between low economic performance and poverty.

Gini Coefficient: The Gini coefficient, which measures the extent to which the income distribution deviates from a per- fectly equal distribution, shows a relevant deviation (income inequality) reflecting a weak indicator. Such income dispari- ties reduce social cohesion, and limits economic growth (Fig- ure 3.7).

Poverty Rate: The indicator for the percentage of people in extreme poverty conditions (with daily income below USD 1.25 PPP) is moderately strong. This situation shows relative- ly positive economic performance, and social inclusion, espe- cially with the most vulnerable groups.

The Social Inclusion sub-dimension obtained the lowest score (51.5) of the Equity and Social Inclusion dimension. The Slum Households indicator is very strong, reflecting an overall adequate quality and durability of dwelling units, with access to basic services and sufficient living area, howev- er this is not the case for Jeddah and Makkah which have poorer results. Assuming that there is a close relationship between poverty and living in a slum, we could expect similar results between these two indicators; however, the one for Slum Households shows considerably better results than the Poverty Rate indicator. Such relationship is relevant since it shows that the national housing policies have been relatively successful in providing overall higher quality dwellings even for some households in poverty conditions.

The Youth Unemployment indicator performs very poorly. Apart from Riyadh and Tabuk that have moderately strong results, the rest of the cities have significantly poorer per- formance. It remains a challenge to guarantee the inclusion of youth population on the labour market, and to promote its participation in the economy. At the national level, the popu- lation group from 15 to 24 years represents more than 30%, therefore being extremely important. Such age structure re- quires policies that consider them not only in terms of their needs (education, employment, health, recreation, technol- ogy), but also in terms of their potential for economic, and urban sustainable development.72 In general, these results show structural limitations of the economic system that is unable to provide work opportunities for a large percentage of the Saudi Arabian youth. Such limitations are in turn deep- ened by the low net enrolment in higher education, which shows that a large number of young people are neither work- ing nor studying.

Slum Households: The proportion of population living in a slum household (housing units without access to improved water, sanitation, adequate living space, or durable floors) reflects a very strong performance. This means that most people live in adequate housing conditions, enhancing quality of life, and allowing for a more inclusive urban management (Figure 3.8).

Youth Unemployment: The percentage of unemployed young people (ages 15 to 24) is very high, reflecting a very weak performance. Such condition affects not only local job markets and their sustainability, but they also limit youth skills formation.

A moslem pilgrim in ‘ihram’ cloth at a mosque in Al Madinah. ‘Ihram’ clothes consist of two unhemmed white clothes as a symbolic of unity. © Shutterstock

PHOTO

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

The Gender Inclusion sub-dimension obtained the second best result, with a value of 68.4. Of the four indicators that are part of this sub-dimension, Equitable Secondary School Enrolment performs very well almost in all cities, except for Al-Bahah where the results are slightly lower. Even though there is progress in educational equality, this is yet to be fully reflected in the work place, since the Women in the Work Force indicator is very poor.73 Nonetheless, the Women in Local Government indicator has a significantly better perfor- mance across cities, which means that there is relevant pro- gress in this regard, at least in the public sector. Such result is consistent with the approval of the right of women to the membership of the Shura Council in 2013, and to vote and be voted in municipal elections in 2015, which has helped placing women in various executive positions.74

Women in the Work Force: The indicator for the share of female workers in the non-agricultural sector is very weak. This result shows a disparity between jobs on the public and private sectors. The latter is considerably more closed up to women’s participation than the former (Figure 4.9).

Equitable Secondary School Enrolment: The indicator for the ratio in secondary education net enrolment between males and females is very strong. This creates positive syn- ergies for reducing poverty and inequality, and helps reducing other social disparities, such as those related to productivity, or access to the job market.

FIGURE 3.9: SOCIAL INCLUSION SUB-DIMENSION

FIGURE 2.1: SHARE OF NON-OIL, NON-AGRICULTURE NATIONAL GDP PPP

10%

15%

20%

25%

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0%

Riyadh

Jeddah

Dammam

Makkah

Madinah

Taief

Buraidah

Tabuk

Hail

Qatif

Abha

Najran

Sakaka

Arar

Jazan

Al-Baha

Percent of Total National Employment Percent of Total Regional Employment

Figure 2.2 : Percent of Regional and National Employment (exclusive of agriculture and mining)

10% 11%

16% 15%

11%

20%

11%

19% 18%

12%

16%

23%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Figure 2.3. Unemployment rates by region in 2012

45.3

52.7

63.4

51.8

24.7

56.4 51.7

54.3

71.9

57.9

42.9

50.9 54.6

49.4

71.9

49.2

44.8

36.2 48.0

43.6

62.9

33.9

61.7

37.8

PRODUCTIVITY

INFRASTRUCTURE

QUALITY OF LIFE

EQUITY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

URBAN GOVERNANCE AND

LEGISLATION

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

50.4

100

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Inclusion 05 Environmental

Sustainability 06 Urban Governance and

Legislation

71.8

5.0 59.1

73.6

11.1 70.3

80.0

5.7 55.7

69.0

3.8 48.5

ECONOMIC STRENGTH

ECONOMIC AGGLOMERATION

EMPLOYMENT

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

68.0

84.4

65.2 50.0

100

City Product per Capita

Old Age Dependency

Mean Household Income

KSA-17 City average

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Hail

Al-Bahah

Abha

Jizan

Makkah

Taif

Najran

Madinah

Jeddah

Buraydah

Arar

Sakaka

Tabuk

Riyadh

Al-Ahsa

Dammam

Qatif

47.3 45.6

97.0

50.0

100

Unemployment Rate Employment to Population Ratio

Informal Employment

KSA-17 City average

61.0

27.0

51.9 45.3

78.4

67.6

26.2

64.6 49.6

63.4

75.3

25.9

46.4 39.0

70.8

44.5

35.6

51.0 24.5

64.2

HOUSING INFRASTRUCTURE

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

ICT URBAN MOBILITY

STREET CONNECTIVITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

52.5

59.0 54.2

95.2 100.0

14.5

48.9

100

Improved Shelter

Access to Improved

Water

Access to Improved Sanitation

Acess to Electricity

Sufficient Living Area

Residencial Density

KSA-17 City average

51.3

0.0

48.9

100

Physicians Density Number of Public Libraries

KSA-17 City average

64.3 61.0

38.4

48.9

100

Internet Access Home Computer Access

Average Broad Band Speed

KSA-17 City average

1.5

100.0

0.0

53.7

86.9

48.9

100

Use of Public Transport

Average Daily Travel Time

Length of Mass Transport Network

Traffic Fatalities

Affordability of Transport

KSA-17 City average

88.5

37.7

74.2

48.9

100

Intersection Density

Street Density Land Allocated to Streets

KSA-17 City average

65.2

56.2

94.6

37.8

74.2

61.5

91.9

59.9

75.8

53.7

92.4

68.5

67.9

55.8

91.9

59.2

HEALTH

EDUCATION

SAFETY AND SECURITY

PUBLIC SPACE

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

70.5 65.8

98.2

43.9

65.7

100

Life Expectancy at Birth

Under-Five Mortality Rate

Vaccination Coverage

Maternal Mortality

KSA-17 City average

89.5

80.2

11.3

49.2

65.7

100

Literacy Rate Mean Years of Schooling

Early Childhood Education Programme

Net Enrollment Rate in Higher Education

KSA-17 City average

87.9

96.0

65.7

100

Homicide Rate Theft Rate

KSA-17 City average

72.3 65.7

100

Green Area per Capita

Accessibility to Open Public Space

72.3

59.9

36.8

66.0

26.0

59.9

66.2

67.7

29.9

61.2

36.6

70.2

28.6

66.6

51.5

54.3

19.5

ECONOMIC EQUITY

SOCIAL INCLUSION

GENDER INCLUSION

URBAN DIVERSITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

40.8

66.6

50.2

100

Gini Coefficient Poverty Rate

KSA-17 City Average

86.8

30.6

50.2

100

Slum Households Youth Unemployment

KSA-17 City Average

91.8

85.3

26.9

59.9

100

Equitable Secondary School Enrollment

Women in Local Government

Women in the Work Force

KSA-17 City Average

8.1

65.9 0.0

41.1

55.0 0.0

50.0

66.2 0.0

40.1

76.9 0.0

AIR QUALITY

WASTE MANAGEMENT ENERGY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

60.3

18.8

1.4

45.1

100

Number of Monitoring Stations

PM10 Concentrations

CO2 Emissions

KSA-17 City Average

94.1

76.1

8.8

45.1

100

Solid Waste Collection

Waste Water Treatment

Solid Waste Recycling Share

KSA-17 City Average

25.6

14.4

100.0

86.5

17.8

0.0

49.6

86.5

18.9

23.3

28.0

74.6

26.1

36.1

95.7

73.0

PARTICIPATION

ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY

INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

REGULATORY QUALITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

83.9

40.4

45.1

100

Local Expenditure Efficiency

Own Revenue Collection

KSA-17 City Average

FIGURE 3.8: ECONOMIC EQUITY SUB-DIMENSION

FIGURE 2.1: SHARE OF NON-OIL, NON-AGRICULTURE NATIONAL GDP PPP

10%

15%

20%

25%

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0%

Riyadh

Jeddah

Dammam

Makkah

Madinah

Taief

Buraidah

Tabuk

Hail

Qatif

Abha

Najran

Sakaka

Arar

Jazan

Al-Baha

Percent of Total National Employment Percent of Total Regional Employment

Figure 2.2 : Percent of Regional and National Employment (exclusive of agriculture and mining)

10% 11%

16% 15%

11%

20%

11%

19% 18%

12%

16%

23%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Figure 2.3. Unemployment rates by region in 2012

45.3

52.7

63.4

51.8

24.7

56.4 51.7

54.3

71.9

57.9

42.9

50.9 54.6

49.4

71.9

49.2

44.8

36.2 48.0

43.6

62.9

33.9

61.7

37.8

PRODUCTIVITY

INFRASTRUCTURE

QUALITY OF LIFE

EQUITY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

URBAN GOVERNANCE AND

LEGISLATION

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

50.4

100

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01 Productivity 02 Infrastructure 03 Quality of Life 04 Equity and Social

Inclusion 05 Environmental

Sustainability 06 Urban Governance and

Legislation

71.8

5.0 59.1

73.6

11.1 70.3

80.0

5.7 55.7

69.0

3.8 48.5

ECONOMIC STRENGTH

ECONOMIC AGGLOMERATION

EMPLOYMENT

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

68.0

84.4

65.2 50.0

100

City Product per Capita

Old Age Dependency

Mean Household Income

KSA-17 City average

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Hail

Al-Bahah

Abha

Jizan

Makkah

Taif

Najran

Madinah

Jeddah

Buraydah

Arar

Sakaka

Tabuk

Riyadh

Al-Ahsa

Dammam

Qatif

47.3 45.6

97.0

50.0

100

Unemployment Rate Employment to Population Ratio

Informal Employment

KSA-17 City average

61.0

27.0

51.9 45.3

78.4

67.6

26.2

64.6 49.6

63.4

75.3

25.9

46.4 39.0

70.8

44.5

35.6

51.0 24.5

64.2

HOUSING INFRASTRUCTURE

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

ICT URBAN MOBILITY

STREET CONNECTIVITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

52.5

59.0 54.2

95.2 100.0

14.5

48.9

100

Improved Shelter

Access to Improved

Water

Access to Improved Sanitation

Acess to Electricity

Sufficient Living Area

Residencial Density

KSA-17 City average

51.3

0.0

48.9

100

Physicians Density Number of Public Libraries

KSA-17 City average

64.3 61.0

38.4

48.9

100

Internet Access Home Computer Access

Average Broad Band Speed

KSA-17 City average

1.5

100.0

0.0

53.7

86.9

48.9

100

Use of Public Transport

Average Daily Travel Time

Length of Mass Transport Network

Traffic Fatalities

Affordability of Transport

KSA-17 City average

88.5

37.7

74.2

48.9

100

Intersection Density

Street Density Land Allocated to Streets

KSA-17 City average

65.2

56.2

94.6

37.8

74.2

61.5

91.9

59.9

75.8

53.7

92.4

68.5

67.9

55.8

91.9

59.2

HEALTH

EDUCATION

SAFETY AND SECURITY

PUBLIC SPACE

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

70.5 65.8

98.2

43.9

65.7

100

Life Expectancy at Birth

Under-Five Mortality Rate

Vaccination Coverage

Maternal Mortality

KSA-17 City average

89.5

80.2

11.3

49.2

65.7

100

Literacy Rate Mean Years of Schooling

Early Childhood Education Programme

Net Enrollment Rate in Higher Education

KSA-17 City average

87.9

96.0

65.7

100

Homicide Rate Theft Rate

KSA-17 City average

72.3 65.7

100

Green Area per Capita

Accessibility to Open Public Space

72.3

59.9

36.8

66.0

26.0

59.9

66.2

67.7

29.9

61.2

36.6

70.2

28.6

66.6

51.5

54.3

19.5

ECONOMIC EQUITY

SOCIAL INCLUSION

GENDER INCLUSION

URBAN DIVERSITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

40.8

66.6

50.2

100

Gini Coefficient Poverty Rate

KSA-17 City Average

86.8

30.6

50.2

100

Slum Households Youth Unemployment

KSA-17 City Average

91.8

85.3

26.9

59.9

100

Equitable Secondary School Enrollment

Women in Local Government

Women in the Work Force

KSA-17 City Average

8.1

65.9 0.0

41.1

55.0 0.0

50.0

66.2 0.0

40.1

76.9 0.0

AIR QUALITY

WASTE MANAGEMENT ENERGY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

60.3

18.8

1.4

45.1

100

Number of Monitoring Stations

PM10 Concentrations

CO2 Emissions

KSA-17 City Average

94.1

76.1

8.8

45.1

100

Solid Waste Collection

Waste Water Treatment

Solid Waste Recycling Share

KSA-17 City Average

25.6

14.4

100.0

86.5

17.8

0.0

49.6

86.5

18.9

23.3

28.0

74.6

26.1

36.1

95.7

73.0

PARTICIPATION

ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY

INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

REGULATORY QUALITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

83.9

40.4

45.1

100

Local Expenditure Efficiency

Own Revenue Collection

KSA-17 City Average

The Women in Local Government indicator has

a significantly better performance across cities, which means that there is relevant progress in this

regard, at least in the public sector. Such result is

consistent with the approval of the right of women

to the membership of the Shura Council in 2013,

and to vote and be voted in municipal elections in

2015, which has helped placing women in various

executive positions.

CHAPTER 3: HOUSING, PUBLIC SPACES AND LIVING TOGETHER

Women in Local Government: There is a relevant share of women who participate in local governments, reflecting a very strong indicator. Gender equality in the job market, and particularly on the decision making arena is key for attaining a sustainable city.

The Urban Diversity sub-dimension has the lowest score of the Equity and Social Inclusion dimension, with a value of 24.2. Only Riyadh has a score on the top half of the global scale of city prosperity while the rest of the cities have a considerably poorer performance. This shows that, in gener- al, the Saudi Arabian urban patterns have yet to develop inte- grating land uses that allow the provision of different urban services within the same city area. An integrated city has the potential to address diverse problems at the local level, reducing social, environmental, and economic costs for the city.

Land Use Mix: The indicator for the diversity of land uses (as measured by the Shannon-Wienner diversity index) is very weak. This shows that the cities are not being sufficiently integrated, missing the potential for becoming more sustain- able, and for strengthening social networks, by having the basic means for fulfilling the social needs within the same neighbourhood.

FIGURE 3.10: GENDER INCLUSION SUB-DIMENSION

FIGURE 2.1: SHARE OF NON-OIL, NON-AGRICULTURE NATIONAL GDP PPP

10%

15%

20%

25%

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0%

Riyadh

Jeddah

Dammam

Makkah

Madinah

Taief

Buraidah

Tabuk

Hail

Qatif

Abha

Najran

Sakaka

Arar

Jazan

Al-Baha

Percent of Total National Employment Percent of Total Regional Employment

Figure 2.2 : Percent of Regional and National Employment (exclusive of agriculture and mining)

10% 11%

16% 15%

11%

20%

11%

19% 18%

12%

16%

23%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Figure 2.3. Unemployment rates by region in 2012

45.3

52.7

63.4

51.8

24.7

56.4 51.7

54.3

71.9

57.9

42.9

50.9 54.6

49.4

71.9

49.2

44.8

36.2 48.0

43.6

62.9

33.9

61.7

37.8

PRODUCTIVITY

INFRASTRUCTURE

QUALITY OF LIFE

EQUITY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

URBAN GOVERNANCE AND

LEGISLATION

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

50.4

100

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Re gu

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01 Productivity 02 Infrastructure 03 Quality of Life 04 Equity and Social

Inclusion 05 Environmental

Sustainability 06 Urban Governance and

Legislation

71.8

5.0 59.1

73.6

11.1 70.3

80.0

5.7 55.7

69.0

3.8 48.5

ECONOMIC STRENGTH

ECONOMIC AGGLOMERATION

EMPLOYMENT

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

68.0

84.4

65.2 50.0

100

City Product per Capita

Old Age Dependency

Mean Household Income

KSA-17 City average

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Hail

Al-Bahah

Abha

Jizan

Makkah

Taif

Najran

Madinah

Jeddah

Buraydah

Arar

Sakaka

Tabuk

Riyadh

Al-Ahsa

Dammam

Qatif

47.3 45.6

97.0

50.0

100

Unemployment Rate Employment to Population Ratio

Informal Employment

KSA-17 City average

61.0

27.0

51.9 45.3

78.4

67.6

26.2

64.6 49.6

63.4

75.3

25.9

46.4 39.0

70.8

44.5

35.6

51.0 24.5

64.2

HOUSING INFRASTRUCTURE

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

ICT URBAN MOBILITY

STREET CONNECTIVITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

52.5

59.0 54.2

95.2 100.0

14.5

48.9

100

Improved Shelter

Access to Improved

Water

Access to Improved Sanitation

Acess to Electricity

Sufficient Living Area

Residencial Density

KSA-17 City average

51.3

0.0

48.9

100

Physicians Density Number of Public Libraries

KSA-17 City average

64.3 61.0

38.4

48.9

100

Internet Access Home Computer Access

Average Broad Band Speed

KSA-17 City average

1.5

100.0

0.0

53.7

86.9

48.9

100

Use of Public Transport

Average Daily Travel Time

Length of Mass Transport Network

Traffic Fatalities

Affordability of Transport

KSA-17 City average

88.5

37.7

74.2

48.9

100

Intersection Density

Street Density Land Allocated to Streets

KSA-17 City average

65.2

56.2

94.6

37.8

74.2

61.5

91.9

59.9

75.8

53.7

92.4

68.5

67.9

55.8

91.9

59.2

HEALTH

EDUCATION

SAFETY AND SECURITY

PUBLIC SPACE

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

70.5 65.8

98.2

43.9

65.7

100

Life Expectancy at Birth

Under-Five Mortality Rate

Vaccination Coverage

Maternal Mortality

KSA-17 City average

89.5

80.2

11.3

49.2

65.7

100

Literacy Rate Mean Years of Schooling

Early Childhood Education Programme

Net Enrollment Rate in Higher Education

KSA-17 City average

87.9

96.0

65.7

100

Homicide Rate Theft Rate

KSA-17 City average

72.3 65.7

100

Green Area per Capita

Accessibility to Open Public Space

72.3

59.9

36.8

66.0

26.0

59.9

66.2

67.7

29.9

61.2

36.6

70.2

28.6

66.6

51.5

54.3

19.5

ECONOMIC EQUITY

SOCIAL INCLUSION

GENDER INCLUSION

URBAN DIVERSITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

40.8

66.6

50.2

100

Gini Coefficient Poverty Rate

KSA-17 City Average

86.8

30.6

50.2

100

Slum Households Youth Unemployment

KSA-17 City Average

91.8

85.3

26.9

59.9

100

Equitable Secondary School Enrollment

Women in Local Government

Women in the Work Force

KSA-17 City Average

8.1

65.9 0.0

41.1

55.0 0.0

50.0

66.2 0.0

40.1

76.9 0.0

AIR QUALITY

WASTE MANAGEMENT ENERGY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

60.3

18.8

1.4

45.1

100

Number of Monitoring Stations

PM10 Concentrations

CO2 Emissions

KSA-17 City Average

94.1

76.1

8.8

45.1

100

Solid Waste Collection

Waste Water Treatment

Solid Waste Recycling Share

KSA-17 City Average

25.6

14.4

100.0

86.5

17.8

0.0

49.6

86.5

18.9

23.3

28.0

74.6

26.1

36.1

95.7

73.0

PARTICIPATION

ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY

INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

REGULATORY QUALITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

83.9

40.4

45.1

100

Local Expenditure Efficiency

Own Revenue Collection

KSA-17 City Average

Children playground in the center of Riyadh. © Andrew V Marcus / Shutterstock

PHOTO

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

ENDOTES

43 KSA Habitat III., Tables 5.2.1, 5.2.2 and 5.2.3.

44 MMM Group & Moriyama & Teshima, Comprehensive Plan for Makkah, Madinah and Mashaer, (DCOMMM, 2009.)

45 AFM Consultants, Existing Conditions on Land Use, Public Services and Housing for Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarrah and Al-Mashaer Al-Mugdasah, Development Commission of Makkah, Madinah and Al-Mashaer (DCOMMM, 1428H.)

46 MMM Group & Moriyama & Teshima, Housing Plan Report, (DCOMMM, 2010.)

47 Royal Decree No. 9002 of 9/10/1428. The slum elimination strategy is to be elaborated by MOMRA, the Public Authority for Housing and the Real Estate Development Fund.

48 UN-Habitat, Riyadh City Synthesis Report,

49 Ibid., p.25.

50 Doxiadis Associate.

51 UN-Habitat, Riyadh City Synthesis Report, p 21.

52 This is due to a lack of fiscal and legal regulatory powers to discourage land speculation. Ibid.

53 Oxford Business Group, Real Estate Market Report, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, September 2009.

54 Ibid.

55 The Jeddah Plan, 2014. Vol. 3, p. 23.

56 UN Habitat, Dammam Synthesis Report, 20??, p. 22.

57 In Riyadh, green areas dropped from 78m2 /person in 1950 to 16m2 in 1999 (UN-Habitat 2012)

58 World Development Indicators.

59 UN Habitat, Riyadh Synthesis Report.

60 Central Dept. of Statistics & Information

61 The World Bank estimates that 12.7% of Saudi Arabia’s population lives below the poverty line. Saudi Gazette, 3 November 2013. Analysts consider 17 dollars a day, to be the poverty line in Saudi Arabia and private estimates suggest poverty in Riyadh affects about 2 to 4 million people. Unemployment among the 15-24 year-old population, estimated by the CIA World Factbook at about 28.3 % olds is a significant contributor.

The percentage of unemployed females is almost 35 percent higher than unemployed males.

62 Saudi Gazette, 3 November 2013.

63 ILO, Global Employment Trends, 2014. The unemployment rate is 2% for males and 54% for females.

64 Knight Frank, Saudi Arabia Residential Market Review, 2016.

65 Ibid.

66 Ibid.

67 World Health Organization, Road Safety Status, Saudi Arabia profile 2013, available at http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/ road_safety_status/2013/country_profiles/saudi_arabia.pdf?ua=1

68 For an in-depth discussion refer to UN-Habitat. Spatial Capital of Saudi Arabian Cities. Street Connectivity Study for the City Prosperity Initiative. UN-Habitat, 2015

69 UN-Habitat. Spatial Capital of Saudi Arabian Cities. Street Connectivity Study for the City Prosperity Initiative. UN-Habitat, 2015

70 Ibid, p. 4

71 Ibid

72 Third United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III). Kingdom of Saudi Arabia National Report, January 2016

73 At the national level, the estimation shows an improvement on women inclusion in the work place. The percentage of female participation in the job market increased from 12 to 16.4% during the period from 2009 to 2013. By age group, the young female population is the one with the lowest participation, and the group of 30-34 is the highest (30.4%). (Third United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III). Kingdom of Saudi Arabia National Report, January 2016)

74 Third United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia National Report, January 2016

CHAPTER 3: HOUSING, PUBLIC SPACES AND LIVING TOGETHER

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

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THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENT AND RISK MANAGEMENT

ENVIRONMENT AND RISK MANAGEMENT

CHAPTER 4:

CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENT AND RISK MANAGEMENT

Saudi Arabia has the world’s largest oil reserves and its econ- omy is almost exclusively based on the export or utilisation of fossil fuels, one of the major drivers of climate change. Its energy demand has been rising quickly partly as a result of its growing reliance on desalination to meet its water needs. In 2010, its C02 emissions reached 17 metric tons per capita, accounting for 32% of the ESCWA member states75; this is 30% above the average emissions of high-income non-OECD countries. The government has taken steps to reduce energy consumption through such policy initiatives as the launch of a National Energy Efficiency Programme (NEEP) in 2008 and the creation of the Saudi Energy Efficiency Centre (SEEC) in 2010. Saudi Arabia has been a member of the Carbon Se- questration Leadership Forum (CSLF) since 2005; it joined the Global Methane Initiative (GMI) in 2013; and is actively involved in the “four Kingdoms” (UK, Netherlands, Norway, and Saudi Arabia) initiative for Carbon Capture Utilisation and Storage (CCUS). The King Abdullah City for Atomic and Re- newable Energy was established in 2010 to conduct research on renewable energy policies. 76

Despite the increasing use of desalinated water to meet urban demand, the overuse of groundwater, mostly in agri- culture, has seriously depleted Saudi Arabia’s aquifers. From 1979 to 2003, Saudi Arabia’s underground resources have shrunk by 60% from 500,000 MCM to 200,000 MCM.77 The total water withdrawn per inhabitant per year in KSA is now six times greater than the total renewable water resources, resulting in falling water reserves, a rising salinity of aquifers and increased soil degradation and salinity78 and, in spite of its critical water shortage situation, the average per capita consumption rate in the Kingdom is 230 litres/day as op- posed to global standard rates ranging from 150 to 200 litres per day. While desalination accounts for more than 70% of water used in Saudi Arabian cities, the shift toward desali- nation, an energy intensive process, is not without environ- mental impacts, including the impact of costal water intake on local marine life and the management of brine discharge, a mixture of saline concentration with thermal and chemical pollutants.

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

The systematic recharge of aquifers through rainwater cap- ture and the storage of rainwater runoff to increase ground- water recharge should be given priority.79 The large-scale landscaping of the wadis traversing Riyadh as part of a strat- egy to manage storm-water run-off and recharge aquifers and the proposed landscaping of the interconnected wadi system in the Makkah plan80 are examples worth emulating in other Saudi cities.

Like all countries in the region, Saudi Arabia has been ex- periencing the manifestations of global climate change and the region has been experiencing changing weather patterns with a marked increase in heat waves, sand storms, and ep- isodes of heavy rainfall and flash flooding. In recent years, there has been a noticeable drop in rainfall in Saudi Arabia, from a historical monthly average of 6.24 mm to 6.06 mm for the 2006-09 period and 5.44 mm in 2010-12.81 Parts of West- ern Saudi Arabia have also been subjected to more frequent and severe storms, notably in Asir, where the combination of topography, seasonal winds, and temperature and moisture patterns are conducive to the formation of storms. Projected average warming for 2040 in Saudi Arabia is higher than the global average and three quarters of the country will suffer from excessive dryness by the end of the century.82

Major floods were experienced along the Red Sea coast in 2011 stressing the urgency to tackle the issue of disaster risk reduction. Saudi cities are particularly vulnerable to coastal flooding resulting from the observed yearly rise in sea levels of 3.2 millimetres per year from 2001 to 2010 and that are projected to rise by a further 28 to 58 centimetres by the end of the century; higher levels could occur if the ice caps melt at a more rapid pace.83 Around 50% of the Saudi population lives within 100 km of the coast; Dammam, Ras Tanoura, Ju- bail and Khafji, on the east coast, and Jeddah, Rabigh, Yanbu and Jizan on the west coast are the most vulnerable coastal cities.

While Saudi Arabia, like many other Arab countries, is taking measures to limit vehicular air pollution by adopting emis- sion and fuel standards on incoming light-duty vehicles as of 2016, cultural difficulties in accepting mass transportation in Saudi cities has resulted in increasing traffic congestion and air pollution. The country’s National Spatial Strategy (NSS) aims to protect the environment, reduce urban sprawl and promote spatially balanced development. One key goal of the National Urban Strategy is to encourage the use of integrated public transport in major cities.

Climate resiliency is included in the 10th Development Plan (2015-2019). In response to the anticipated potential increase in natural disasters, the government established the Sus- tainable Planning Guidelines for Urban Growth in 2013 that

prohibit the development of new projects in areas at risk of flooding, seismic activity84, or environmental pollution. This is a laudable first step that should be followed by implemen- tation regulations. There is a need for the NSS to explicitly address issues related to climate change and disaster risk re- duction, such as flash-floods, sea level rise and droughts and develop policies and interventions to mitigate their impact.

Saudi Arabia’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), recently submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, proposes a series of strate- gies to mitigate the impacts of climate change and contribute to economic diversification:

1. Improve energy efficiency in the three sectors that ac- count for 90% of energy demand: industry, building and transportation;

2. Invest in renewable energies;

3. Carbon capture and utilization/storage;

4. Utilization of natural gas;

5. Methane recovery and flare minimization;

6. Integrated water and waste water management;

7. Integrated coastal zone management planning (ICZM) and marine protection; and

8. Early Warning Systems (EWS) and the increased resil- ience of infrastructure to reduce vulnerability due to such extreme weather events as rainstorms, flash floods and dust storms.85

Quality of life The city indicators undertaken for 17 Saudi cities, represent- ing a sample of urban typologies in Saudi Arabia, provide a broad range of data to assess their economic, social and en- vironmental conditions. A poor city environment sometimes manifests in the quality of life of its citizens and this is more visible in the health of the city residents. Using the quality of life dimension under CPI we are able to examine several sub-dimensions that work as good proxies for the environ- mental impacts on citizens.

A prosperous city is one that provides all its residents, ir- respective of race, ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation or socio-economic status, quality basic services, quality ed- ucation, accessible public spaces, and citizen safety. This dimension obtained the best results of all CPI dimensions, with a global score of 63.3 corresponding to a moderate- ly strong factor (Figure 4.1). Quality of life as measured by health, education, safety and security and the availability of public spaces is generally highest among the primary cities

CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENT AND RISK MANAGEMENT

and, while there are variations among individual cities, all cit- ies, regardless of their size, fare well reflecting a relatively high and evenly distributed equity and social inclusion index. While the primary cities score best as a group, some small- er cities have very high scores – Al-Hasa, Taief and Abha for example – generally driven by the high educational achieve- ment of their population and, in the case of Taif, outstanding common amenities.

The dimension of Quality of Life shows some mixed results by city typology, with three sub-dimensions being slightly differentiated, and one sub-dimension that varies strong- ly by city type. In terms of Health, the medium size cities are those with the best results. This is also the case for the sub-dimension of Public Space. For these two sub-dimen- sions, the holy cities show the worst results, however this is particularly the case for Public Space. A possible explanation for such results is that the holy cities experience continuous flows of visitors, and enormous yearly pilgrimages, which overwhelm the available health services and increase the ex- posure to health threats. The limitations on adequate access to public space is likely due to the historic development of the urban patterns that developed somehow freely without having a relevant focus on access to public space. For the sub-dimensions of Education, and Safety and Security, there are no big differences across city typologies. In the case of Education, there is a slightly better performance in the major

cities, which relates to the ability to provide higher quality ba- sic services. For Safety and Security, all city typologies show negligible differences in performance, which means that cit- izen safety is very high and stable across cities and regions.

The Health sub-dimension obtained the second best perfor- mance for Quality of Life with a value of 71.4. Despite this good performance (mainly due to overarching Vaccination Coverage), Under-Five Mortality and Maternal Mortality indi- cators performed relatively poor when compared to perfor- mances in the Health sub-dimension. Although the results of this sub-dimension are consistent in most cities, the cities of Al-Ahsa and Sakaka are the exceptions, where Maternal Mortality has extremely poor results. Also, the cities of Mad- inah, Buraydah, Jizan and Sakaka have low scores for the Un- der-Five Mortality Rate indicator.

The results indicate that independent of their size, these cities have persistent structural problems of poverty, nutrition, and access to health services. The 9th Development Plan shows steady improvements on both child and maternal mortality indicators in the past two decades, however the country is still behind UN-Habitat benchmarks. These shortcomings are addressed primarily by providing family support and counsel- ling programs, expanding the availability of private maternity and childhood services, and of social protection units across regions.86

FIGURE 4.1: DIMENSIONS OF THE CPI: 3. QUALITY OF LIFE

FIGURE 2.1: SHARE OF NON-OIL, NON-AGRICULTURE NATIONAL GDP PPP

10%

15%

20%

25%

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0%

Riyadh

Jeddah

Dammam

Makkah

Madinah

Taief

Buraidah

Tabuk

Hail

Qatif

Abha

Najran

Sakaka

Arar

Jazan

Al-Baha

Percent of Total National Employment Percent of Total Regional Employment

Figure 2.2 : Percent of Regional and National Employment (exclusive of agriculture and mining)

10% 11%

16% 15%

11%

20%

11%

19% 18%

12%

16%

23%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Figure 2.3. Unemployment rates by region in 2012

45.3

52.7

63.4

51.8

24.7

56.4 51.7

54.3

71.9

57.9

42.9

50.9 54.6

49.4

71.9

49.2

44.8

36.2 48.0

43.6

62.9

33.9

61.7

37.8

PRODUCTIVITY

INFRASTRUCTURE

QUALITY OF LIFE

EQUITY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

URBAN GOVERNANCE AND

LEGISLATION

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

50.4

100

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71.8

5.0 59.1

73.6

11.1 70.3

80.0

5.7 55.7

69.0

3.8 48.5

ECONOMIC STRENGTH

ECONOMIC AGGLOMERATION

EMPLOYMENT

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

68.0

84.4

65.2 50.0

100

City Product per Capita

Old Age Dependency

Mean Household Income

KSA-17 City average

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Hail

Al-Bahah

Abha

Jizan

Makkah

Taif

Najran

Madinah

Jeddah

Buraydah

Arar

Sakaka

Tabuk

Riyadh

Al-Ahsa

Dammam

Qatif

47.3 45.6

97.0

50.0

100

Unemployment Rate Employment to Population Ratio

Informal Employment

KSA-17 City average

61.0

27.0

51.9 45.3

78.4

67.6

26.2

64.6 49.6

63.4

75.3

25.9

46.4 39.0

70.8

44.5

35.6

51.0 24.5

64.2

HOUSING INFRASTRUCTURE

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

ICT URBAN MOBILITY

STREET CONNECTIVITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

52.5

59.0 54.2

95.2 100.0

14.5

48.9

100

Improved Shelter

Access to Improved

Water

Access to Improved Sanitation

Acess to Electricity

Sufficient Living Area

Residencial Density

KSA-17 City average

51.3

0.0

48.9

100

Physicians Density Number of Public Libraries

KSA-17 City average

64.3 61.0

38.4

48.9

100

Internet Access Home Computer Access

Average Broad Band Speed

KSA-17 City average

1.5

100.0

0.0

53.7

86.9

48.9

100

Use of Public Transport

Average Daily Travel Time

Length of Mass Transport Network

Traffic Fatalities

Affordability of Transport

KSA-17 City average

88.5

37.7

74.2

48.9

100

Intersection Density

Street Density Land Allocated to Streets

KSA-17 City average

65.2

56.2

94.6

37.8

74.2

61.5

91.9

59.9

75.8

53.7

92.4

68.5

67.9

55.8

91.9

59.2

HEALTH

EDUCATION

SAFETY AND SECURITY

PUBLIC SPACE

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

70.5 65.8

98.2

43.9

65.7

100

Life Expectancy at Birth

Under-Five Mortality Rate

Vaccination Coverage

Maternal Mortality

KSA-17 City average

89.5

80.2

11.3

49.2

65.7

100

Literacy Rate Mean Years of Schooling

Early Childhood Education Programme

Net Enrollment Rate in Higher Education

KSA-17 City average

87.9

96.0

65.7

100

Homicide Rate Theft Rate

KSA-17 City average

72.3 65.7

100

Green Area per Capita

Accessibility to Open Public Space

72.3

59.9

36.8

66.0

26.0

59.9

66.2

67.7

29.9

61.2

36.6

70.2

28.6

66.6

51.5

54.3

19.5

ECONOMIC EQUITY

SOCIAL INCLUSION

GENDER INCLUSION

URBAN DIVERSITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

40.8

66.6

50.2

100

Gini Coefficient Poverty Rate

KSA-17 City Average

86.8

30.6

50.2

100

Slum Households Youth Unemployment

KSA-17 City Average

91.8

85.3

26.9

59.9

100

Equitable Secondary School Enrollment

Women in Local Government

Women in the Work Force

KSA-17 City Average

8.1

65.9 0.0

41.1

55.0 0.0

50.0

66.2 0.0

40.1

76.9 0.0

AIR QUALITY

WASTE MANAGEMENT ENERGY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

60.3

18.8

1.4

45.1

100

Number of Monitoring Stations

PM10 Concentrations

CO2 Emissions

KSA-17 City Average

94.1

76.1

8.8

45.1

100

Solid Waste Collection

Waste Water Treatment

Solid Waste Recycling Share

KSA-17 City Average

25.6

14.4

100.0

86.5

17.8

0.0

49.6

86.5

18.9

23.3

28.0

74.6

26.1

36.1

95.7

73.0

PARTICIPATION

ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY

INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

REGULATORY QUALITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

83.9

40.4

45.1

100

Local Expenditure Efficiency

Own Revenue Collection

KSA-17 City Average

ID CITY

03 QUALITY OF LIFE KSA-17

CPI 65.7

0301 HEALTH 71.4

030101 Life Expectancy at Birth 70.5

030102 Under-Five Mortality Rate 65.8

030103 Vaccination Coverage 98.2

030104 Maternal Mortality 43.9

0302 EDUCATION 57.2

030201 Literacy Rate 89.5

030202 Mean Years of Schooling 80.2

030203 Early Childhood Education Programme 11.3

030204 Net Enrollment Rate in Higher Education 49.2

0303 SAFETY AND SECURITY 92.4

030301 Homicide Rate 87.9

030302 Theft Rate 96.0

0304 PUBLIC SPACE 41.7

030401 Green Area per Capita 72.3

030402 Accessibility to Open Public Space 11.1

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

Life Expectancy at Birth: The indicator for the average num- ber of years that a new-born could expect to live if they were subject to the age-specific mortality rates of a given period is strong. This shows improvements in access to health servic- es, and a decline in mortality of local population (Figure 4.2).

Under-Five Mortality Rate: The indicator for the probability of dying before age 5 expressed as a rate per 1,000 live births is moderately strong. This shows moderate improvements on access to health services, on mothers’ educational levels, on access to improved water and sanitation, and maternal and child nutrition.

Vaccination Coverage: The indicator for the percentage of eligible population that has been immunized according to na- tional immunization policies is very strong. This means that accessibility to basic health services, and to provision of ear- ly preventive care is strong, improving the overall health of children.

Maternal Mortality: The indicator for the number of deaths of women while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy (from causes related to or aggravated by the preg- nancy or its management) per 100,000 live births is weak. Even though there are improvements in overall access to basic health services, this shows a strong limitation of the health system.

The Education sub-dimension has an overall value of 57.2 showing that it is moderately weak. This result responds to the imbalance for addressing the educational needs of all age groups. On the one hand, the Literacy Rate, and the Mean Years of Schooling indicators perform well, but the access to Early Childhood Education Programme (ECD) in all cities is very poor, i.e. while there is access to elementary education for the majority of population, that is not the case for early education.87 On the other hand, the Net Enrolment Rate in Higher Education is weak, which means that there exists a large proportion of population excluded from higher educa- tion. This is the case of some middle and small cities such as Najran, Jizan and Arar, however it stands out for having the lowest value in Riyadh, which is the largest city. Although the regional differences that prevailed in elementary and sec- ondary education until 1990 have diminished in part due to substantial increases in the education budget, the CPI’s val- ues indicate that some of these differences persist. This is particularly the case for early education, which covers about 10% of children only, and faces important challenges such as the tendency to take children to madrassa instead of the formal ECD schools, the insufficiency of facilities and infra- structure, and the perception that attending kindergarten is irrelevant for children’s development.88 Although in the last decades, the average number of years of schooling have sig- nificantly improved, and that secondary education enrolment has improved, the main challenge is to increase enrolment in the ECD Programme, which will likely have a direct effect on educational attainment.

Literacy Rate: The percentage of population of 15 years of age and older who are able to read and write a short sim- ple statement related to their everyday life represents a very strong indicator. Such condition enhances access to educa- tion, and favours productivity, economic growth, and quality of life (Figure 4.3).

Mean Years of Schooling: The indicator for the average years of education for population of 25 years of age and old- er is very strong. This shows that cities’ human capital has a strong potential to improve productivity, and earn higher income.

Early Childhood Education Programme: The indicator for the percentage of enrolled children under 6 in the early child- hood education programme is very weak. Even though there have been relevant improvements on basic education, this indicator shows that the programme is not reaching all chil- dren.

FIGURE 4.2: HEALTH SUB-DIMENSION

FIGURE 2.1: SHARE OF NON-OIL, NON-AGRICULTURE NATIONAL GDP PPP

10%

15%

20%

25%

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0%

Riyadh

Jeddah

Dammam

Makkah

Madinah

Taief

Buraidah

Tabuk

Hail

Qatif

Abha

Najran

Sakaka

Arar

Jazan

Al-Baha

Percent of Total National Employment Percent of Total Regional Employment

Figure 2.2 : Percent of Regional and National Employment (exclusive of agriculture and mining)

10% 11%

16% 15%

11%

20%

11%

19% 18%

12%

16%

23%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Figure 2.3. Unemployment rates by region in 2012

45.3

52.7

63.4

51.8

24.7

56.4 51.7

54.3

71.9

57.9

42.9

50.9 54.6

49.4

71.9

49.2

44.8

36.2 48.0

43.6

62.9

33.9

61.7

37.8

PRODUCTIVITY

INFRASTRUCTURE

QUALITY OF LIFE

EQUITY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

URBAN GOVERNANCE AND

LEGISLATION

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

50.4

100

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01 Productivity 02 Infrastructure 03 Quality of Life 04 Equity and Social

Inclusion 05 Environmental

Sustainability 06 Urban Governance and

Legislation

71.8

5.0 59.1

73.6

11.1 70.3

80.0

5.7 55.7

69.0

3.8 48.5

ECONOMIC STRENGTH

ECONOMIC AGGLOMERATION

EMPLOYMENT

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

68.0

84.4

65.2 50.0

100

City Product per Capita

Old Age Dependency

Mean Household Income

KSA-17 City average

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Hail

Al-Bahah

Abha

Jizan

Makkah

Taif

Najran

Madinah

Jeddah

Buraydah

Arar

Sakaka

Tabuk

Riyadh

Al-Ahsa

Dammam

Qatif

47.3 45.6

97.0

50.0

100

Unemployment Rate Employment to Population Ratio

Informal Employment

KSA-17 City average

61.0

27.0

51.9 45.3

78.4

67.6

26.2

64.6 49.6

63.4

75.3

25.9

46.4 39.0

70.8

44.5

35.6

51.0 24.5

64.2

HOUSING INFRASTRUCTURE

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

ICT URBAN MOBILITY

STREET CONNECTIVITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

52.5

59.0 54.2

95.2 100.0

14.5

48.9

100

Improved Shelter

Access to Improved

Water

Access to Improved Sanitation

Acess to Electricity

Sufficient Living Area

Residencial Density

KSA-17 City average

51.3

0.0

48.9

100

Physicians Density Number of Public Libraries

KSA-17 City average

64.3 61.0

38.4

48.9

100

Internet Access Home Computer Access

Average Broad Band Speed

KSA-17 City average

1.5

100.0

0.0

53.7

86.9

48.9

100

Use of Public Transport

Average Daily Travel Time

Length of Mass Transport Network

Traffic Fatalities

Affordability of Transport

KSA-17 City average

88.5

37.7

74.2

48.9

100

Intersection Density

Street Density Land Allocated to Streets

KSA-17 City average

65.2

56.2

94.6

37.8

74.2

61.5

91.9

59.9

75.8

53.7

92.4

68.5

67.9

55.8

91.9

59.2

HEALTH

EDUCATION

SAFETY AND SECURITY

PUBLIC SPACE

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

70.5 65.8

98.2

43.9

65.7

100

Life Expectancy at Birth

Under-Five Mortality Rate

Vaccination Coverage

Maternal Mortality

KSA-17 City average

89.5

80.2

11.3

49.2

65.7

100

Literacy Rate Mean Years of Schooling

Early Childhood Education Programme

Net Enrollment Rate in Higher Education

KSA-17 City average

87.9

96.0

65.7

100

Homicide Rate Theft Rate

KSA-17 City average

72.3 65.7

100

Green Area per Capita

Accessibility to Open Public Space

72.3

59.9

36.8

66.0

26.0

59.9

66.2

67.7

29.9

61.2

36.6

70.2

28.6

66.6

51.5

54.3

19.5

ECONOMIC EQUITY

SOCIAL INCLUSION

GENDER INCLUSION

URBAN DIVERSITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

40.8

66.6

50.2

100

Gini Coefficient Poverty Rate

KSA-17 City Average

86.8

30.6

50.2

100

Slum Households Youth Unemployment

KSA-17 City Average

91.8

85.3

26.9

59.9

100

Equitable Secondary School Enrollment

Women in Local Government

Women in the Work Force

KSA-17 City Average

8.1

65.9 0.0

41.1

55.0 0.0

50.0

66.2 0.0

40.1

76.9 0.0

AIR QUALITY

WASTE MANAGEMENT ENERGY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

60.3

18.8

1.4

45.1

100

Number of Monitoring Stations

PM10 Concentrations

CO2 Emissions

KSA-17 City Average

94.1

76.1

8.8

45.1

100

Solid Waste Collection

Waste Water Treatment

Solid Waste Recycling Share

KSA-17 City Average

25.6

14.4

100.0

86.5

17.8

0.0

49.6

86.5

18.9

23.3

28.0

74.6

26.1

36.1

95.7

73.0

PARTICIPATION

ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY

INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

REGULATORY QUALITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

83.9

40.4

45.1

100

Local Expenditure Efficiency

Own Revenue Collection

KSA-17 City Average

CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENT AND RISK MANAGEMENT

Net Enrolment Rate in Higher Education: The indicator for the percentage of individuals enrolled in tertiary education (also called post-secondary education) between ages 18 to 23 is weak. This indicator, coupled with the early childhood education programme, shows relevant structural limitations of the educational system, which is failing to provide educa- tion for everyone.

Of the four sub-dimensions of Quality of Life, Safety and Security have the largest positive impact, obtaining a score of 92.4 while the two indicators that are part of this sub-di- mension have values of over 87. Such result is similar across cities, with the city of Taif having slightly lower values, but within the upper portion of the scale of city prosperity. Even though the KSA crime rate is one of the lowest in the world, it has increased for the past years, particularly in major cities. The design of newly developed residential zones, including limited connection with surrounding areas without appropri- ate street design are some of several reasons to account for such deterioration of safety and security conditions.89

Homicide Rate: The indicator for the number of homicides per 100 thousand inhabitants is very strong. This shows that citizen security is a social strength, and enhances quality of life. It also helps to enhance the potential for investing, and for urban economic development (Figure 4.4).

FIGURE 4.3: EDUCATION SUB-DIMENSION

FIGURE 2.1: SHARE OF NON-OIL, NON-AGRICULTURE NATIONAL GDP PPP

10%

15%

20%

25%

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0%

Riyadh

Jeddah

Dammam

Makkah

Madinah

Taief

Buraidah

Tabuk

Hail

Qatif

Abha

Najran

Sakaka

Arar

Jazan

Al-Baha

Percent of Total National Employment Percent of Total Regional Employment

Figure 2.2 : Percent of Regional and National Employment (exclusive of agriculture and mining)

10% 11%

16% 15%

11%

20%

11%

19% 18%

12%

16%

23%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Figure 2.3. Unemployment rates by region in 2012

45.3

52.7

63.4

51.8

24.7

56.4 51.7

54.3

71.9

57.9

42.9

50.9 54.6

49.4

71.9

49.2

44.8

36.2 48.0

43.6

62.9

33.9

61.7

37.8

PRODUCTIVITY

INFRASTRUCTURE

QUALITY OF LIFE

EQUITY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

URBAN GOVERNANCE AND

LEGISLATION

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

50.4

100

Ec on

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71.8

5.0 59.1

73.6

11.1 70.3

80.0

5.7 55.7

69.0

3.8 48.5

ECONOMIC STRENGTH

ECONOMIC AGGLOMERATION

EMPLOYMENT

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

68.0

84.4

65.2 50.0

100

City Product per Capita

Old Age Dependency

Mean Household Income

KSA-17 City average

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Hail

Al-Bahah

Abha

Jizan

Makkah

Taif

Najran

Madinah

Jeddah

Buraydah

Arar

Sakaka

Tabuk

Riyadh

Al-Ahsa

Dammam

Qatif

47.3 45.6

97.0

50.0

100

Unemployment Rate Employment to Population Ratio

Informal Employment

KSA-17 City average

61.0

27.0

51.9 45.3

78.4

67.6

26.2

64.6 49.6

63.4

75.3

25.9

46.4 39.0

70.8

44.5

35.6

51.0 24.5

64.2

HOUSING INFRASTRUCTURE

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

ICT URBAN MOBILITY

STREET CONNECTIVITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

52.5

59.0 54.2

95.2 100.0

14.5

48.9

100

Improved Shelter

Access to Improved

Water

Access to Improved Sanitation

Acess to Electricity

Sufficient Living Area

Residencial Density

KSA-17 City average

51.3

0.0

48.9

100

Physicians Density Number of Public Libraries

KSA-17 City average

64.3 61.0

38.4

48.9

100

Internet Access Home Computer Access

Average Broad Band Speed

KSA-17 City average

1.5

100.0

0.0

53.7

86.9

48.9

100

Use of Public Transport

Average Daily Travel Time

Length of Mass Transport Network

Traffic Fatalities

Affordability of Transport

KSA-17 City average

88.5

37.7

74.2

48.9

100

Intersection Density

Street Density Land Allocated to Streets

KSA-17 City average

65.2

56.2

94.6

37.8

74.2

61.5

91.9

59.9

75.8

53.7

92.4

68.5

67.9

55.8

91.9

59.2

HEALTH

EDUCATION

SAFETY AND SECURITY

PUBLIC SPACE

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

70.5 65.8

98.2

43.9

65.7

100

Life Expectancy at Birth

Under-Five Mortality Rate

Vaccination Coverage

Maternal Mortality

KSA-17 City average

89.5

80.2

11.3

49.2

65.7

100

Literacy Rate Mean Years of Schooling

Early Childhood Education Programme

Net Enrollment Rate in Higher Education

KSA-17 City average

87.9

96.0

65.7

100

Homicide Rate Theft Rate

KSA-17 City average

72.3 65.7

100

Green Area per Capita

Accessibility to Open Public Space

72.3

59.9

36.8

66.0

26.0

59.9

66.2

67.7

29.9

61.2

36.6

70.2

28.6

66.6

51.5

54.3

19.5

ECONOMIC EQUITY

SOCIAL INCLUSION

GENDER INCLUSION

URBAN DIVERSITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

40.8

66.6

50.2

100

Gini Coefficient Poverty Rate

KSA-17 City Average

86.8

30.6

50.2

100

Slum Households Youth Unemployment

KSA-17 City Average

91.8

85.3

26.9

59.9

100

Equitable Secondary School Enrollment

Women in Local Government

Women in the Work Force

KSA-17 City Average

8.1

65.9 0.0

41.1

55.0 0.0

50.0

66.2 0.0

40.1

76.9 0.0

AIR QUALITY

WASTE MANAGEMENT ENERGY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

60.3

18.8

1.4

45.1

100

Number of Monitoring Stations

PM10 Concentrations

CO2 Emissions

KSA-17 City Average

94.1

76.1

8.8

45.1

100

Solid Waste Collection

Waste Water Treatment

Solid Waste Recycling Share

KSA-17 City Average

25.6

14.4

100.0

86.5

17.8

0.0

49.6

86.5

18.9

23.3

28.0

74.6

26.1

36.1

95.7

73.0

PARTICIPATION

ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY

INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

REGULATORY QUALITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

83.9

40.4

45.1

100

Local Expenditure Efficiency

Own Revenue Collection

KSA-17 City Average

Theft Rate: The number of reported thefts per 100 thousand inhabitants represents a very strong indicator. Together with the homicide rate, shows that citizen security is a relevant social strength, and enhances quality of life.

Finally, the Public Space sub-dimension obtained the low- est value (36.6) among the Quality of Life dimension, being very weak in terms of city prosperity. It is worth noting the extremely poor results of the Accessibility to Open Public Space indicator for all cities. The best score was obtained by Riyadh; however, it remains in the bottom of the scale with a value of 21.8. This means that there exists an important pro- portion of population that must cover longer distances (more than 300 meters) to access the existing public spaces. Some possible explanations for these results are the existence of large proportions of private open spaces within the city cores that reduce residential density and make cities more extend-

FIGURE 4.4: SAFETY AND SECURITY SUB-DIMENSION

FIGURE 2.1: SHARE OF NON-OIL, NON-AGRICULTURE NATIONAL GDP PPP

10%

15%

20%

25%

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0%

Riyadh

Jeddah

Dammam

Makkah

Madinah

Taief

Buraidah

Tabuk

Hail

Qatif

Abha

Najran

Sakaka

Arar

Jazan

Al-Baha

Percent of Total National Employment Percent of Total Regional Employment

Figure 2.2 : Percent of Regional and National Employment (exclusive of agriculture and mining)

10% 11%

16% 15%

11%

20%

11%

19% 18%

12%

16%

23%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Figure 2.3. Unemployment rates by region in 2012

45.3

52.7

63.4

51.8

24.7

56.4 51.7

54.3

71.9

57.9

42.9

50.9 54.6

49.4

71.9

49.2

44.8

36.2 48.0

43.6

62.9

33.9

61.7

37.8

PRODUCTIVITY

INFRASTRUCTURE

QUALITY OF LIFE

EQUITY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

URBAN GOVERNANCE AND

LEGISLATION

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

50.4

100

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01 Productivity 02 Infrastructure 03 Quality of Life 04 Equity and Social

Inclusion 05 Environmental

Sustainability 06 Urban Governance and

Legislation

71.8

5.0 59.1

73.6

11.1 70.3

80.0

5.7 55.7

69.0

3.8 48.5

ECONOMIC STRENGTH

ECONOMIC AGGLOMERATION

EMPLOYMENT

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

68.0

84.4

65.2 50.0

100

City Product per Capita

Old Age Dependency

Mean Household Income

KSA-17 City average

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Hail

Al-Bahah

Abha

Jizan

Makkah

Taif

Najran

Madinah

Jeddah

Buraydah

Arar

Sakaka

Tabuk

Riyadh

Al-Ahsa

Dammam

Qatif

47.3 45.6

97.0

50.0

100

Unemployment Rate Employment to Population Ratio

Informal Employment

KSA-17 City average

61.0

27.0

51.9 45.3

78.4

67.6

26.2

64.6 49.6

63.4

75.3

25.9

46.4 39.0

70.8

44.5

35.6

51.0 24.5

64.2

HOUSING INFRASTRUCTURE

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

ICT URBAN MOBILITY

STREET CONNECTIVITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

52.5

59.0 54.2

95.2 100.0

14.5

48.9

100

Improved Shelter

Access to Improved

Water

Access to Improved Sanitation

Acess to Electricity

Sufficient Living Area

Residencial Density

KSA-17 City average

51.3

0.0

48.9

100

Physicians Density Number of Public Libraries

KSA-17 City average

64.3 61.0

38.4

48.9

100

Internet Access Home Computer Access

Average Broad Band Speed

KSA-17 City average

1.5

100.0

0.0

53.7

86.9

48.9

100

Use of Public Transport

Average Daily Travel Time

Length of Mass Transport Network

Traffic Fatalities

Affordability of Transport

KSA-17 City average

88.5

37.7

74.2

48.9

100

Intersection Density

Street Density Land Allocated to Streets

KSA-17 City average

65.2

56.2

94.6

37.8

74.2

61.5

91.9

59.9

75.8

53.7

92.4

68.5

67.9

55.8

91.9

59.2

HEALTH

EDUCATION

SAFETY AND SECURITY

PUBLIC SPACE

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

70.5 65.8

98.2

43.9

65.7

100

Life Expectancy at Birth

Under-Five Mortality Rate

Vaccination Coverage

Maternal Mortality

KSA-17 City average

89.5

80.2

11.3

49.2

65.7

100

Literacy Rate Mean Years of Schooling

Early Childhood Education Programme

Net Enrollment Rate in Higher Education

KSA-17 City average

87.9

96.0

65.7

100

Homicide Rate Theft Rate

KSA-17 City average

72.3 65.7

100

Green Area per Capita

Accessibility to Open Public Space

72.3

59.9

36.8

66.0

26.0

59.9

66.2

67.7

29.9

61.2

36.6

70.2

28.6

66.6

51.5

54.3

19.5

ECONOMIC EQUITY

SOCIAL INCLUSION

GENDER INCLUSION

URBAN DIVERSITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

40.8

66.6

50.2

100

Gini Coefficient Poverty Rate

KSA-17 City Average

86.8

30.6

50.2

100

Slum Households Youth Unemployment

KSA-17 City Average

91.8

85.3

26.9

59.9

100

Equitable Secondary School Enrollment

Women in Local Government

Women in the Work Force

KSA-17 City Average

8.1

65.9 0.0

41.1

55.0 0.0

50.0

66.2 0.0

40.1

76.9 0.0

AIR QUALITY

WASTE MANAGEMENT ENERGY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

60.3

18.8

1.4

45.1

100

Number of Monitoring Stations

PM10 Concentrations

CO2 Emissions

KSA-17 City Average

94.1

76.1

8.8

45.1

100

Solid Waste Collection

Waste Water Treatment

Solid Waste Recycling Share

KSA-17 City Average

25.6

14.4

100.0

86.5

17.8

0.0

49.6

86.5

18.9

23.3

28.0

74.6

26.1

36.1

95.7

73.0

PARTICIPATION

ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY

INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

REGULATORY QUALITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

83.9

40.4

45.1

100

Local Expenditure Efficiency

Own Revenue Collection

KSA-17 City Average

Although in the last decades, the average

number of years of schooling have significantly improved, and that secondary education enrolment has improved, the main challenge is

to increase enrolment in the ECD Programme,

which will likely have a direct effect on educational

attainment.

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

ed.90 Additionally, there is strong speculative pressure over the land, which makes creating new open public spaces less appealing since they are usually undertaken by the private sector, as it is the case in Riyadh.91

Green Area per Capita: The indicator for the total green area (forests, parks, gardens, etc.) per capita is strong, showing good results in spite of the prevailing desert climate in Saudi Arabian cities (Figure 4.5).

Accessibility to Open Public Areas: The percentage of urban area that is located less than 300 meters away from an open public space represents a very weak indicator. This means that a significant proportion of the population has to cover long distances (more than 300 meters) in order to reach an open public space, inhibiting its use, and limiting healthy social interaction.

The Green Area per Capita indicator obtained overall good results, corresponding to a strong score. Considering the de- sert climate conditions of the Saudi Arabian territory, which impose additional limitations to any policy for increasing green areas, the results are particularly encouraging. The city with the lowest performance is Makkah, where the value of this indicator is 6.7. The rest of the cities show considera- bly better results, with the cities of Al-Baha, Al-Ahsa, Buray- dah, Dammam, Najran, Qatif and Sakaka having the highest scores of 100. In general, the disposition of green area per capita tries to overcome Saudi Arabia’s geographical and climate conditions, where desert areas cover most parts of the country’s land. Nevertheless, the expansive urban devel- opment, the industrialization and real estate pressure is ac-

tively contributing to the disappearance of favourable micro climates that in turn help improve environmental quality, and mitigate air pollution problems.

Red square arc near Falcom business center in Riyadh. © Andrew V Marcus / Shutterstock

PHOTO

FIGURE 4.5: PUBLIC SPACE SUB-DIMENSION

FIGURE 2.1: SHARE OF NON-OIL, NON-AGRICULTURE NATIONAL GDP PPP

10%

15%

20%

25%

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0%

Riyadh

Jeddah

Dammam

Makkah

Madinah

Taief

Buraidah

Tabuk

Hail

Qatif

Abha

Najran

Sakaka

Arar

Jazan

Al-Baha

Percent of Total National Employment Percent of Total Regional Employment

Figure 2.2 : Percent of Regional and National Employment (exclusive of agriculture and mining)

10% 11%

16% 15%

11%

20%

11%

19% 18%

12%

16%

23%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Figure 2.3. Unemployment rates by region in 2012

45.3

52.7

63.4

51.8

24.7

56.4 51.7

54.3

71.9

57.9

42.9

50.9 54.6

49.4

71.9

49.2

44.8

36.2 48.0

43.6

62.9

33.9

61.7

37.8

PRODUCTIVITY

INFRASTRUCTURE

QUALITY OF LIFE

EQUITY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

URBAN GOVERNANCE AND

LEGISLATION

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

50.4

100

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Legislation

71.8

5.0 59.1

73.6

11.1 70.3

80.0

5.7 55.7

69.0

3.8 48.5

ECONOMIC STRENGTH

ECONOMIC AGGLOMERATION

EMPLOYMENT

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

68.0

84.4

65.2 50.0

100

City Product per Capita

Old Age Dependency

Mean Household Income

KSA-17 City average

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Hail

Al-Bahah

Abha

Jizan

Makkah

Taif

Najran

Madinah

Jeddah

Buraydah

Arar

Sakaka

Tabuk

Riyadh

Al-Ahsa

Dammam

Qatif

47.3 45.6

97.0

50.0

100

Unemployment Rate Employment to Population Ratio

Informal Employment

KSA-17 City average

61.0

27.0

51.9 45.3

78.4

67.6

26.2

64.6 49.6

63.4

75.3

25.9

46.4 39.0

70.8

44.5

35.6

51.0 24.5

64.2

HOUSING INFRASTRUCTURE

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

ICT URBAN MOBILITY

STREET CONNECTIVITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

52.5

59.0 54.2

95.2 100.0

14.5

48.9

100

Improved Shelter

Access to Improved

Water

Access to Improved Sanitation

Acess to Electricity

Sufficient Living Area

Residencial Density

KSA-17 City average

51.3

0.0

48.9

100

Physicians Density Number of Public Libraries

KSA-17 City average

64.3 61.0

38.4

48.9

100

Internet Access Home Computer Access

Average Broad Band Speed

KSA-17 City average

1.5

100.0

0.0

53.7

86.9

48.9

100

Use of Public Transport

Average Daily Travel Time

Length of Mass Transport Network

Traffic Fatalities

Affordability of Transport

KSA-17 City average

88.5

37.7

74.2

48.9

100

Intersection Density

Street Density Land Allocated to Streets

KSA-17 City average

65.2

56.2

94.6

37.8

74.2

61.5

91.9

59.9

75.8

53.7

92.4

68.5

67.9

55.8

91.9

59.2

HEALTH

EDUCATION

SAFETY AND SECURITY

PUBLIC SPACE

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

70.5 65.8

98.2

43.9

65.7

100

Life Expectancy at Birth

Under-Five Mortality Rate

Vaccination Coverage

Maternal Mortality

KSA-17 City average

89.5

80.2

11.3

49.2

65.7

100

Literacy Rate Mean Years of Schooling

Early Childhood Education Programme

Net Enrollment Rate in Higher Education

KSA-17 City average

87.9

96.0

65.7

100

Homicide Rate Theft Rate

KSA-17 City average

72.3 65.7

100

Green Area per Capita

Accessibility to Open Public Space

72.3

59.9

36.8

66.0

26.0

59.9

66.2

67.7

29.9

61.2

36.6

70.2

28.6

66.6

51.5

54.3

19.5

ECONOMIC EQUITY

SOCIAL INCLUSION

GENDER INCLUSION

URBAN DIVERSITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

40.8

66.6

50.2

100

Gini Coefficient Poverty Rate

KSA-17 City Average

86.8

30.6

50.2

100

Slum Households Youth Unemployment

KSA-17 City Average

91.8

85.3

26.9

59.9

100

Equitable Secondary School Enrollment

Women in Local Government

Women in the Work Force

KSA-17 City Average

8.1

65.9 0.0

41.1

55.0 0.0

50.0

66.2 0.0

40.1

76.9 0.0

AIR QUALITY

WASTE MANAGEMENT ENERGY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

60.3

18.8

1.4

45.1

100

Number of Monitoring Stations

PM10 Concentrations

CO2 Emissions

KSA-17 City Average

94.1

76.1

8.8

45.1

100

Solid Waste Collection

Waste Water Treatment

Solid Waste Recycling Share

KSA-17 City Average

25.6

14.4

100.0

86.5

17.8

0.0

49.6

86.5

18.9

23.3

28.0

74.6

26.1

36.1

95.7

73.0

PARTICIPATION

ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY

INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

REGULATORY QUALITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

83.9

40.4

45.1

100

Local Expenditure Efficiency

Own Revenue Collection

KSA-17 City Average

CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENT AND RISK MANAGEMENT

Environmental Sustainability An environmentally sustainable city can maintain a healthy balance between human activities, occupation of the terri- tory, and the environment. It strives at protecting the city’s natural capital and resources, guaranteeing not only air, water and soil high quality, but also avoiding other kinds of pollu- tion, such as visual and noise contamination. In such cities, the urban patterns tend to be compact, energy efficient, less polluted, more accessible, and non-motorized and mass pub- lic transport oriented.

The overall result for Saudi Arabia cities in this CPI dimension is weak, corresponding to a value of 45.1 (Figure 4.6). It is worth noting that in many cases, the majority of cities did not have information available, therefore these results should be interpreted with caution, since they do not necessarily repre- sent the general state of Saudi Arabia cities. For example, the indicators with few data are those of PM10 Concentrations, CO2 Emissions, and Share of Renewable Energy Consump- tion, where only five out of 17 cities had information availa- ble. The most complete cases correspond to the indicators of solid waste collection, and waste water treatment, where 11 and 10 cities respectively had available data.

For the Environmental Sustainability dimension, the holy cit- ies stand out for their poor performance, mainly driven by substantially lower Air Quality than the other city typologies. On the contrary, for this indicator, medium size cities have the best results followed by minor and major cities. These re- sults seem to point out that medium cities do not suffer from the environmental pressure that larger cities have, yet they have proportionally higher resources to deal with these prob- lems, at least when compared to minor cities. The opposite is true for Waste Management, where minor cities have the best performance, and medium size cities have the worst. Finally, all cities, regardless of their typology scored a zero value on Energy, which shows that currently no city is using or relying on renewable sources of energy. This may point to the need to implement effective renewable energy policies so that cities start transitioning toward more environmentally friendly sources of energy.

FIGURE 4.6: DIMENSIONS OF THE CPI: 5. ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

FIGURE 2.1: SHARE OF NON-OIL, NON-AGRICULTURE NATIONAL GDP PPP

10%

15%

20%

25%

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0%

Riyadh

Jeddah

Dammam

Makkah

Madinah

Taief

Buraidah

Tabuk

Hail

Qatif

Abha

Najran

Sakaka

Arar

Jazan

Al-Baha

Percent of Total National Employment Percent of Total Regional Employment

Figure 2.2 : Percent of Regional and National Employment (exclusive of agriculture and mining)

10% 11%

16% 15%

11%

20%

11%

19% 18%

12%

16%

23%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Figure 2.3. Unemployment rates by region in 2012

45.3

52.7

63.4

51.8

24.7

56.4 51.7

54.3

71.9

57.9

42.9

50.9 54.6

49.4

71.9

49.2

44.8

36.2 48.0

43.6

62.9

33.9

61.7

37.8

PRODUCTIVITY

INFRASTRUCTURE

QUALITY OF LIFE

EQUITY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

URBAN GOVERNANCE AND

LEGISLATION

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

50.4

100

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01 Productivity 02 Infrastructure 03 Quality of Life 04 Equity and Social

Inclusion 05 Environmental

Sustainability 06 Urban Governance and

Legislation

71.8

5.0 59.1

73.6

11.1 70.3

80.0

5.7 55.7

69.0

3.8 48.5

ECONOMIC STRENGTH

ECONOMIC AGGLOMERATION

EMPLOYMENT

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

68.0

84.4

65.2 50.0

100

City Product per Capita

Old Age Dependency

Mean Household Income

KSA-17 City average

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Hail

Al-Bahah

Abha

Jizan

Makkah

Taif

Najran

Madinah

Jeddah

Buraydah

Arar

Sakaka

Tabuk

Riyadh

Al-Ahsa

Dammam

Qatif

47.3 45.6

97.0

50.0

100

Unemployment Rate Employment to Population Ratio

Informal Employment

KSA-17 City average

61.0

27.0

51.9 45.3

78.4

67.6

26.2

64.6 49.6

63.4

75.3

25.9

46.4 39.0

70.8

44.5

35.6

51.0 24.5

64.2

HOUSING INFRASTRUCTURE

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

ICT URBAN MOBILITY

STREET CONNECTIVITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

52.5

59.0 54.2

95.2 100.0

14.5

48.9

100

Improved Shelter

Access to Improved

Water

Access to Improved Sanitation

Acess to Electricity

Sufficient Living Area

Residencial Density

KSA-17 City average

51.3

0.0

48.9

100

Physicians Density Number of Public Libraries

KSA-17 City average

64.3 61.0

38.4

48.9

100

Internet Access Home Computer Access

Average Broad Band Speed

KSA-17 City average

1.5

100.0

0.0

53.7

86.9

48.9

100

Use of Public Transport

Average Daily Travel Time

Length of Mass Transport Network

Traffic Fatalities

Affordability of Transport

KSA-17 City average

88.5

37.7

74.2

48.9

100

Intersection Density

Street Density Land Allocated to Streets

KSA-17 City average

65.2

56.2

94.6

37.8

74.2

61.5

91.9

59.9

75.8

53.7

92.4

68.5

67.9

55.8

91.9

59.2

HEALTH

EDUCATION

SAFETY AND SECURITY

PUBLIC SPACE

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

70.5 65.8

98.2

43.9

65.7

100

Life Expectancy at Birth

Under-Five Mortality Rate

Vaccination Coverage

Maternal Mortality

KSA-17 City average

89.5

80.2

11.3

49.2

65.7

100

Literacy Rate Mean Years of Schooling

Early Childhood Education Programme

Net Enrollment Rate in Higher Education

KSA-17 City average

87.9

96.0

65.7

100

Homicide Rate Theft Rate

KSA-17 City average

72.3 65.7

100

Green Area per Capita

Accessibility to Open Public Space

72.3

59.9

36.8

66.0

26.0

59.9

66.2

67.7

29.9

61.2

36.6

70.2

28.6

66.6

51.5

54.3

19.5

ECONOMIC EQUITY

SOCIAL INCLUSION

GENDER INCLUSION

URBAN DIVERSITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

40.8

66.6

50.2

100

Gini Coefficient Poverty Rate

KSA-17 City Average

86.8

30.6

50.2

100

Slum Households Youth Unemployment

KSA-17 City Average

91.8

85.3

26.9

59.9

100

Equitable Secondary School Enrollment

Women in Local Government

Women in the Work Force

KSA-17 City Average

8.1

65.9 0.0

41.1

55.0 0.0

50.0

66.2 0.0

40.1

76.9 0.0

AIR QUALITY

WASTE MANAGEMENT ENERGY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

60.3

18.8

1.4

45.1

100

Number of Monitoring Stations

PM10 Concentrations

CO2 Emissions

KSA-17 City Average

94.1

76.1

8.8

45.1

100

Solid Waste Collection

Waste Water Treatment

Solid Waste Recycling Share

KSA-17 City Average

25.6

14.4

100.0

86.5

17.8

0.0

49.6

86.5

18.9

23.3

28.0

74.6

26.1

36.1

95.7

73.0

PARTICIPATION

ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY

INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

REGULATORY QUALITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

83.9

40.4

45.1

100

Local Expenditure Efficiency

Own Revenue Collection

KSA-17 City Average

ID CITY

05 ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY KSA-17

CPI 45.1

0501 AIR QUALITY 35.5

050101 Number of Monitoring Stations 60.3

050102 PM10 Concentrations 18.8

050103 CO 2 Emissions 1.4

0502 WASTE MANAGEMENT 65.0

050201 Solid Waste Collection 94.1

050202 Waste Water Treatment 76.1

050203 Solid Waste Recycling Share 8.8

0503 ENERGY 0.0

050302 Share of Renewable Energy Consumption 0.0

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

In the sub-dimension of Air Quality, the overall results are very weak (35.5) according to the global scale of city pros- perity. The cities of Tabuk (0.0), Madinah 6.3), and Makkah (10.0) are the poorest performers, whereas Buraydah is on the other side of the scale, with a score of 100.0. The rest of the cities are in between, but on the bottom half of the global scale of city prosperity. In this sub-dimension, the cities of Al-Bahah, Al-Ahsa, Arar, Hail, Jeddah, Najran, Qatif, and Saka- ka did not have information available.

CO2 Emissions: The total amount of emissions of CO2 metric tonnes is extremely high, which reflect an extremely weak indicator. Since it is a green-house gas, it contributes to some degree to the global environmental change. This in turn poses a threat to environmental and social sustainability.

Number of Monitoring Stations: Having air quality moni- toring stations is recommended for cities with 100 thousand inhabitants and over. According to this criterion, each city needs to estimate their population growth rates to plan for current, and future need of monitoring stations (Figure 4.7).

The indicator for the number of operative Fixed Automat- ic Monitoring Stations within the urban area is moderately strong. This shows that even though there is some installed capacity for keeping track of health-damaging pollution emis- sions, there are still relevant shortcomings.

PM10 Concentration: The annual daily mean concentration of particulate matter of less than 10 microns in diameter (PM10) is very high, which translates into a very weak indica- tor. This condition is of great concern for public health, since these particles can be inhaled into the deepest parts of the lung, causing severe health problems.

The 9th Development Plan of the KSA underscored the prob- lem of air pollution in industrial and urban areas, and a set of measures were implemented to mitigate this problem, in- cluding the identification of the types of pollutants, and their concentrations.92 Monitoring stations and laboratories have been installed in some cities, generating relevant air quality information.93 However, such developments have not been consistent across cities, which is reflected in the CPI results. Overall, the Number of Monitoring Stations indicator is mod- erately strong; however, it has values on both extremes of the scale. The cities of Abha, Buraydah, Riyadh, and Taif have the highest score (100.0, but the cities of Tabuk (0.0), Mad- inah (12.5) Makkah (30.0), and Dammam (40.0) show con- siderably poorer performance. The remaining cities did not have available data. These results show that, even though there are relevant developments, several Saudi Arabia cit- ies are still unable to produce relevant information about air quality, therefore strongly limiting their ability for informed decision-making.

FIGURE 2.1: SHARE OF NON-OIL, NON-AGRICULTURE NATIONAL GDP PPP

10%

15%

20%

25%

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0%

Riyadh

Jeddah

Dammam

Makkah

Madinah

Taief

Buraidah

Tabuk

Hail

Qatif

Abha

Najran

Sakaka

Arar

Jazan

Al-Baha

Percent of Total National Employment Percent of Total Regional Employment

Figure 2.2 : Percent of Regional and National Employment (exclusive of agriculture and mining)

10% 11%

16% 15%

11%

20%

11%

19% 18%

12%

16%

23%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Figure 2.3. Unemployment rates by region in 2012

45.3

52.7

63.4

51.8

24.7

56.4 51.7

54.3

71.9

57.9

42.9

50.9 54.6

49.4

71.9

49.2

44.8

36.2 48.0

43.6

62.9

33.9

61.7

37.8

PRODUCTIVITY

INFRASTRUCTURE

QUALITY OF LIFE

EQUITY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

URBAN GOVERNANCE AND

LEGISLATION

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

50.4

100

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Em pl

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Legislation

71.8

5.0 59.1

73.6

11.1 70.3

80.0

5.7 55.7

69.0

3.8 48.5

ECONOMIC STRENGTH

ECONOMIC AGGLOMERATION

EMPLOYMENT

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

68.0

84.4

65.2 50.0

100

City Product per Capita

Old Age Dependency

Mean Household Income

KSA-17 City average

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Hail

Al-Bahah

Abha

Jizan

Makkah

Taif

Najran

Madinah

Jeddah

Buraydah

Arar

Sakaka

Tabuk

Riyadh

Al-Ahsa

Dammam

Qatif

47.3 45.6

97.0

50.0

100

Unemployment Rate Employment to Population Ratio

Informal Employment

KSA-17 City average

61.0

27.0

51.9 45.3

78.4

67.6

26.2

64.6 49.6

63.4

75.3

25.9

46.4 39.0

70.8

44.5

35.6

51.0 24.5

64.2

HOUSING INFRASTRUCTURE

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

ICT URBAN MOBILITY

STREET CONNECTIVITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

52.5

59.0 54.2

95.2 100.0

14.5

48.9

100

Improved Shelter

Access to Improved

Water

Access to Improved Sanitation

Acess to Electricity

Sufficient Living Area

Residencial Density

KSA-17 City average

51.3

0.0

48.9

100

Physicians Density Number of Public Libraries

KSA-17 City average

64.3 61.0

38.4

48.9

100

Internet Access Home Computer Access

Average Broad Band Speed

KSA-17 City average

1.5

100.0

0.0

53.7

86.9

48.9

100

Use of Public Transport

Average Daily Travel Time

Length of Mass Transport Network

Traffic Fatalities

Affordability of Transport

KSA-17 City average

88.5

37.7

74.2

48.9

100

Intersection Density

Street Density Land Allocated to Streets

KSA-17 City average

65.2

56.2

94.6

37.8

74.2

61.5

91.9

59.9

75.8

53.7

92.4

68.5

67.9

55.8

91.9

59.2

HEALTH

EDUCATION

SAFETY AND SECURITY

PUBLIC SPACE

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

70.5 65.8

98.2

43.9

65.7

100

Life Expectancy at Birth

Under-Five Mortality Rate

Vaccination Coverage

Maternal Mortality

KSA-17 City average

89.5

80.2

11.3

49.2

65.7

100

Literacy Rate Mean Years of Schooling

Early Childhood Education Programme

Net Enrollment Rate in Higher Education

KSA-17 City average

87.9

96.0

65.7

100

Homicide Rate Theft Rate

KSA-17 City average

72.3 65.7

100

Green Area per Capita

Accessibility to Open Public Space

72.3

59.9

36.8

66.0

26.0

59.9

66.2

67.7

29.9

61.2

36.6

70.2

28.6

66.6

51.5

54.3

19.5

ECONOMIC EQUITY

SOCIAL INCLUSION

GENDER INCLUSION

URBAN DIVERSITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

40.8

66.6

50.2

100

Gini Coefficient Poverty Rate

KSA-17 City Average

86.8

30.6

50.2

100

Slum Households Youth Unemployment

KSA-17 City Average

91.8

85.3

26.9

59.9

100

Equitable Secondary School Enrollment

Women in Local Government

Women in the Work Force

KSA-17 City Average

8.1

65.9 0.0

41.1

55.0 0.0

50.0

66.2 0.0

40.1

76.9 0.0

AIR QUALITY

WASTE MANAGEMENT ENERGY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

60.3

18.8

1.4

45.1

100

Number of Monitoring Stations

PM10 Concentrations

CO2 Emissions

KSA-17 City Average

94.1

76.1

8.8

45.1

100

Solid Waste Collection

Waste Water Treatment

Solid Waste Recycling Share

KSA-17 City Average

25.6

14.4

100.0

86.5

17.8

0.0

49.6

86.5

18.9

23.3

28.0

74.6

26.1

36.1

95.7

73.0

PARTICIPATION

ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY

INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

REGULATORY QUALITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

83.9

40.4

45.1

100

Local Expenditure Efficiency

Own Revenue Collection

KSA-17 City Average

FIGURE 4.7: AIR QUALITY SUB-DIMENSION

Transportation and energy generation are the main sources of air pollution emissions; however industrial pollution also plays a relevant role. Several policies for sustainable local de- velopment have been implemented aiming at this problem, focused on two issues. The first is reducing transport-relat- ed fuel consumption through urban smart growth, i.e. tran- sit-oriented with increasing urban density and mixed uses. The second is reducing municipal and residential energy consumption, mainly for cooling, through the development of district-wide cooling systems, and building energy effi- ciency.94 Despite these efforts, air quality in Saudi Arabian cities, in particular regarding PM10 Concentrations and CO2 Emissions is low. The vast majority of those cities for which there is available information have extremely poor perfor- mance, except the city of Jizan which shows a very strong score for PM10 Concentrations. All the other cities have a score of 0.0. In this indicator, the cities of Al-Bahah, Al-Ahsa, Arar, Buraydah, Hail, Jeddah, Madinah, Najran, Qatif, Sakaka, Tabuk, and Taif have no available data. Similarly, all cities with data about CO2 Emissions have extremely weak values. For this indicator, the cities of Al-Bahah, Al-Ahsa, Arar, Buraydah, Dammam, Hail, Jeddah, Najran, Qatif, Riyadh, Sakaka, and Tabuk have no information available.

Solid Waste Collection: The indicator for the share of waste collected by the city and adequately disposed (sanitary land- fills, incineration sites or regulated recycling facilities) is very strong. This has a positive effect over human health, reducing garbage-related disease incidence, and improving the quality of life (Figure 4.8).

CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENT AND RISK MANAGEMENT

Waste Water Treatment: The proportion of waste water that receives treatment is relatively high, corresponding to a strong indicator. Treating waste water reduces the environ- mental impact of human activities, as well as threats to hu- man health.

Solid Waste Recycling Share: The percentage of collected solid waste that is recycled is very low, corresponding to an extremely weak indicator. Recycling is key for mitigating the negative effects of consumption over the environment.

The sub-dimension of Waste Management is the best per- forming for Environmental Sustainability. The overall value of 65.0 is moderately strong in the global scale of city prosper- ity. This is also the sub-dimension that includes most data, with the exception of the cities of Al-Bahah, Al-Ahsa, Arar, Hail, Najran and Qatif the only ones that do not have informa- tion available. Sakaka shows very good performance on this indicator (91.6), whereas Taif shows the lowest score (37.7). These disparities in Waste Management are acknowledged in the 9th Development Plan of the KSA, and there is a varie- ty of policies and targets aiming at reducing such disparities, as well as improving the provision of waste management-re- lated services.95

The overall indicator of Solid Waste Collection has good performance, with a value of 94.1. The cities with the best performance are Jeddah, Makkah, and Riyadh with a score of 100.0, followed by Abha (99.0), and Dammam, Jizan and Tabuk with a score of 98.4. Taif had the lowest performance,

however its value (71.6) remains in the top half of the global scale of city prosperity.

The Waste Water Treatment indicator also has strong results (76.1). The cities with no data available are the same as the ones without the Solid Waste Management indicator with the addition of Taif. Makkah, as the case of Solid Waste Col- lection, had the highest score (100.0), followed by Sakaka (97.0). The lowest performance was observed in Tabuk with a value of 48.0.

The indicator of Solid Waste Recycling Share is located on the bottom of the scale. The overall result is extremely low (8.8), which contrasts with the substantially better performance of the Solid Waste Collection and Waste Water Treatment indi- cators. Riyadh scored the highest in Solid Waste Recycling Share, however still with a poor performance, whereas the cities of Abha, Buraydah, Dammam, Jeddah, Madinah, Mak- kah and Taif have even lower scores. The remaining cities do not have available information.

The results for the sub-dimension of Waste Management show strong positive practices in terms of managing urban waste, adequately providing basic services for their popula- tions. However, the lack of solid waste recycling shows that there are still important environmental impacts that are not being addressed. An environmentally sustainable city makes sure that its waste management is integrated throughout the entire cycle, reducing first the production of waste, collecting the waste that is produced, and finally using it when possible, or properly disposing of it when no other option is available.

Share of Renewable Energy Consumption: This indicator has a value of zero, showing that the cities do not generate energy using renewable sources (such as geothermal, solar photovoltaic, solar thermal, tide, wind, industrial waste, mu- nicipal waste, primary solid biofuels, biogases, biogasoline, biodiesels, other liquid biofuels, non-specified primary biofu- els and waste, and charcoal), but rather they rely on non-re- newable fossil fuels. This condition has a direct effect on pol- lution emissions, reducing air quality, affecting human health, and contributing to global climate change.

The last sub-dimension of Environmental Sustainability is En- ergy. The 9th Development Plan of the KSA addresses this issue tangentially only, by considering one policy for develop- ing solar and wind energy, however it does not have a specific target.96 The results are consistent with such approach since Energy is the weakest sub-dimension of the entire CPI with an overall result of 0.0, which is the same result of its only indicator of Share of Renewable Energy Consumption. Only the cities of Abha, Buraydah, Jeddah, Madinah, and Makkah have information, with scores of 0.0 on all cases. These re- sults show that Saudi Arabia cities do not utilize sustainable

FIGURE 4.8: WASTE MANAGEMENT SUB-DIMENSION

FIGURE 2.1: SHARE OF NON-OIL, NON-AGRICULTURE NATIONAL GDP PPP

10%

15%

20%

25%

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0%

Riyadh

Jeddah

Dammam

Makkah

Madinah

Taief

Buraidah

Tabuk

Hail

Qatif

Abha

Najran

Sakaka

Arar

Jazan

Al-Baha

Percent of Total National Employment Percent of Total Regional Employment

Figure 2.2 : Percent of Regional and National Employment (exclusive of agriculture and mining)

10% 11%

16% 15%

11%

20%

11%

19% 18%

12%

16%

23%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Figure 2.3. Unemployment rates by region in 2012

45.3

52.7

63.4

51.8

24.7

56.4 51.7

54.3

71.9

57.9

42.9

50.9 54.6

49.4

71.9

49.2

44.8

36.2 48.0

43.6

62.9

33.9

61.7

37.8

PRODUCTIVITY

INFRASTRUCTURE

QUALITY OF LIFE

EQUITY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

URBAN GOVERNANCE AND

LEGISLATION

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

50.4

100

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Re gu

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01 Productivity 02 Infrastructure 03 Quality of Life 04 Equity and Social

Inclusion 05 Environmental

Sustainability 06 Urban Governance and

Legislation

71.8

5.0 59.1

73.6

11.1 70.3

80.0

5.7 55.7

69.0

3.8 48.5

ECONOMIC STRENGTH

ECONOMIC AGGLOMERATION

EMPLOYMENT

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

68.0

84.4

65.2 50.0

100

City Product per Capita

Old Age Dependency

Mean Household Income

KSA-17 City average

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Hail

Al-Bahah

Abha

Jizan

Makkah

Taif

Najran

Madinah

Jeddah

Buraydah

Arar

Sakaka

Tabuk

Riyadh

Al-Ahsa

Dammam

Qatif

47.3 45.6

97.0

50.0

100

Unemployment Rate Employment to Population Ratio

Informal Employment

KSA-17 City average

61.0

27.0

51.9 45.3

78.4

67.6

26.2

64.6 49.6

63.4

75.3

25.9

46.4 39.0

70.8

44.5

35.6

51.0 24.5

64.2

HOUSING INFRASTRUCTURE

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

ICT URBAN MOBILITY

STREET CONNECTIVITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

52.5

59.0 54.2

95.2 100.0

14.5

48.9

100

Improved Shelter

Access to Improved

Water

Access to Improved Sanitation

Acess to Electricity

Sufficient Living Area

Residencial Density

KSA-17 City average

51.3

0.0

48.9

100

Physicians Density Number of Public Libraries

KSA-17 City average

64.3 61.0

38.4

48.9

100

Internet Access Home Computer Access

Average Broad Band Speed

KSA-17 City average

1.5

100.0

0.0

53.7

86.9

48.9

100

Use of Public Transport

Average Daily Travel Time

Length of Mass Transport Network

Traffic Fatalities

Affordability of Transport

KSA-17 City average

88.5

37.7

74.2

48.9

100

Intersection Density

Street Density Land Allocated to Streets

KSA-17 City average

65.2

56.2

94.6

37.8

74.2

61.5

91.9

59.9

75.8

53.7

92.4

68.5

67.9

55.8

91.9

59.2

HEALTH

EDUCATION

SAFETY AND SECURITY

PUBLIC SPACE

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

70.5 65.8

98.2

43.9

65.7

100

Life Expectancy at Birth

Under-Five Mortality Rate

Vaccination Coverage

Maternal Mortality

KSA-17 City average

89.5

80.2

11.3

49.2

65.7

100

Literacy Rate Mean Years of Schooling

Early Childhood Education Programme

Net Enrollment Rate in Higher Education

KSA-17 City average

87.9

96.0

65.7

100

Homicide Rate Theft Rate

KSA-17 City average

72.3 65.7

100

Green Area per Capita

Accessibility to Open Public Space

72.3

59.9

36.8

66.0

26.0

59.9

66.2

67.7

29.9

61.2

36.6

70.2

28.6

66.6

51.5

54.3

19.5

ECONOMIC EQUITY

SOCIAL INCLUSION

GENDER INCLUSION

URBAN DIVERSITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

40.8

66.6

50.2

100

Gini Coefficient Poverty Rate

KSA-17 City Average

86.8

30.6

50.2

100

Slum Households Youth Unemployment

KSA-17 City Average

91.8

85.3

26.9

59.9

100

Equitable Secondary School Enrollment

Women in Local Government

Women in the Work Force

KSA-17 City Average

8.1

65.9 0.0

41.1

55.0 0.0

50.0

66.2 0.0

40.1

76.9 0.0

AIR QUALITY

WASTE MANAGEMENT ENERGY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

60.3

18.8

1.4

45.1

100

Number of Monitoring Stations

PM10 Concentrations

CO2 Emissions

KSA-17 City Average

94.1

76.1

8.8

45.1

100

Solid Waste Collection

Waste Water Treatment

Solid Waste Recycling Share

KSA-17 City Average

25.6

14.4

100.0

86.5

17.8

0.0

49.6

86.5

18.9

23.3

28.0

74.6

26.1

36.1

95.7

73.0

PARTICIPATION

ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY

INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

REGULATORY QUALITY

Holy Cities (Madinah and Makkah)

Major Cities (Al-Hasa, Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh and Taeif)

Medium Size Cities (Buraydah, Qatif and Tabuk)

Minor Cities (Abha, Al-Baha, Arar, Hail, Jazan, Najran and Skaka)

83.9

40.4

45.1

100

Local Expenditure Efficiency

Own Revenue Collection

KSA-17 City Average

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

sources to generate energy, despite being included in the 9th Development Plan. Most of the energy-related efforts are focused on reducing energy consumption by attaining more efficient uses, particularly at the residential level, and for transportation. Fossil-fuel energy generation is consist- ent with the Kingdom’s most important resource, however it poses a threat to the cities’ sustainability, not only because of the negative effects of air pollution on human health, but also because of the generation of GHG gases that have an impact over global climate.

While recent climatic trends in the region have included a steady rise in both the frequency and importance of heat waves,97 the challenges of climate change have yet to be- come an integral part of the planning of Saudi Arabian cities. Current climate change projections for the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia project increases in summer temperatures to 32o C. or 33o C. that would not only impact the daily life of urban dwellers but make the outdoor activities of the Hajj ex- tremely hazardous when the religious pilgrimage falls during the summer months.98

It will be necessary for Saudi cities to reassess the design standards of roads, bridges, tunnels, and drainage networks as well as building construction and subdivision standards to improve their resiliency to catastrophic events. Several Saudi cities have experienced recent heavy rainfalls that claimed human lives and caused substantial damage:

• In April 2002, heavy rains fell on Makkah 2002 and last- ed for a whole week, claiming the lives of 19 people and causing extensive damage; hundreds of residents had to be rescued. The following year, Makkah experienced the worst rains in 25 years. Water levels were reported to have reached 6 meters.

• In 2004, two floods, described as the worst in 45 years, hit the Jizan region less than four months apart, killing 13 people, leaving over 400 homeless and devastating the countryside.

• In 2005 and again in 2010, heavy rains fell on the Riyadh metropolitan area. Seven people were killed, 700 peo- ple had to be evacuated by General Directorate of Civil Defence helicopters and hundreds were left homeless.

• On November 25, 2009, twelve hours of steady rain led to widespread flooding in Jeddah, causing ma- jor infrastructure damage. Major roads were blocked and the King Abdullah Bridge, south of Jeddah, partial- ly collapsed. Overall, 161 people lost their lives, either drowning or from car crashes, as a result of the floods, and the public cost of the disaster was estimated at around US$900 million.

• In 2013, heavy rainstorms caused severe flooding, dam- aging buildings and public infrastructure in Taif.99

Jeddah Corniche near King Fahd’s Fountain. © Shutterstock

PHOTO

CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENT AND RISK MANAGEMENT

These experiences point to the need for Saudi cities to im- prove both their response to disasters and their resiliency.

Disaster response is the responsibility of the General Direc- torate of Civil Defence (GDCD), established in 1987. Volun- teers and residents who receive some training assist the GDCD in its response activities with the Red Crescent pro- viding additional support. In addition to its response role in emergency situations, GDCD is responsible for risk analysis, planning for emergency situations, and warnings systems. 100 GDCD’s role in the identification of potential risks is critical, however responsibility for the determination and design of alleviating measures is currently unclear. In most countries, the responsibility would be shared between a national agen- cy and the local governments.

While the assessment of the potential climate change im- pacts is part of the National Report presented by Saudi Arabia to Habitat III, the analysis focuses on such national issues as rising temperatures and desertification, and their impact on agriculture, and does not address impacts on urban ar- eas.101 At present, only Riyadh’s metropolitan development strategy includes specific interventions to capture and store storm-water run-off and other risk management measures. The events described above underline the need to reassess the design standards of roads, bridges, tunnels, and drainage networks as well as building construction and subdivision standards to improve their resiliency to extreme events. An evaluation study conducted after the 2010 Jeddah floods con- cluded that while the response system would benefit from additional training of personnel, increasing community pre- paredness and increasing the role of local community organi- zations were critical to a comprehensive management of the risks induced by climate change.

Managing the environmental city – challenges and opportunities Saudi Arabia has developed a clearly articulated urban devel- opment strategy as part of its national economic planning and the quality of its urban environment has improved dramati- cally over the past twenty years. The development of Saudi Arabia’s physical and social urban infrastructure and the con- struction of affordable housing have been key components of a national policy that, in recent years, has been broadened to include a diversification of the economy beyond its traditional petroleum base and emphasized the urban orientation of the national development policy. While the first new cities of Ju- bail and Yanbuh were based on oil, the economic base of the new cities currently under development is very diversified as part of the effort to transition to a knowledge and technology

driven economy: specialised commercial and hospitality for transient populations in Madinah; increasing the urban use of renewable energy in Riyadh; cutting edge port terminal infrastructure supplemented by a centre for science and technology north of Jeddah; biotech and pharmaceuticals in Jizan; and innovative transportation, management and logis- tics technology in Hail.

Even though the worldwide challenges presented by rapid urbanization are alleviated by the public resources available in wealthy countries such as Saudi Arabia, they are still very much in evidence. While the sectoral policies embodied in successive National Development Plans since 1970 have been remarkably effective, particularly in education, health and the diversification of the economy, the efficient and eq- uitable management of growth at the local level has lagged as a result of significant differences in the capacities of mu- nicipal governments, both financial and technical. Persistent problems include an enduring shortage of affordable urban housing as well as inadequate public utilities and services in several cities. The recent series of severe climatic events has underlined the vulnerability of Saudi cities and the need to address the challenges of building urban resilience to the shocks and stresses of climate change. There is a clear need to revisit existing urban infrastructure design standards and development regulations pertaining to private development to improve the resiliency of cities to climate change and de- velop disaster management plans. International experience shows that this is best achieved at the local level.

Saudi Arabia is a highly centralized country where the role of local administrations has been largely limited to implement- ing national policies. In spite of recent efforts to delegate more powers to the municipalities, the combination of inad- equate local sources of revenue and the necessity to obtain central governmental approval for most local initiatives has hampered the ability of municipalities to manage land mar- kets and provide affordable housing.

Most of the energy-related efforts are focused on

reducing energy consumption by attaining more efficient uses, particularly at the residential level, and for transportation.

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

For local governments to efficiently discharge their responsi- bilities, they must be able to formulate a coherent vision of their future, define strategies to address current challenges through specific action plans and have the resources to fi- nance the interventions needed to implement their vision. While Saudi Arabia’s primary cities have clearly been able to do so, smaller urban agglomerations, including several of the First- and Second-tier cities are still facing major challenges in spite of their regional economic importance. Their prospects in an increasingly urbanising world depends on their ability to formulate and implement a coherent vision of their future as well as addressing specific environmental, social and quality of life challenges.

Inadequate local sources of revenue, poor collection rates and the dependency on central governmental approval and funding of local initiatives has hampered their ability to de- velop development strategies that simultaneously take ad- vantage of the national urban policy and address local needs. Marshalling the local human and economic resources to al- low Saudi cities to formulate and implement coherent devel- opment strategies, including providing an adequate supply of affordable housing and mitigating the impacts of climate change is a challenge that must be addressed. International

experience shows that varying degrees of decentralization of central government functions generally results in greater efficiencies if supported by efforts to improve local capaci- ties. 102 The importance of involving local government in the decision process is due to the fact that while major projects requiring public funding are, and will continue to be made at the central government level, it is essential that their impact on the host city be taken into account, including on local in- frastructure and, given Saudi Arabia’s labour market, that of expatriate workers on the housing market.

Municipalities in Saudi Arabia do not raise income from tax- ation and, except for specific fees they are allowed to levy, their funding comes from the national budget. While larger cities have defined economic development strategies, pri- marily financed by the central government; as part of the na- tional policy to better balance economic growth across the kingdom, major development projects have been directed to smaller cities. While public expenditures on the government service sector has grown at an annual rate of 3.7% during the 9th Development Plan103 as part of efforts to improve mu- nicipal services, it is unclear whether the ancillary physical and social costs of major public and private development pro- jects on the host municipalities are properly determined and funded.

The inadequacy of local resources, particularly in smaller cit- ies, is often cited as an impediment to their participation in the formulation and implementation of a national urban strat- egy. Although it is generally agreed that the ability to levy local taxes is a critical element of a national urban policy, lo- cal governments in many unitary countries do not depend on their local revenues, primarily the property tax, but on a steady predictable flow of central government transfers to finance their operational and investment costs. It is generally agreed that “properly structured intergovernmental transfers; and, where appropriate, access to borrowing and other alter- natives to mobilize resources for development expenditures” are integral components of local finance and can supplement inadequate local resources.104

The success of the national objective of “creating decent jobs and livelihoods”105 is dependent on the ability of Sau- di cities to efficiently manage growth, face the challenges of climate change, and provide high quality services and af- fordable housing. The success of the national strategy will be enhanced by a concerted effort to increase their partici- pation in the formulation and implementation of urban policy, particularly in the case of the secondary cities that are now called to play a growing role in the implementation of the national plan.

Striped water tower in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. © Shutterstock

PHOTO

CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENT AND RISK MANAGEMENT

A successful national urban policy is one that is able to bal- ance national and local objectives. It requires the ability of municipal governments to manage spatial growth, foster lo- cal development initiatives, provide serviced land for future expansion, attract private partners and investors, transform existing informal settlements into adequately serviced urban

districts and prevent the development of new unplanned areas. While national policies are the propellers of urban development, particularly when they are well funded, the development and implementation of a coherent spatial vi- sion requires the full engagement of local capabilities and resources.

ENDOTES

75 ESCWA, Compendium of Environmental Statistics in the Arab Region, New York, 2015.

76 London School of Economics and Political Studies, The Global Climate Legislation Study. http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/legislation/

77 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Long Term Strategy to 2025.

78 UN-Habitat, Review & Lessons National Spatial Strategy - Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2016

79 The systematic construction of mini-dams in peri-urban wadis in Jordan is an example of a successful intervention to address the region’s growing aridity.

80 MMM, “Comprehensive Plan – Workshop 6” June 26-29, 2010.

81 ESCWA, Compendium of Environmental Statistics in the Arab Region, New York, 2015.

82 Source: climateactiontracker.org

83 World Meteorological Association”. A Summary of Current Climate Change Findings and Figures,” March 2013.

84 The Red Sea is the boundary between the western edge of the Arabian tectonic plate and the African plate. As the Arabian plate rifts from the African plate, small to moderate tremors commonly occur, as has been the case in the Makkah region.

85 The Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia under the UNFCCC, Riyadh, November 2015.

86 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of Economy and Planning. The Ninth Development Plan 2010-2014, Chapter 19 Women and Family, 2010

87 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of Economy and Planning. The Ninth Development Plan 2010-2014, Chapter 22 Human Resources, 2010

88 Ibid.

89 Ibid.

90 UN-Habitat. Spatial Capital of Saudi Arabian Cities. Street Connectivity Study for the City Prosperity Initiative. UN-Habitat, 2015

91 UN-Habitat (s/f). Riyadh City Synthesis Master Plan, Saudi Arabia.

92 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of Economy and Planning. The Ninth Development Plan 2010-2014, Chapter 14 Environment, 2010

93 Third United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia National Report, January 2016

94 Ibid

95 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of Economy and Planning. The Ninth Development Plan 2010-2014, Chapter 32 Municipal Affairs, 2010

96 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of Economy and Planning. The Ninth Development Plan 2010-2014, Chapter 30 Electricity, 2010

97 Temperatures topped 50o C during the 2015 heat wave in the Gulf and led to a significant number of deaths.

98 The Guardian, October 26, 2015.

99 Yassar A. Alamri, “Emergency Management in Saudi Arabia: Past, Present and Future,” Source: https://www.training.fema.gov/hiedu/ downloads/compemmgmtbookproject/comparative%20em%20book%20 -%20em%20in%20saudi%20arabia.pdf.

100 Shougi Suliman Abosuliman, Arun Kumar, and Firoz Alam, “Disaster Preparedness and Management in Saudi Arabia,” International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering, Vol. 7, No. 12, 2013.

101 KSA Habitat III, pp. 49 ff.

102 Farvacque-Vitković, Catherine, and Mihaly Kopanyi, Municipal Finances: A Handbook for Local Governments, World Bank, 2014.

103 KSA Habitat III, p. 69.

104 UCLG, op.cit., p. 342.

105 KSA Habitat III, p. 72.

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

CONCLUSIONS The rapid urban population growth in the Kingdom of Sau- di Arabia over the past decades has presented several chal- lenges that the national authorities have strived to address through various programs and policies. In general, cognizant of the importance of cities as centres of innovation, and magnets of investments, the national authorities have been working towards a more balanced network of cities across the country, with economic corridors linking major cities with smaller cities.

In line with the goal of achieving a balanced growth pattern economically and geographically in its 10th Development Plan, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has taken actions to reduce disparities and enhance social equity among the regions through government expenditure on infrastructure, public services and development projects. For example, the con- struction of seven new economic cities in different regions will contribute to the creation of a more diversified economic base. However, the economic importance of the larger cities within their regions implies that a better balance can only be achieved once these new growth poles reach a threshold of functional efficiency that enhances their competitiveness as locations for investments and jobs.

In terms of employment for city dwellers, the removal of con- straints on the movement of foreign workers and the provi- sion of education, training and financial incentives to enable Saudi youth to enter the labour force will benefit cities where most of the kingdom’s economic activities are cities also of- fer women the best opportunity to access higher education and acquire the skills needed to enter the labour force. In particular, they offer Saudi women a wider range of suitable employment opportunities, particularly in the public sector.

Providing safe, sanitary and affordable housing to its citizens has been a cornerstone of Saudi Arabia’s urban policy since the creation of the Real Estate Development Fund in 1974. Despite the successful diversification of the economy, the development of primary cities and significant improvements in urban physical and social infrastructure, there is an endur- ing shortage of affordable housing that has led to the growth of informal settlements in several major cities. Eighteen per- cent of the population lives in sub-standard housing. Housing costs are a significant component of household expenditures, for both Saudi and expatriate households and represent up to 50% of monthly expenditures for lower-income households.

This has been due largely to the inability of local authorities to effectively control private development and underlines the necessity to strengthen the role, resources and effective- ness of local governments and clarify their complementary role to that of national line ministries. To meet the needs of the projected population growth, 5 million housing units will be needed by 2020.

The treatment and recycling of solid waste remains problem- atic in many cities and air pollution resulting from high ener- gy consumption and vehicular traffic is a pervasive problem in all Saudi cities, despite significant progress in improving the environmental sustainability of Saudi cities, particularly access to potable water and the treatment of liquid wastes. The recent series of severe climatic events suggest that Sau- di cities are vulnerable, highlighting the need to persevere in building urban resilience to the shocks and stresses of cli- mate change. In particular, it is paramount to revisit existing urban private development practices in terms of infrastruc- ture design standards and development regulations so as to improve the resiliency of cities to climate change and develop disaster management plans.

It is important to note the following in terms of tracking Saudi cities prosperity using the CPI framework:

• Mobility, private vehicles and public transportation: Urban policies should have an integrated approach by re-densi- fying cities to enable the development of quality public transportation systems, discouraging the increasing use of private vehicles which negatively affects human health through road congestion, increased air pollution and fuel consumption.

• Inequality: There are important differences among Saudi households and between Saudi and non-Saudi workers living in cities in the quality and size of housing, and ac- cess to public services. It is important to address income disparities as a more equal distribution of wealth will en- hance and quality of life in cities and hence the country’s economic performance.

• Gender inclusion: Women remain considerably disadvan- taged in the job market even though they constitute more than half of university graduates. Enhancing women par- ticipation in the workforce should be a priority and a cor- nerstone for attaining a thriving economy.

CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENT AND RISK MANAGEMENT

• Housing and social infrastructure: Access to quality public services such as improved shelter, water and sanitation remains highly unequal, and Saudi cities remain con- strained for providing access to some basic social infra- structure such as public libraries, and open public space. These limitations call for the implementation integrated urban policies that give priority to quality of housing and its spatial distribution, helping re-densify cities, and im- prove access to public infrastructure and public space.

• Air quality and monitoring: Given the increase in air pollu- tion in Saudi cities, it is important to improve the air qual- ity monitoring systems, coupled with the implementation of integrated policies for reducing air pollution, such as increasing public transportation, and reducing trips and travel distance by city re-densification.

• Renewable energy generation: The development of re- newable energy sources through the King Salman Re- newable Energy Initiative is yet to yield positive results in terms of wind and solar power generation, leaving cities almost entirely dependent on fossil fuel energy genera- tion. It is fundamental to guarantee its full implementa- tion, and to foster further development of the renewable energy market.

• Citizen participation, accountability and transparency: Cit- izen participation in public affairs remains a challenge in Saudi cities, calling for continued empowering of elected members of municipality councils to make decisions that meet their constituents’ needs and interests.

Finally, assessing the prosperity of a given city to guide de- cision-making requires timely, relevant and frequently pro- duced data at the local and regional levels. In this regard, it is paramount to fill the huge gaps in data availability, especially for medium size and minor cities. Increasing the ability to track progress in Saudi cities safety and resilience should be a priority for urban policy in Saudi Arabia.

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

ANNEX A: STATISTICAL ANNEX TABLES

POPULATION 17 CITIES (2004)

City Saudis Non-Saudis Total

Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total

Riyadh 1376865 1283731 2660596 977381 449175 1426556 2354246 1732906 4087152

Jeddah 735018 694743 1429761 884914 486806 1371720 1619932 1181549 2801481

Makkah 363283 360907 724190 341389 228589 569978 704672 589496 1294168

Al-Madinah 319133 320511 639644 174796 104449 279245 493929 424960 918889

Dammam 251151 227236 478387 199343 66591 265934 450494 293827 744321

Taief 197858 203332 401190 76673 43410 120083 274531 246742 521273

Tabuk 201019 182753 383772 40894 16685 57579 241913 199438 441351

Buraidah 153270 148457 301727 58047 18648 76695 211317 167105 378422

Alhasa (Hafuf&Mubaraz) 242512 240711 483223 63861 25824 89685 306373 266535 572908

Ha'il 107764 111425 219189 34251 13565 47816 142015 124990 267005

Najran 97243 99589 196832 36162 13886 50048 133405 113475 246880

Abha 80378 75673 156051 32724 13137 45861 113102 88810 201912

Arar 62479 61627 124106 15265 5866 21131 77744 67493 145237

Sakakah 52001 49415 101416 14671 6599 21270 66672 56014 122686

Jazan 35939 34326 70265 22049 8380 30429 57988 42706 100694

Qatif 42235 41910 84145 10860 3273 14133 53095 45183 98278

Al-Baha 32897 34340 67237 13023 4952 17975 45920 39292 85212

Total urban population 18329050

Total population 22678262

% Urban population 80.8%

3.13%

URBAN POPULATION (CITIES MORE THAN 5,000 POPULATION (2004 AND 2010 CENSUS), AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH (%) AND 2015 POPULATION ESTIMATE

TABLE 1: POPULATION FOR 17 CITIES

ANNEX A: STATISTICAL ANNEX TABLES

POPULATION 17 CITIES (2010)

City Saudis Non-Saudis Total

Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total

Riyadh 1625700 1489556 3115256 1433587 639443 2073030 3059287 2128999 5188286

Jeddah 891664 824910 1716574 1105052 609071 1714123 1996716 1433981 3430697

Makkah 419874 400850 820724 441863 272144 714007 861737 672994 1534731

Al-Madinah 363627 351931 715558 245093 139442 384535 608720 491373 1100093

Dammam 289496 259046 548542 257428 97342 354770 546924 356388 903312

Taief 220329 222655 442984 86353 50633 136986 306682 273288 579970

Tabuk 224488 207941 432429 57184 23016 80200 281672 230957 512629

Buraidah 179220 167403 346623 89384 31403 120787 268604 198806 467410

Alhasa (Hafuf&Mubaraz) 272135 264619 536754 89537 34497 124034 361672 299116 660788

Ha'il 121690 119226 240916 49192 20789 69981 170882 140015 310897

Najran 114189 112061 226250 51954 20084 72038 166143 132145 298288

Abha 95191 82714 177905 40927 17325 58252 136118 100039 236157

Arar 70989 68619 139608 19782 7667 27449 90771 76286 167057

Sakakah 60946 56117 117063 23935 9259 33194 84881 65376 150257

Jazan 46162 40166 86328 30825 10590 41415 76987 50756 127743

Qatif 47765 47065 94830 18739 4758 23497 66504 51823 118327

Al-Baha 38020 35086 73106 16178 5805 21983 54198 40891 95089

Total urban population 22426301

Total population 27136977

% Urban population 82.6%

2.95%

AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH (%)

City Saudis Non-Saudis Total

Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total

Riyadh 2.8% 2.5% 2.7% 6.6% 6.1% 6.4% 4.5% 3.5% 4.1%

Jeddah 3.3% 2.9% 3.1% 3.8% 3.8% 3.8% 3.5% 3.3% 3.4%

Makkah 2.4% 1.8% 2.1% 4.4% 2.9% 3.8% 3.4% 2.2% 2.9%

Al-Madinah 2.2% 1.6% 1.9% 5.8% 4.9% 5.5% 3.5% 2.4% 3.0%

Dammam 2.4% 2.2% 2.3% 4.4% 6.5% 4.9% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3%

Taief 1.8% 1.5% 1.7% 2.0% 2.6% 2.2% 1.9% 1.7% 1.8%

Tabuk 1.9% 2.2% 2.0% 5.7% 5.5% 5.7% 2.6% 2.5% 2.5%

Buraidah 2.6% 2.0% 2.3% 7.5% 9.1% 7.9% 4.1% 2.9% 3.6%

Alhasa (Hafuf&Mubaraz) 1.9% 1.6% 1.8% 5.8% 4.9% 5.6% 2.8% 1.9% 2.4%

Ha'il 2.0% 1.1% 1.6% 6.2% 7.4% 6.6% 3.1% 1.9% 2.6%

Najran 2.7% 2.0% 2.3% 6.2% 6.3% 6.3% 3.7% 2.6% 3.2%

Abha 2.9% 1.5% 2.2% 3.8% 4.7% 4.1% 3.1% 2.0% 2.6%

Arar 2.2% 1.8% 2.0% 4.4% 4.6% 4.5% 2.6% 2.1% 2.4%

Sakakah 2.7% 2.1% 2.4% 8.5% 5.8% 7.7% 4.1% 2.6% 3.4%

Jazan 4.3% 2.7% 3.5% 5.7% 4.0% 5.3% 4.8% 2.9% 4.0%

Qatif 2.1% 2.0% 2.0% 9.5% 6.4% 8.8% 3.8% 2.3% 3.1%

Al-Baha 2.4% 0.4% 1.4% 3.7% 2.7% 3.4% 2.8% 0.7% 1.8%

Average annual growth (total urban population) 3.4%

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

ESTIMATED POPULATION 17 CITIES (2015)

City Saudis Non-Saudis Total

Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total

Riyadh 1853908 1676453 3530361 1906134 833294 2739428 3760042 2509746 6269789

Jeddah 1037554 944669 1982223 1313466 724950 2038416 2351020 1669618 4020638

Makkah 471145 436222 907367 538927 312277 851204 1010072 748499 1758571

Al-Madinah 403611 379573 783184 316113 173840 489953 719724 553413 1273137

Dammam 324183 287640 611823 313470 129135 442605 637653 416775 1054428

Taief 240258 239628 479886 94994 57211 152205 335252 296839 632091

Tabuk 245336 230558 475894 73617 29354 102971 318953 259912 578865

Buraidah 202887 184327 387215 122724 45651 168375 325611 229979 555590

Alhasa (Hafuf&Mubaraz) 298523 285666 584189 115476 43026 158501 413999 328692 742691

Ha'il 134140 125987 260127 64489 28455 92944 198629 154442 353071

Najran 129682 123189 252870 68125 26454 94580 197807 149643 347450

Abha 108799 88892 197692 48700 21414 70113 157499 110306 267805

Arar 78624 74820 153444 24149 9416 33565 102773 84236 187009

Sakakah 69115 62128 131243 34107 11947 46054 103222 74076 177298

Jazan 55996 45494 101490 39677 12696 52373 95672 58191 153863

Qatif 52713 51659 104372 27657 6289 33946 80370 57948 138318

Al-Baha 42661 35715 78377 19156 6584 25740 61817 42300 104117

Total urban population 26260775

Total population 31015999

% Urban population 84.7%

TYPE OF HOUSING UNIT

Region Govenorate Units Traitional

House Villa

"A Floor in a Villa”

A Floor in a Traditional

House Apartment Other Total

Riyadh

Housing Units 57,736 209,591 129,259 7,617 383,397 70,246 857,846

Households 57,746 209,643 129,310 7,617 383,398 70,246 857,960

Persons 397,699 1,657,416 808,392 49,228 1,852,038 243,113 5,007,886

Addiriyah

Housing Units 1,930 3,943 2,021 73 4,074 2,247 14,288

Households 1,930 3,943 2,021 73 4,074 2,247 14,288

Persons 9,211 23,799 12,439 348 18,891 5,356 70,044

Alkharj

Housing Units 11,159 18,856 9,774 1,259 16,428 14,113 71,589

Households 11,159 18,856 9,774 1,259 16,428 14,113 71,589

Persons 53,461 142,546 64,733 6,453 63,616 37,645 368,454

Adduwadimi

Housing Units 14,351 16,063 2,511 755 5,501 4,007 43,188

Households 14,351 16,063 2,511 755 5,501 4,007 43,188

Persons 59,899 101,578 15,670 2,516 26,668 8,935 215,266

Almajmaah

Housing Units 4,437 8,263 3,378 317 4,431 4,286 25,112

Households 4,437 8,263 3,378 317 4,431 4,286 25,112

Persons 22,264 58,516 20,449 1,564 15,089 12,616 130,498

HOUSING UNITS ( OCCUPIED WITH HOUSEHOLDS ), HOUSEHOLDS AND INDIVIDUALS BY GOVNERNORATE AND TYPE OF HOUSING UNIT

TABLE 2: TYPE OF HOUSING UNIT BY

ANNEX A: STATISTICAL ANNEX TABLES

TYPE OF HOUSING UNIT

Region Govenorate Units Traitional

House Villa

"A Floor in a Villa”

A Floor in a Traditional

House Apartment Other Total

Alquwayiyah

Housing Units 11,333 5,515 2,036 85 4,001 4,826 27,796

Households 11,333 5,515 2,036 85 4,001 4,826 27,796

Persons 53,005 33,986 10,944 397 16,082 11,124 125,538

Wadi Addawasir

Housing Units 4,925 6,294 1,436 215 2,792 4,141 19,803

Households 4,925 6,294 1,436 215 2,792 4,141 19,803

Persons 26,221 48,642 9,627 1,212 9,488 9,234 104,424

Alaflaj

Housing Units 4,590 3,699 1,430 75 1,930 1,640 13,364

Households 4,590 3,699 1,430 75 1,930 1,640 13,364

Persons 23,094 23,014 8,302 336 8,697 5,060 68,503

Azzulfi

Housing Units 3,503 4,434 1,018 223 2,112 1,377 12,667

Households 3,503 4,434 1,018 223 2,112 1,377 12,667

Persons 16,309 34,531 6,891 1,009 7,532 2,789 69,061

Shagra

Housing Units 1,938 2,698 1,301 269 978 1,231 8,415

Households 1,938 2,698 1,301 269 978 1,231 8,415

Persons 7,664 17,374 7,031 1,040 3,163 3,014 39,286

Hawtat Bani Tamim

Housing Units 2,364 2,874 1,034 133 1,006 583 7,994

Households 2,364 2,874 1,034 133 1,006 583 7,994

Persons 10,289 20,042 6,358 520 4,242 1,732 43,183

Afif

Housing Units 3,383 5,513 1,022 219 2,193 1,318 13,648

Households 3,383 5,513 1,022 219 2,193 1,318 13,648

Persons 20,189 35,401 6,335 1,116 10,593 4,494 78,128

ASSulayyil

Housing Units 2,128 1,956 596 53 1,155 771 6,659

Households 2,128 1,956 596 53 1,155 771 6,659

Persons 10,961 15,122 3,786 328 4,039 1,801 36,037

Duruma

Housing Units 1,227 1,471 362 82 718 2,380 6,240

Households 1,227 1,471 362 82 718 2,380 6,240

Persons 4,710 8,801 1,884 341 2,145 4,541 22,422

Almuzahimiyah

Housing Units 2,608 2,055 640 55 1,333 1,800 8,491

Households 2,608 2,055 640 55 1,333 1,800 8,491

Persons 10,512 14,677 3,858 192 5,048 4,309 38,596

Rumah

Housing Units 1,043 1,751 300 142 669 1,149 5,054

Households 1,043 1,751 300 142 669 1,149 5,054

Persons 5,893 13,381 2,080 679 3,195 2,535 27,763

Thadiq

Housing Units 1,310 1,200 473 20 519 413 3,935

Households 1,310 1,200 473 20 519 413 3,935

Persons 4,733 6,767 2,475 102 1,809 917 16,803

Huraymila

Housing Units 1,024 899 427 138 520 786 3,794

Households 1,024 899 427 138 520 786 3,794

Persons 3,904 5,420 2,218 314 1,418 1,659 14,933

Alhariq

Housing Units 890 1,261 431 15 268 201 3,066

Households 890 1,261 431 15 268 201 3,066

Persons 3,097 7,725 2,189 66 783 851 14,711

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

TYPE OF HOUSING UNIT

Region Govenorate Units Traitional

House Villa

"A Floor in a Villa”

A Floor in a Traditional

House Apartment Other Total

Alghat

Housing Units 940 907 163 67 508 229 2,814

Households 940 907 163 67 508 229 2,814

Persons 4,069 5,898 910 283 2,093 720 13,973

Total

Housing Units 132,819 299,243 159,612 11,812 434,533 117,744 1,155,763

Households 132,829 299,295 159,663 11,812 434,534 117,744 1,155,877

Persons 747,184 2,274,636 996,571 68,044 2,056,629 362,445 6,505,509

Makkah

Makah Mokaramah

Housing Units 69,952 14,820 12,054 4,093 182,571 8,073 291,563

Households 69,972 14,822 12,054 4,093 182,571 8,073 291,585

Persons 405,189 107,669 65,009 24,559 970,861 30,579 1,603,866

Jiddah

Housing Units 166,573 57,141 16,088 10,324 434,169 18,260 702,555

Households 166,606 57,152 16,094 10,324 434,170 18,260 702,606

Persons 856,395 404,374 79,329 49,823 1,868,440 45,146 3,303,507

Attaif

Housing Units 55,660 14,654 17,793 3,635 78,641 7,388 177,771

Households 55,660 14,654 17,793 3,635 78,641 7,388 177,771

Persons 339,662 112,071 105,086 21,458 377,438 18,908 974,623

Alqunfidhah

Housing Units 41,343 2,419 769 293 7,973 1,390 54,187

Households 41,343 2,419 769 293 7,973 1,390 54,187

Persons 210,622 14,634 4,296 1,426 35,553 4,461 270,992

Allith

Housing Units 18,818 495 88 26 3,373 1,167 23,967

Households 18,818 495 88 26 3,373 1,167 23,967

Persons 101,513 3,059 466 166 17,600 4,537 127,341

Rablgh

Housing Units 12,393 1,628 183 49 3,379 985 18,617

Households 12,393 1,628 183 49 3,379 985 18,617

Persons 55,750 8,472 1,088 223 12,869 2,725 81,127

Aljumum

Housing Units 12,166 1,621 303 163 2,681 1,369 18,303

Households 12,166 1,621 303 163 2,681 1,369 18,303

Persons 57,982 12,808 1,748 862 13,362 3,831 90,593

Khulays

Housing Units 8,583 656 317 122 1,717 453 11,848

Households 8,583 656 317 122 1,717 453 11,848

Persons 40,842 4,394 1,696 638 7,861 946 56,377

Alkamil

Housing Units 3,749 141 19 31 633 323 4,896

Households 3,749 141 19 31 633 323 4,896

Persons 16,464 1,192 122 182 2,777 657 21,394

Alkhurmah

Housing Units 2,987 2,107 386 55 1,590 974 8,099

Households 2,987 2,107 386 55 1,590 974 8,099

Persons 16,094 15,389 2,427 367 5,469 2,467 42,213

Ranyah

Housing Units 3,503 2,419 339 84 1,277 604 8,226

Households 3,503 2,419 339 84 1,277 604 8,226

Persons 19,603 16,279 2,156 363 4,913 3,193 46,507

Turubah

Housing Units 3,595 2,787 193 160 1,301 772 8,808

Households 3,595 2,787 193 160 1,301 772 8,808

Persons 13,211 20,376 960 851 6,033 2,626 44,057

ANNEX A: STATISTICAL ANNEX TABLES

TYPE OF HOUSING UNIT

Region Govenorate Units Traitional

House Villa

"A Floor in a Villa”

A Floor in a Traditional

House Apartment Other Total

Total

Housing Units 399,322 100,888 48,532 19,035 719,305 41,758 1,328,840

Households 399,375 100,901 48,538 19,035 719,306 41,758 1,328,913

Persons 2,133,327 720,717 264,383 100,918 3,323,176 120,076 6,662,597

Madinah

Madinah Monawrah

Housing Units 49,710 13,046 5,804 2,573 121,899 6,598 199,630

Households 49,755 13,070 5,819 2,573 121,900 6,602 199,719

Persons 297,791 94,984 32,707 13,571 657,491 17,422 1,113,966

Yanbu Albahar

Housing Units 15,139 10,372 1,119 221 24,338 2,222 53,411

Households 15,139 10,372 1,119 221 24,338 2,222 53,411

Persons 87,121 69,544 6,080 1,048 112,491 7,822 284,106

Alula

Housing Units 5,815 706 670 217 3,512 1,816 12,736

Households 5,815 706 670 217 3,512 1,816 12,736

Persons 30,328 6,726 3,541 935 17,275 4,977 63,782

Almahd

Housing Units 7,347 519 280 58 2,334 1,323 11,861

Households 7,347 519 280 58 2,334 1,323 11,861

Persons 39,063 4,288 1,740 309 11,031 5,331 61,762

Badr

Housing Units 8,415 491 223 19 3,021 366 12,535

Households 8,415 491 223 19 3,021 366 12,535

Persons 40,204 4,295 1,385 89 16,380 1,350 63,703

Khaybar

Housing Units 4,244 651 1,275 66 1,222 526 7,984

Households 4,244 651 1,275 66 1,222 526 7,984

Persons 26,479 5,747 7,136 423 6,113 2,129 48,027

Alhinakiyah

Housing Units 7,900 364 249 197 1,738 566 11,014

Households 7,928 368 252 197 1,738 566 11,049

Persons 41,700 3,082 1,437 1,094 9,841 2,249 59,403

Total

Housing Units 98,570 26,149 9,620 3,351 158,064 13,417 309,171

Households 98,643 26,177 9,638 3,351 158,065 13,421 309,295

Persons 562,686 188,666 54,026 17,469 830,622 41,280 1,694,749

Qaseem

Buraydah

Housing Units 23,040 28,930 10,725 1,400 28,242 8,883 101,220

Households 23,051 28,965 10,752 1,400 28,244 8,896 101,308

Persons 142,556 234,682 72,491 7,895 118,357 22,612 598,593

Unayzah

Housing Units 3,789 9,830 4,699 393 5,564 3,184 27,459

Households 3,789 9,839 4,703 393 5,564 3,184 27,472

Persons 19,800 72,973 30,220 2,043 24,722 9,528 159,286

Arrass

Housing Units 6,210 6,607 3,226 340 3,032 2,778 22,193

Households 6,210 6,607 3,226 340 3,032 2,778 22,193

Persons 38,137 51,738 21,001 2,085 12,149 7,176 132,286

Almidhnab

Housing Units 1,861 2,150 1,318 161 2,063 510 8,063

Households 1,861 2,150 1,318 161 2,063 510 8,063

Persons 10,717 12,968 7,162 918 9,197 1,296 42,258

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

TYPE OF HOUSING UNIT

Region Govenorate Units Traitional

House Villa

"A Floor in a Villa”

A Floor in a Traditional

House Apartment Other Total

Albukayriyah

Housing Units 3,146 2,476 1,484 129 1,358 1,090 9,683

Households 3,146 2,476 1,484 129 1,358 1,090 9,683

Persons 16,568 19,478 9,357 759 5,954 2,865 54,981

Albadai

Housing Units 2,525 3,124 1,849 135 1,066 633 9,332

Households 2,525 3,124 1,849 135 1,066 633 9,332

Persons 13,301 23,240 11,592 697 4,180 1,590 54,600

Alasyah

Housing Units 1,175 1,537 289 42 637 542 4,222

Households 1,175 1,537 289 42 637 542 4,222

Persons 7,244 12,167 2,018 172 3,070 1,261 25,932

Annabhaniyah

Housing Units 5,039 1,285 341 57 609 609 7,940

Households 5,039 1,285 341 57 609 609 7,940

Persons 29,306 10,032 2,000 362 2,821 2,372 46,893

Uyun Aljiwa

Housing Units 1,910 1,214 566 23 526 306 4,545

Households 1,910 1,214 566 23 526 306 4,545

Persons 8,881 8,590 2,768 103 2,492 997 23,831

Riyadh Alkhabra

Housing Units 2,456 1,643 562 71 632 794 6,158

Households 2,456 1,643 562 71 632 794 6,158

Persons 13,789 13,075 3,421 366 2,494 1,975 35,120

Ashshimasiyah

Housing Units 601 614 186 42 196 119 1,758

Households 601 614 186 42 196 119 1,758

Persons 2,989 4,807 1,031 169 1,047 542 10,585

Total

Housing Units 51,752 59,410 25,245 2,793 43,925 19,448 202,573

Households 51,763 59,454 25,276 2,793 43,927 19,461 202,674

Persons 303,288 463,750 163,061 15,569 186,483 52,214 1,184,365

Eastern

Addammam

Housing Units 7,335 24,356 11,605 1,367 100,229 4,209 149,101

Households 7,336 24,366 11,615 1,367 100,230 4,209 149,123

Persons 52,417 204,202 62,328 8,837 505,081 19,371 852,236

Alahsa

Housing Units 48,986 40,432 7,512 3,586 45,868 6,736 153,120

Households 48,987 40,444 7,515 3,586 45,869 6,736 153,137

Persons 356,224 326,204 51,030 22,518 249,787 15,939 1,021,702

Hafr Albatin

Housing Units 9,612 21,393 5,731 1,280 12,913 5,625 56,554

Households 9,612 21,393 5,731 1,280 12,913 5,625 56,554

Persons 66,596 181,020 42,194 8,322 61,468 22,501 382,101

Aljubayl

Housing Units 3,295 16,890 1,150 174 25,745 1,576 48,830

Households 3,296 16,912 1,151 174 25,745 1,576 48,854

Persons 16,044 95,708 6,795 921 134,733 7,743 261,944

ANNEX A: STATISTICAL ANNEX TABLES

TYPE OF HOUSING UNIT

Region Govenorate Units Traitional

House Villa

"A Floor in a Villa”

A Floor in a Traditional

House Apartment Other Total

Alqatif

Housing Units 19,007 23,656 4,246 1,431 28,181 1,116 77,637

Households 19,007 23,656 4,246 1,431 28,181 1,116 77,637

Persons 132,867 182,129 29,177 9,864 148,693 3,597 506,327

Alkhubar

Housing Units 4,144 23,277 3,265 492 64,209 1,422 96,809

Households 4,147 23,282 3,268 492 64,209 1,422 96,820

Persons 30,028 146,350 18,762 3,336 330,493 5,004 533,973

Alkhafji

Housing Units 2,564 3,488 468 154 2,899 879 10,452

Households 2,564 3,488 468 154 2,899 879 10,452

Persons 21,138 27,037 3,381 990 11,899 2,604 67,049

Ras Tannurah

Housing Units 859 2,365 821 142 3,356 184 7,727

Households 859 2,365 821 142 3,356 184 7,727

Persons 4,336 18,101 4,015 1,021 19,587 619 47,679

Buqayq Housing Units 2,494 2,442 447 77 2,266 121 7,847

Households 2,494 2,442 447 77 2,266 121 7,847

Annuayriyah

Housing Units 3,054 2,226 289 45 1,383 371 7,368

Households 3,054 2,226 289 45 1,383 371 7,368

Persons 21,879 18,414 2,255 177 6,489 1,136 50,350

Qaryah Alulya

Housing Units 1,825 1,386 90 12 353 174 3,840

Households 1,825 1,386 90 12 353 174 3,840

Persons 11,312 10,832 686 73 1,444 588 24,935

Total

Housing Units 103,175 161,911 35,624 8,760 287,402 22,413 619,285

Households 103,181 161,960 35,641 8,760 287,404 22,413 619,359

Persons 728,494 1,229,417 223,925 56,595 1,481,929 79,413 3,799,773

Aseer

Abha

Housing Units 16,793 15,542 9,328 933 22,092 2,053 66,741

Households 16,808 15,551 9,346 933 22,094 2,053 66,785

Persons 87,824 113,573 59,086 5,405 84,501 6,536 356,925

Khamis Mushayt

Housing Units 18,816 12,296 14,171 1,955 36,145 5,296 88,679

Households 18,866 12,340 14,201 1,955 36,149 5,296 88,807

Persons 122,207 84,967 95,875 13,069 174,484 18,446 509,048

Bishah

Housing Units 19,987 5,212 2,254 605 6,798 2,522 37,378

Households 19,987 5,212 2,254 605 6,798 2,522 37,378

Persons 109,253 35,444 14,653 2,688 34,221 8,681 204,940

Annamas

Housing Units 2,947 4,103 852 146 1,585 766 10,399

Households 2,947 4,103 852 146 1,585 766 10,399

Persons 14,718 26,572 5,116 817 4,745 1,835 53,803

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

TYPE OF HOUSING UNIT

Region Govenorate Units Traitional

House Villa

"A Floor in a Villa”

A Floor in a Traditional

House Apartment Other Total

Muhayil

Housing Units 24,257 4,411 1,733 355 6,942 1,297 38,995

Households 24,257 4,411 1,733 355 6,942 1,297 38,995

Persons 145,134 29,167 11,115 2,213 37,125 5,533 230,287

Sarat Abidah

Housing Units 4,802 3,056 838 113 1,340 829 10,978

Households 4,830 3,064 838 113 1,340 829 11,014

Persons 30,505 22,099 5,620 679 4,854 3,039 66,796

Tathlith

Housing Units 6,510 1,018 90 69 979 927 9,593

Households 6,510 1,018 90 69 979 927 9,593

Persons 40,588 6,788 555 443 4,649 6,227 59,250

Rijal Alma

Housing Units 8,662 815 171 147 998 597 11,390

Households 8,662 815 171 147 998 597 11,390

Persons 51,466 5,124 973 774 4,220 2,447 65,004

Ahad Rufaydah

Housing Units 5,244 5,142 2,644 175 5,035 1,514 19,754

Households 5,257 5,152 2,646 175 5,035 1,514 19,779

Persons 31,490 35,636 17,045 1,165 21,264 5,097 111,697

Zahran Aljanub

Housing Units 4,070 2,619 978 80 1,749 519 10,015

Households 4,070 2,619 978 80 1,749 519 10,015

Persons 24,613 20,269 6,928 477 7,865 2,482 62,634

Balqarn

Housing Units 5,100 2,495 1,320 828 2,514 1,089 13,346

Households 5,100 2,495 1,320 828 2,514 1,089 13,346

Persons 23,590 19,716 8,871 5,397 13,400 2,827 73,801

Almajardah

Housing Units 13,612 1,817 612 201 2,353 202 18,797

Households 13,612 1,817 612 201 2,353 202 18,797

Persons 73,978 12,190 3,969 1,174 11,113 627 103,051

Total

Housing Units 130,800 58,526 34,991 5,607 88,530 17,611 336,065

Households 130,906 58,597 35,041 5,607 88,536 17,611 336,298

Persons 755,366 411,545 229,806 34,301 402,441 63,777 1,897,236

Tabouk

Tabuk

Housing Units 22,527 10,885 8,202 1,079 47,493 3,358 93,544

Households 22,537 10,922 8,214 1,079 47,495 3,358 93,605

Persons 145,557 98,821 55,638 7,090 237,853 11,873 556,832

Alwajh

Housing Units 3,493 435 491 58 3,150 330 7,957

Households 3,493 435 491 58 3,150 330 7,957

Persons 18,025 3,494 2,971 357 17,466 1,590 43,903

Duba

Housing Units 4,717 777 259 152 2,926 881 9,712

Households 4,717 777 259 152 2,926 881 9,712

Persons 21,805 6,623 1,774 1,230 15,955 4,257 51,644

Tayma

Housing Units 2,029 1,132 713 207 1,965 356 6,402

Households 2,029 1,132 713 207 1,965 356 6,402

Persons 9,020 10,972 4,626 1,401 8,823 1,260 36,102

ANNEX A: STATISTICAL ANNEX TABLES

TYPE OF HOUSING UNIT

Region Govenorate Units Traitional

House Villa

"A Floor in a Villa”

A Floor in a Traditional

House Apartment Other Total

Umluj

Housing Units 4,733 463 238 283 4,486 654 10,857

Households 4,733 463 238 283 4,486 654 10,857

Persons 26,601 4,192 1,423 1,461 24,293 3,348 61,318

Haqil

Housing Units 815 1,420 417 56 1,742 234 4,684

Households 815 1,420 417 56 1,742 234 4,684

Persons 4,428 11,997 2,909 442 6,722 1,383 27,881

Total

Housing Units 38,314 15,112 10,320 1,835 61,762 5,813 133,156

Households 38,324 15,149 10,332 1,835 61,764 5,813 133,217

Persons 225,436 136,099 69,341 11,981 311,112 23,711 777,680

Hail

Housing Units 21,068 19,948 5,226 878 11,937 3,206 62,263

Households 21,210 20,148 5,263 878 11,938 3,206 62,643

Persons 125,554 173,711 38,380 4,383 52,222 11,565 405,815

Baqa

Housing Units 3,690 2,240 179 74 318 318 6,819

Households 3,699 2,254 179 74 318 318 6,842

Persons 18,835 17,191 1,070 195 1,420 991 39,702

Alghazalah

Housing Units 14,197 1,001 242 52 293 891 16,676

Households 14,223 1,005 242 52 293 891 16,706

Persons 88,733 6,111 1,510 265 1,431 5,398 103,448

Ashshinan

Housing Units 5,250 1,215 107 8 832 1,053 8,465

Households 5,250 1,215 107 8 832 1,053 8,465

Persons 28,821 8,420 513 32 3,032 3,525 44,343

Total

Housing Units 44,205 24,404 5,754 1,012 13,380 5,468 94,223

Households 44,382 24,622 5,791 1,012 13,381 5,468 94,656

Persons 261,943 205,433 41,473 4,875 58,105 21,479 593,308

Northern

Arar

Housing Units 4,350 7,005 4,227 866 6,991 1,667 25,106

Households 4,366 7,042 4,254 866 6,995 1,667 25,190

Persons 32,631 64,761 37,044 6,801 38,371 5,744 185,352

Rafha

Housing Units 3,423 4,217 948 265 2,016 494 11,363

Households 3,475 4,254 955 265 2,017 494 11,460

Persons 21,602 36,811 7,271 1,957 8,569 2,056 78,266

Turayf

Housing Units 825 3,159 912 121 803 419 6,239

Households 825 3,173 915 121 804 419 6,257

Persons 7,224 27,455 6,690 894 3,941 1,651 47,855

Total

Housing Units 8,598 14,381 6,087 1,252 9,810 2,580 42,708

Households 8,666 14,469 6,124 1,252 9,816 2,580 42,907

Persons 61,457 129,027 51,005 9,652 50,881 9,451 311,473

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

TYPE OF HOUSING UNIT

Region Govenorate Units Traitional

House Villa

"A Floor in a Villa”

A Floor in a Traditional

House Apartment Other Total

Jazan

Housing Units 9,353 2,107 1,729 388 9,767 1,182 24,526

Households 9,386 2,119 1,742 388 9,768 1,182 24,585

Persons 58,412 15,353 12,088 2,299 54,824 6,147 149,123

Sabya

Housing Units 23,567 4,492 1,373 741 3,043 1,936 35,152

Households 23,710 4,525 1,381 741 3,044 1,936 35,337

Persons 153,179 29,789 9,693 4,537 17,557 10,183 224,938

Abu Arish

Housing Units 18,770 4,398 1,633 304 3,843 743 29,691

Households 18,833 4,407 1,646 304 3,844 743 29,777

Persons 122,361 32,280 11,414 2,004 22,441 3,095 193,595

Samtah

Housing Units 21,758 2,101 935 435 2,245 1,474 28,948

Households 21,865 2,107 937 435 2,245 1,474 29,063

Persons 149,984 15,832 6,643 2,968 13,697 8,563 197,687

Alharth

Housing Units 2,403 6 1 3 53 40 2,506

Households 2,427 6 1 3 53 40 2,530

Persons 12,374 47 10 25 433 279 13,168

Damad

Housing Units 7,505 1,429 567 50 798 436 10,785

Households 7,539 1,448 570 50 798 436 10,841

Persons 48,671 10,611 4,137 385 5,260 2,164 71,228

Arrayth

Housing Units 2,017 73 11 24 235 121 2,481

Households 2,029 74 11 24 235 121 2,494

Persons 15,486 521 70 183 1,741 885 18,886

Baysh

Housing Units 7,738 839 421 109 1,785 315 11,207

Households 7,793 848 422 109 1,785 315 11,272

Persons 52,860 6,387 3,017 823 11,155 1,855 76,097

Farasan

Housing Units 2,059 68 33 9 349 45 2,563

Households 2,069 69 34 9 349 45 2,575

Persons 14,034 516 205 77 2,398 296 17,526

Addair

Housing Units 5,298 1,143 293 321 946 245 8,246

Households 5,382 1,148 299 321 949 245 8,344

Persons 37,370 8,698 2,216 2,624 6,206 1,052 58,166

Ahad Almasarihah

Housing Units 10,639 2,005 439 94 1,450 859 15,486

Households 10,714 2,005 439 94 1,450 859 15,561

Persons 75,438 14,848 3,186 752 9,294 5,491 109,009

Alaydabi

Housing Units 6,841 175 80 145 632 338 8,211

Households 6,871 175 80 145 632 338 8,241

Persons 49,703 1,466 602 1,219 5,856 1,942 60,788

Alaridah

Housing Units 8,325 493 91 90 495 373 9,867

Households 8,413 499 91 90 497 373 9,963

Persons 64,008 4,101 813 838 3,814 2,323 75,897

Addarb

Housing Units 7,406 573 157 163 1,152 505 9,956

Households 7,448 575 157 163 1,152 505 10,000

Persons 50,120 4,058 1,241 1,136 7,449 2,150 66,154

ANNEX A: STATISTICAL ANNEX TABLES

TYPE OF HOUSING UNIT

Region Govenorate Units Traitional

House Villa

"A Floor in a Villa”

A Floor in a Traditional

House Apartment Other Total

Total

Housing Units 133,679 19,902 7,763 2,876 26,793 8,612 199,625

Households 134,479 20,005 7,810 2,876 26,801 8,612 200,583

Persons 904,000 144,507 55,335 19,870 162,125 46,425 1,332,262

Najran

Housing Units 19,081 8,381 5,127 716 17,484 6,083 56,872

Households 19,113 8,411 5,146 716 17,485 6,083 56,954

Persons 99,132 61,656 36,410 4,810 99,172 22,552 323,732

Sharurah

Housing Units 3,859 1,143 1,375 339 5,581 832 13,129

Households 3,859 1,143 1,375 339 5,581 832 13,129

Persons 24,720 10,312 10,050 2,501 31,286 5,580 84,449

Hubuna

Housing Units 2,231 828 143 14 285 137 3,638

Households 2,231 828 143 14 285 137 3,638

Persons 12,462 5,224 806 78 992 490 20,052

Badr Aljanub

Housing Units 1,403 387 30 8 74 90 1,992

Households 1,403 387 30 8 74 90 1,992

Persons 7,588 2,695 158 53 349 307 11,150

Yadamah

Housing Units 2,149 392 29 20 170 148 2,908

Households 2,149 392 29 20 170 148 2,908

Persons 12,572 2,026 184 113 687 878 16,460

Thar

Housing Units 1,776 330 30 52 55 365 2,608

Households 1,776 330 30 52 55 365 2,608

Persons 10,826 2,212 178 419 289 1,578 15,502

Khubash

Housing Units 2,495 779 40 6 116 262 3,698

Households 2,495 779 40 6 116 262 3,698

Persons 15,387 4,130 250 48 547 1,220 21,582

Alkhirkhir

Housing Units 240 68 12 1 11 173 505

Households 240 68 12 1 11 173 505

Persons 1,835 492 87 7 63 1,202 3,686

Total

Housing Units 33,234 12,308 6,786 1,156 23,776 8,090 85,350

Households 33,266 12,338 6,805 1,156 23,777 8,090 85,432

Persons 184,522 88,747 48,123 8,029 133,385 33,807 496,613

Al-Baha

Albaha

Housing Units 2,627 3,069 3,217 392 8,184 1,044 18,533

Households 2,640 3,100 3,238 392 8,186 1,044 18,600

Persons 22,803 22,187 19,865 2,412 31,392 2,617 101,276

Biljurashi

Housing Units 3,424 2,068 2,005 242 4,423 533 12,695

Households 3,459 2,116 2,014 242 4,425 533 12,789

Persons 20,825 13,466 10,785 1,472 16,262 1,449 64,259

Almandag

Housing Units 3,266 932 1,500 334 2,377 456 8,865

Households 3,288 936 1,506 334 2,382 456 8,902

Persons 20,440 5,813 8,501 2,048 9,467 955 47,224

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

TYPE OF HOUSING UNIT

Region Govenorate Units Traitional

House Villa

"A Floor in a Villa”

A Floor in a Traditional

House Apartment Other Total

Almukhwah

Housing Units 7,275 828 318 375 3,470 316 12,582

Households 7,277 829 318 375 3,472 316 12,587

Persons 38,094 9,060 2,580 2,323 16,719 1,395 70,171

Alaqiq

Housing Units 3,023 774 338 109 1,544 540 6,328

Households 3,043 782 339 109 1,545 541 6,359

Persons 14,771 7,376 1,821 720 8,177 1,913 34,778

Qilwah

Housing Units 6,418 734 71 324 2,254 172 9,973

Households 6,418 734 71 324 2,254 172 9,973

Persons 35,164 7,492 492 2,117 11,969 661 57,895

Alqari

Housing Units 2,965 538 217 815 1,046 670 6,251

Households 2,988 541 218 815 1,048 670 6,280

Persons 14,858 3,997 1,118 5,247 4,331 1,570 31,121

Total

Housing Units 28,998 8,943 7,666 2,591 23,298 3,731 75,227

Households 29,113 9,038 7,704 2,591 23,312 3,732 75,490

Persons 166,955 69,391 45,162 16,339 98,317 10,560 406,724

Al-Jouf

Sakaka

Housing Units 7,084 12,155 2,433 685 13,229 2,632 38,218

Households 7,134 12,231 2,450 685 13,229 2,633 38,362

Persons 32,281 99,601 16,714 3,423 73,747 9,982 235,748

Alquryyat

Housing Units 6,626 7,847 1,676 517 5,642 1,154 23,462

Households 6,659 7,908 1,680 517 5,644 1,154 23,562

Persons 31,220 69,048 12,209 3,586 25,224 2,655 143,942

Dawmat Aljandeal

Housing Units 1,654 3,326 342 235 1,799 1,140 8,496

Households 1,654 3,331 342 235 1,800 1,140 8,502

Persons 5,537 28,044 2,476 1,114 7,529 3,876 48,576

Total

Housing Units 15,364 23,328 4,451 1,437 20,670 4,926 70,176

Households 15,447 23,470 4,472 1,437 20,673 4,927 70,426

Persons 69,038 196,693 31,399 8,123 106,500 16,513 428,266

Source: The General Population and Housing Census 2010, General Authority for Statistics (GASTAT)

ANNEX A: STATISTICAL ANNEX TABLES

HOUSING UNITS ( OCCUPIED WITH HOUSEHOLDS ), HOUSEHOLDS AND INDIVIDUALS BY GOVERNORATE AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL Region Govenorate Units Concrete Block/Brick Mud Stone Other Total

Riyadh

Housing Units 807,005 25,208 6,864 924 17,845 857,846

Households 807,113 25,209 6,869 924 17,845 857,960

Persons 4,763,736 129,782 46,606 6,077 61,685 5,007,886

Addiriyah

Housing Units 12,152 1,247 80 8 801 14,288

Households 12,152 1,247 80 8 801 14,288

Persons 63,872 4,309 309 26 1,528 70,044

Alkharj

Housing Units 57,050 11,103 153 21 3,262 71,589

Households 57,050 11,103 153 21 3,262 71,589

Persons 320,222 39,799 580 94 7,759 368,454

Adduwadimi

Housing Units 29,512 11,660 70 25 1,921 43,188

Households 29,512 11,660 70 25 1,921 43,188

Persons 165,188 45,034 266 126 4,652 215,266

Almajmaah

Housing Units 19,526 3,314 86 306 1,880 25,112

Households 19,526 3,314 86 306 1,880 25,112

Persons 110,871 12,430 205 1,829 5,163 130,498

Alquwayiyah

Housing Units 15,928 9,173 35 19 2,641 27,796

Households 15,928 9,173 35 19 2,641 27,796

Persons 77,746 40,867 128 47 6,750 125,538

Wadi Addawasir

Housing Units 14,675 3,624 45 92 1,367 19,803

Households 14,675 3,624 45 92 1,367 19,803

Persons 86,115 13,843 234 302 3,930 104,424

Alaflaj

Housing Units 9,227 3,232 330 5 570 13,364

Households 9,227 3,232 330 5 570 13,364

Persons 50,845 14,282 1,456 36 1,884 68,503

Azzulfi

Housing Units 10,557 1,333 16 22 739 12,667

Households 10,557 1,333 16 22 739 12,667

Persons 63,536 3,553 84 119 1,769 69,061

Shagra

Housing Units 6,956 852 82 169 356 8,415

Households 6,956 852 82 169 356 8,415

Persons 34,482 2,661 271 648 1,224 39,286

Hawtat Bani Tamim

Housing Units 6,173 1,445 90 3 283 7,994

Households 6,173 1,445 90 3 283 7,994

Persons 36,117 5,961 307 15 783 43,183

Afif

Housing Units 10,466 2,159 15 10 998 13,648

Households 10,466 2,159 15 10 998 13,648

Persons 62,686 11,883 68 53 3,438 78,128

ASSulayyil

Housing Units 4,782 1,623 22 26 206 6,659

Households 4,782 1,623 22 26 206 6,659

Persons 28,070 7,100 90 132 645 36,037

Duruma

Housing Units 4,296 1,419 61 9 455 6,240

Households 4,296 1,419 61 9 455 6,240

Persons 17,782 3,559 145 42 894 22,422

TABLE 3: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL Region Govenorate Units Concrete Block/Brick Mud Stone Other Total

Almuzahimiyah

Housing Units 5,506 2,294 17 61 613 8,491

Households 5,506 2,294 17 61 613 8,491

Persons 28,502 8,369 50 239 1,436 38,596

Rumah

Housing Units 3,430 719 5 9 891 5,054

Households 3,430 719 5 9 891 5,054

Persons 22,146 3,617 24 38 1,938 27,763

Thadiq

Housing Units 2,967 724 88 46 110 3,935

Households 2,967 724 88 46 110 3,935

Persons 13,731 2,257 282 271 262 16,803

Huraymila

Housing Units 2,771 511 67 2 443 3,794

Households 2,771 511 67 2 443 3,794

Persons 12,420 1,396 266 3 848 14,933

Alhariq

Housing Units 2,310 646 63 7 40 3,066

Households 2,310 646 63 7 40 3,066

Persons 12,070 2,197 233 45 166 14,711

Alghat

Housing Units 2,075 586 5 7 141 2,814

Households 2,075 586 5 7 141 2,814

Persons 11,437 2,064 25 30 417 13,973

Total

Housing Units 1,027,364 82,872 8,194 1,771 35,562 1,155,763

Households 1,027,472 82,873 8,199 1,771 35,562 1,155,877

Persons 5,981,574 354,963 51,629 10,172 107,171 6,505,509

Makkah

Makah Mokaramah

Housing Units 234,847 52,249 191 519 3,757 291,563

Households 234,851 52,267 191 519 3,757 291,585

Persons 1,280,868 306,137 1,080 3,246 12,535 1,603,866

Jiddah

Housing Units 541,321 155,378 429 194 5,233 702,555

Households 541,343 155,407 429 194 5,233 702,606

Persons 2,545,614 741,814 1,883 921 13,275 3,303,507

Attaif

Housing Units 132,650 39,473 167 190 5,291 177,771

Households 132,650 39,473 167 190 5,291 177,771

Persons 745,675 212,932 849 682 14,485 974,623

Alqunfidhah

Housing Units 14,036 39,172 72 40 867 54,187

Households 14,036 39,172 72 40 867 54,187

Persons 73,335 195,237 393 164 1,863 270,992

Allith

Housing Units 5,824 17,041 25 70 1,007 23,967

Households 5,824 17,041 25 70 1,007 23,967

Persons 30,085 92,770 149 405 3,932 127,341

Rablgh

Housing Units 6,107 11,547 31 106 826 18,617

Households 6,107 11,547 31 106 826 18,617

Persons 25,475 52,520 138 633 2,361 81,127

Aljumum

Housing Units 5,839 11,200 13 18 1,233 18,303

Households 5,839 11,200 13 18 1,233 18,303

Persons 34,599 52,217 51 114 3,612 90,593

ANNEX A: STATISTICAL ANNEX TABLES

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL Region Govenorate Units Concrete Block/Brick Mud Stone Other Total

Khulays

Housing Units 3,018 8,442 25 14 349 11,848

Households 3,018 8,442 25 14 349 11,848

Persons 15,565 39,977 70 54 711 56,377

Alkamil

Housing Units 1,245 3,356 9 12 274 4,896

Households 1,245 3,356 9 12 274 4,896

Persons 5,910 14,836 50 29 569 21,394

Alkhurmah

Housing Units 5,338 2,222 2 1 536 8,099

Households 5,338 2,222 2 1 536 8,099

Persons 30,418 10,125 16 1 1,653 42,213

Ranyah

Housing Units 4,842 2,833 8 1 542 8,226

Households 4,842 2,833 8 1 542 8,226

Persons 29,165 14,462 53 7 2,820 46,507

Turubah

Housing Units 5,163 2,913 29 - 703 8,808

Households 5,163 2,913 29 - 703 8,808

Persons 31,284 10,194 82 - 2,497 44,057

Total

Housing Units 960,230 345,826 1,001 1,165 20,618 1,328,840

Households 960,256 345,873 1,001 1,165 20,618 1,328,913

Persons 4,847,993 1,743,221 4,814 6,256 60,313 6,662,597

Madinah

Madinah Monawrah

Housing Units 153,164 43,453 309 590 2,114 199,630

Households 153,205 43,497 309 590 2,118 199,719

Persons 864,346 237,067 1,716 3,150 7,687 1,113,966

Yanbu Albahar

Housing Units 38,095 13,222 46 83 1,965 53,411

Households 38,095 13,222 46 83 1,965 53,411

Persons 203,699 72,541 240 407 7,219 284,106

Alula

Housing Units 5,852 5,950 66 119 749 12,736

Households 5,852 5,950 66 119 749 12,736

Persons 32,706 27,646 228 447 2,755 63,782

Almahd

Housing Units 3,501 7,118 38 2 1,202 11,861

Households 3,501 7,118 38 2 1,202 11,861

Persons 18,613 37,985 238 17 4,909 61,762

Badr

Housing Units 4,250 7,988 36 28 233 12,535

Households 4,250 7,988 36 28 233 12,535

Persons 24,375 38,294 200 114 720 63,703

Khaybar

Housing Units 3,591 4,081 19 - 293 7,984

Households 3,591 4,081 19 - 293 7,984

Persons 21,390 24,888 92 - 1,657 48,027

Alhinakiyah

Housing Units 3,372 7,243 15 11 373 11,014

Households 3,379 7,271 15 11 373 11,049

Persons 19,220 38,226 94 30 1,833 59,403

Total

Housing Units 211,825 89,055 529 833 6,929 309,171

Households 211,873 89,127 529 833 6,933 309,295

Persons 1,184,349 476,647 2,808 4,165 26,780 1,694,749

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL Region Govenorate Units Concrete Block/Brick Mud Stone Other Total

Qaseem

Buraydah

Housing Units 82,437 16,483 90 49 2,161 101,220

Households 82,507 16,488 90 49 2,174 101,308

Persons 510,932 80,236 430 281 6,714 598,593

Unayzah

Housing Units 24,672 1,946 97 7 737 27,459

Households 24,685 1,946 97 7 737 27,472

Persons 148,983 7,668 489 36 2,110 159,286

Arrass

Housing Units 16,780 4,685 42 5 681 22,193

Households 16,780 4,685 42 5 681 22,193

Persons 105,733 24,292 222 58 1,981 132,286

Almidhnab

Housing Units 6,212 1,558 55 5 233 8,063

Households 6,212 1,558 55 5 233 8,063

Persons 32,893 8,367 439 24 535 42,258

Albukayriyah

Housing Units 6,528 2,846 46 - 263 9,683

Households 6,528 2,846 46 - 263 9,683

Persons 40,430 13,191 269 - 1,091 54,981

Albadai

Housing Units 7,255 1,897 21 7 152 9,332

Households 7,255 1,897 21 7 152 9,332

Persons 45,072 8,799 109 51 569 54,600

Alasyah

Housing Units 3,161 819 3 1 238 4,222

Households 3,161 819 3 1 238 4,222

Persons 20,794 4,505 16 8 609 25,932

Annabhaniyah

Housing Units 3,841 3,695 34 7 363 7,940

Households 3,841 3,695 34 7 363 7,940

Persons 23,513 21,301 200 22 1,857 46,893

Uyun Aljiwa

Housing Units 2,871 1,521 5 - 148 4,545

Households 2,871 1,521 5 - 148 4,545

Persons 16,917 6,276 32 - 606 23,831

Riyadh Alkhabra

Housing Units 3,751 2,306 13 1 87 6,158

Households 3,751 2,306 13 1 87 6,158

Persons 23,543 11,234 80 12 251 35,120

Ashshimasiyah

Housing Units 1,435 201 3 - 119 1,758

Households 1,435 201 3 - 119 1,758

Persons 8,886 1,136 21 - 542 10,585

Total

Housing Units 158,943 37,957 409 82 5,182 202,573

Households 159,026 37,962 409 82 5,195 202,674

Persons 977,696 187,005 2,307 492 16,865 1,184,365

ANNEX A: STATISTICAL ANNEX TABLES

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL Region Govenorate Units Concrete Block/Brick Mud Stone Other Total

Eastern

Addammam

Housing Units 143,793 3,785 32 9 1,482 149,101

Households 143,815 3,785 32 9 1,482 149,123

Persons 824,831 20,705 186 62 6,452 852,236

Alahsa

Housing Units 118,405 31,205 865 81 2,564 153,120

Households 118,422 31,205 865 81 2,564 153,137

Persons 808,840 199,050 5,120 556 8,136 1,021,702

Hafr Albatin

Housing Units 48,985 3,723 52 17 3,777 56,554

Households 48,985 3,723 52 17 3,777 56,554

Persons 345,742 19,442 259 101 16,557 382,101

Aljubayl

Housing Units 47,266 807 1 26 730 48,830

Households 47,290 807 1 26 730 48,854

Persons 255,439 3,616 11 157 2,721 261,944

Alqatif

Housing Units 67,765 7,253 217 1,554 848 77,637

Households 67,765 7,253 217 1,554 848 77,637

Persons 442,623 47,306 1,526 11,832 3,040 506,327

Alkhubar

Housing Units 94,475 1,815 9 8 502 96,809

Households 94,483 1,818 9 8 502 96,820

Persons 521,179 10,625 70 42 2,057 533,973

Alkhafji

Housing Units 9,622 464 3 3 360 10,452

Households 9,622 464 3 3 360 10,452

Persons 64,060 1,999 23 17 950 67,049

Ras Tannurah

Housing Units 7,199 372 1 - 155 7,727

Households 7,199 372 1 - 155 7,727

Persons 45,498 1,699 11 - 471 47,679

Buqayq

Housing Units 6,305 1,431 4 1 106 7,847

Households 6,305 1,431 4 1 106 7,847

Persons 41,173 10,023 29 4 248 51,477

Annuayriyah

Housing Units 5,368 1,709 24 8 259 7,368

Households 5,368 1,709 24 8 259 7,368

Persons 39,349 9,915 112 40 934 50,350

Qaryah Alulya

Housing Units 2,795 905 14 6 120 3,840

Households 2,795 905 14 6 120 3,840

Persons 19,620 4,821 75 12 407 24,935

Total

Housing Units 551,978 53,469 1,222 1,713 10,903 619,285

Households 552,049 53,472 1,222 1,713 10,903 619,359

Persons 3,408,354 329,201 7,422 12,823 41,973 3,799,773

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL Region Govenorate Units Concrete Block/Brick Mud Stone Other Total

Aseer

Abha

Housing Units 59,531 4,162 241 1,643 1,164 66,741

Households 59,567 4,169 241 1,644 1,164 66,785

Persons 324,425 19,887 1,030 7,991 3,592 356,925

Khamis Mushayt

Housing Units 76,298 10,069 126 28 2,158 88,679

Households 76,426 10,069 126 28 2,158 88,807

Persons 451,711 48,761 625 132 7,819 509,048

Bishah

Housing Units 20,273 15,490 64 8 1,543 37,378

Households 20,273 15,490 64 8 1,543 37,378

Persons 115,997 81,636 362 31 6,914 204,940

Annamas

Housing Units 9,338 402 9 422 228 10,399

Households 9,338 402 9 422 228 10,399

Persons 50,307 1,049 29 1,929 489 53,803

Muhayil

Housing Units 26,277 12,169 23 205 321 38,995

Households 26,277 12,169 23 205 321 38,995

Persons 153,609 74,106 63 1,169 1,340 230,287

Sarat Abidah

Housing Units 8,092 1,824 313 317 432 10,978

Households 8,128 1,824 313 317 432 11,014

Persons 49,594 11,144 1,581 2,265 2,212 66,796

Tathlith

Housing Units 4,903 3,756 11 13 910 9,593

Households 4,903 3,756 11 13 910 9,593

Persons 28,055 24,866 85 105 6,139 59,250

Rijal Alma

Housing Units 7,718 3,045 18 465 144 11,390

Households 7,718 3,045 18 465 144 11,390

Persons 45,018 17,178 114 2,363 331 65,004

Ahad Rufaydah

Housing Units 15,562 3,300 257 48 587 19,754

Households 15,587 3,300 257 48 587 19,779

Persons 92,322 15,529 1,366 266 2,214 111,697

Zahran Aljanub

Housing Units 7,082 2,031 556 83 263 10,015

Households 7,082 2,031 556 83 263 10,015

Persons 44,599 12,738 3,554 570 1,173 62,634

Balqarn

Housing Units 11,050 1,561 5 128 602 13,346

Households 11,050 1,561 5 128 602 13,346

Persons 66,756 4,869 15 418 1,743 73,801

Almajardah

Housing Units 11,684 6,793 28 167 125 18,797

Households 11,684 6,793 28 167 125 18,797

Persons 64,458 37,311 143 817 322 103,051

Total

Housing Units 257,808 64,602 1,651 3,527 8,477 336,065

Households 258,033 64,609 1,651 3,528 8,477 336,298

Persons 1,486,851 349,074 8,967 18,056 34,288 1,897,236

ANNEX A: STATISTICAL ANNEX TABLES

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL Region Govenorate Units Concrete Block/Brick Mud Stone Other Total

Tabouk

Tabuk

Housing Units 75,535 15,758 74 55 2,122 93,544

Households 75,588 15,766 74 55 2,122 93,605

Persons 454,573 92,744 418 261 8,836 556,832

Alwajh

Housing Units 5,259 2,397 9 6 286 7,957

Households 5,259 2,397 9 6 286 7,957

Persons 30,423 11,932 42 19 1,487 43,903

Duba

Housing Units 5,600 3,382 18 99 613 9,712

Households 5,600 3,382 18 99 613 9,712

Persons 32,370 15,687 74 479 3,034 51,644

Tayma

Housing Units 4,798 1,303 41 12 248 6,402

Households 4,798 1,303 41 12 248 6,402

Persons 29,769 5,123 76 63 1,071 36,102

Umluj

Housing Units 6,491 3,868 19 11 468 10,857

Households 6,491 3,868 19 11 468 10,857

Persons 36,989 21,476 114 64 2,675 61,318

Haqil

Housing Units 3,913 579 - - 192 4,684

Households 3,913 579 - - 192 4,684

Persons 23,827 2,950 - - 1,104 27,881

Total

Housing Units 101,596 27,287 161 183 3,929 133,156

Households 101,649 27,295 161 183 3,929 133,217

Persons 607,951 149,912 724 886 18,207 777,680

Hail

Housing Units 45,284 14,906 136 24 1,913 62,263

Households 45,664 14,906 136 24 1,913 62,643

Persons 310,457 85,365 624 110 9,259 405,815

Baqa

Housing Units 3,915 2,694 10 3 197 6,819

Households 3,938 2,694 10 3 197 6,842

Persons 26,443 12,380 47 30 802 39,702

Alghazalah

Housing Units 6,556 8,997 200 3 920 16,676

Households 6,586 8,997 200 3 920 16,706

Persons 39,590 57,116 900 11 5,831 103,448

Ashshinan

Housing Units 3,685 4,099 13 - 668 8,465

Households 3,685 4,099 13 - 668 8,465

Persons 21,341 20,307 57 - 2,638 44,343

Total

Housing Units 59,440 30,696 359 30 3,698 94,223

Households 59,873 30,696 359 30 3,698 94,656

Persons 397,831 175,168 1,628 151 18,530 593,308

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL Region Govenorate Units Concrete Block/Brick Mud Stone Other Total

Northern

Arar

Housing Units 23,383 601 5 13 1,104 25,106

Households 23,467 601 5 13 1,104 25,190

Persons 177,458 3,420 22 46 4,406 185,352

Rafha

Housing Units 9,873 1,085 2 2 401 11,363

Households 9,957 1,098 2 2 401 11,460

Persons 70,713 5,724 2 17 1,810 78,266

Turayf

Housing Units 5,628 169 6 2 434 6,239

Households 5,645 170 6 2 434 6,257

Persons 44,941 1,044 49 21 1,800 47,855

Total

Housing Units 38,884 1,855 13 17 1,939 42,708

Households 39,069 1,869 13 17 1,939 42,907

Persons 293,112 10,188 73 84 8,016 311,473

Jazan

Housing Units 16,986 6,000 22 1,098 420 24,526

Households 17,045 6,000 22 1,098 420 24,585

Persons 102,395 37,965 142 6,905 1,716 149,123

Sabya

Housing Units 15,747 17,483 157 20 1,745 35,152

Households 15,819 17,596 157 20 1,745 35,337

Persons 104,118 110,398 1,123 110 9,189 224,938

Abu Arish

Housing Units 14,335 14,653 25 7 671 29,691

Households 14,416 14,658 25 7 671 29,777

Persons 95,913 94,861 136 49 2,636 193,595

Samtah

Housing Units 9,386 18,064 76 2 1,420 28,948

Households 9,419 18,146 76 2 1,420 29,063

Persons 65,106 123,863 526 15 8,177 197,687

Alharth

Housing Units 2,077 391 - - 38 2,506

Households 2,081 411 - - 38 2,530

Persons 9,631 3,278 - - 259 13,168

Damad

Housing Units 4,570 5,741 15 - 459 10,785

Households 4,619 5,748 15 - 459 10,841

Persons 31,515 37,395 86 - 2,232 71,228

Arrayth

Housing Units 733 1,158 2 466 122 2,481

Households 734 1,169 2 467 122 2,494

Persons 5,168 9,054 15 3,761 888 18,886

Baysh

Housing Units 4,968 5,892 22 41 284 11,207

Households 4,996 5,929 22 41 284 11,272

Persons 33,587 40,490 146 212 1,662 76,097

Farasan

Housing Units 816 1,646 2 69 30 2,563

Households 828 1,646 2 69 30 2,575

Persons 5,981 10,767 11 566 201 17,526

Addair

Housing Units 4,115 1,988 15 2,066 62 8,246

Households 4,142 2,004 15 2,121 62 8,344

Persons 29,433 13,254 107 14,996 376 58,166

ANNEX A: STATISTICAL ANNEX TABLES

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL Region Govenorate Units Concrete Block/Brick Mud Stone Other Total

Ahad Almasarihah

Housing Units 5,163 9,442 22 - 859 15,486

Households 5,190 9,490 22 - 859 15,561

Persons 36,750 66,598 170 - 5,491 109,009

Alaydabi

Housing Units 2,988 3,621 17 1,300 285 8,211

Households 3,015 3,621 17 1,303 285 8,241

Persons 23,501 26,446 114 9,129 1,598 60,788

Alaridah

Housing Units 3,798 4,838 16 971 244 9,867

Households 3,819 4,903 16 981 244 9,963

Persons 27,895 38,322 111 7,778 1,791 75,897

Addarb

Housing Units 3,464 6,188 16 3 285 9,956

Households 3,469 6,227 16 3 285 10,000

Persons 24,047 40,755 108 17 1,227 66,154

Total

Housing Units 89,146 97,105 407 6,043 6,924 199,625

Households 89,592 97,548 407 6,112 6,924 200,583

Persons 595,040 653,446 2,795 43,538 37,443 1,332,262

Najran

Housing Units 38,086 14,610 674 22 3,480 56,872

Households 38,168 14,610 674 22 3,480 56,954

Persons 227,225 74,032 4,285 91 18,099 323,732

Sharurah

Housing Units 9,466 2,844 12 - 807 13,129

Households 9,466 2,844 12 - 807 13,129

Persons 60,132 18,727 83 - 5,507 84,449

Hubuna

Housing Units 1,881 1,597 15 4 141 3,638

Households 1,881 1,597 15 4 141 3,638

Persons 10,838 8,643 50 17 504 20,052

Badr Aljanub

Housing Units 968 872 47 6 99 1,992

Households 968 872 47 6 99 1,992

Persons 5,725 4,834 201 17 373 11,150

Yadamah

Housing Units 1,061 1,694 4 - 149 2,908

Households 1,061 1,694 4 - 149 2,908

Persons 5,000 10,551 24 - 885 16,460

Thar

Housing Units 1,039 1,211 2 2 354 2,608

Households 1,039 1,211 2 2 354 2,608

Persons 6,745 6,782 15 13 1,947 15,502

Khubash

Housing Units 2,056 1,369 8 1 264 3,698

Households 2,056 1,369 8 1 264 3,698

Persons 12,120 8,019 49 3 1,391 21,582

Alkhirkhir

Housing Units 200 133 1 3 168 505

Households 200 133 1 3 168 505

Persons 1,432 1,007 12 25 1,210 3,686

Total

Housing Units 54,757 24,330 763 38 5,462 85,350

Households 54,839 24,330 763 38 5,462 85,432

Persons 329,217 132,595 4,719 166 29,916 496,613

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

100

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL Region Govenorate Units Concrete Block/Brick Mud Stone Other Total

Al-Baha

Albaha

Housing Units 17,345 947 3 44 194 18,533

Households 17,409 950 3 44 194 18,600

Persons 97,764 2,818 17 210 467 101,276

Biljurashi

Housing Units 10,599 1,263 9 307 517 12,695

Households 10,683 1,267 9 313 517 12,789

Persons 55,844 5,184 43 1,794 1,394 64,259

Almandag

Housing Units 8,154 587 2 49 73 8,865

Households 8,190 588 2 49 73 8,902

Persons 44,872 1,864 2 312 174 47,224

Almukhwah

Housing Units 7,912 4,319 7 84 260 12,582

Households 7,915 4,321 7 84 260 12,587

Persons 47,360 21,210 28 394 1,179 70,171

Alaqiq

Housing Units 3,910 2,094 6 - 318 6,328

Households 3,933 2,102 6 - 318 6,359

Persons 24,319 9,255 16 - 1,188 34,778

Qilwah

Housing Units 5,582 4,300 8 16 67 9,973

Households 5,582 4,300 8 16 67 9,973

Persons 34,808 22,727 54 105 201 57,895

Alqari

Housing Units 5,039 920 3 25 264 6,251

Households 5,063 925 3 25 264 6,280

Persons 27,258 3,101 11 92 659 31,121

Total

Housing Units 58,541 14,430 38 525 1,693 75,227

Households 58,775 14,453 38 531 1,693 75,490

Persons 332,225 66,159 171 2,907 5,262 406,724

Al-Jouf

Sakaka

Housing Units 33,056 3,681 26 16 1,439 38,218

Households 33,175 3,706 26 16 1,439 38,362

Persons 216,110 12,875 93 63 6,607 235,748

Alquryyat

Housing Units 21,707 1,199 9 1 546 23,462

Households 21,807 1,199 9 1 546 23,562

Persons 137,844 4,746 44 3 1,305 143,942

Dawmat Aljandeal

Housing Units 6,859 732 8 2 895 8,496

Households 6,865 732 8 2 895 8,502

Persons 43,319 2,030 18 12 3,197 48,576

Total

Housing Units 61,622 5,612 43 19 2,880 70,176

Households 61,847 5,637 43 19 2,880 70,426

Persons 397,273 19,651 155 78 11,109 428,266

ANNEX A: STATISTICAL ANNEX TABLES

101

TABLE 4: TENURE OF HOUSING

HOUSING UNITS ( OCCUPIED WITH HOUSEHOLDS ), HOUSEHOLDS AND INDIVIDUALS BY GOVERNORATE AND TENURE OF HOUSING UNIT

Region Govenorate Units Tenure of Housing Unit

Owned Rented Provided by Employer Other Total

Riyadh

Housing Units 252,774 483,380 118,196 3,496 857,846

Households 252,845 483,423 118,196 3,496 857,960

Persons 1,773,297 2,666,578 547,409 20,602 5,007,886

Addiriyah

Housing Units 3,173 5,637 5,430 48 14,288

Households 3,173 5,637 5,430 48 14,288

Persons 20,848 27,645 21,245 306 70,044

Alkharj

Housing Units 25,160 28,110 18,185 134 71,589

Households 25,160 28,110 18,185 134 71,589

Persons 174,071 140,687 52,927 769 368,454

Adduwadimi

Housing Units 22,635 12,000 8,348 205 43,188

Households 22,635 12,000 8,348 205 43,188

Persons 142,338 53,122 18,389 1,417 215,266

Almajmaah

Housing Units 11,088 7,666 6,269 89 25,112

Households 11,088 7,666 6,269 89 25,112

Persons 73,831 39,217 17,019 431 130,498

Alquwayiyah

Housing Units 15,840 6,637 5,234 85 27,796

Households 15,840 6,637 5,234 85 27,796

Persons 85,839 27,032 12,262 405 125,538

Wadi Addawasir

Housing Units 9,139 6,780 3,834 50 19,803

Households 9,139 6,780 3,834 50 19,803

Persons 62,171 30,207 11,776 270 104,424

Alaflaj

Housing Units 7,199 4,059 2,038 68 13,364

Households 7,199 4,059 2,038 68 13,364

Persons 44,118 18,611 5,419 355 68,503

Azzulfi

Housing Units 5,351 3,932 3,363 21 12,667

Households 5,351 3,932 3,363 21 12,667

Persons 40,376 19,628 8,947 110 69,061

Shagra

Housing Units 3,354 3,101 1,953 7 8,415

Households 3,354 3,101 1,953 7 8,415

Persons 20,949 13,144 5,174 19 39,286

Hawtat Bani Tamim

Housing Units 3,891 2,341 1,745 17 7,994

Households 3,891 2,341 1,745 17 7,994

Persons 25,839 11,717 5,507 120 43,183

Afif

Housing Units 8,267 4,331 1,020 30 13,648

Households 8,267 4,331 1,020 30 13,648

Persons 51,117 23,176 3,719 116 78,128

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

102

Region Govenorate Units Tenure of Housing Unit

Owned Rented Provided by Employer Other Total

ASSulayyil

Housing Units 2,581 2,742 1,329 7 6,659

Households 2,581 2,742 1,329 7 6,659

Persons 18,061 13,122 4,820 34 36,037

Duruma Housing Units 1,998 1,502 2,719 21 6,240

Households 1,998 1,502 2,719 21 6,240

Persons 11,464 5,506 5,331 121 22,422

Almuzahimiyah Housing Units 2,753 2,495 3,224 19 8,491

Households 2,753 2,495 3,224 19 8,491

Persons 19,260 11,260 7,959 117 38,596

Rumah Housing Units 1,968 1,206 1,872 8 5,054

Households 1,968 1,206 1,872 8 5,054

Persons 15,381 6,594 5,748 40 27,763

Thadiq Housing Units 1,764 1,166 987 18 3,935

Households 1,764 1,166 987 18 3,935

Persons 10,025 4,448 2,277 53 16,803

Huraymila Housing Units 938 1,100 1,673 83 3,794

Households 938 1,100 1,673 83 3,794

Persons 5,667 4,440 4,520 306 14,933

Alhariq Housing Units 1,285 1,024 754 3 3,066

Households 1,285 1,024 754 3 3,066

Persons 7,415 4,875 2,402 19 14,711

Alghat Housing Units 1,088 664 1,045 17 2,814

Households 1,088 664 1,045 17 2,814

Persons 6,264 3,670 3,955 84 13,973

Total Housing Units 382,246 579,873 189,218 4,426 1,155,763

Households 382,317 579,916 189,218 4,426 1,155,877

Persons 2,608,331 3,124,679 746,805 25,694 6,505,509

Makkah

Makah Mokaramah

Housing Units 102,217 164,378 22,412 2,556 291,563

Households 102,234 164,382 22,413 2,556 291,585

Persons 606,432 885,760 95,618 16,056 1,603,866

Jiddah

Housing Units 168,049 462,257 70,321 1,928 702,555

Households 168,098 462,259 70,321 1,928 702,606

Persons 950,542 2,082,299 259,744 10,922 3,303,507

Attaif

Housing Units 83,172 69,862 24,141 596 177,771

Households 83,172 69,862 24,141 596 177,771

Persons 522,071 367,111 82,404 3,037 974,623

Alqunfidhah

Housing Units 36,347 13,171 4,306 363 54,187

Households 36,347 13,171 4,306 363 54,187

Persons 204,897 53,865 10,418 1,812 270,992

Allith

Housing Units 15,949 5,516 2,277 225 23,967

Households 15,949 5,516 2,277 225 23,967

Persons 94,065 24,014 8,205 1,057 127,341

ANNEX A: STATISTICAL ANNEX TABLES

103

Region Govenorate Units Tenure of Housing Unit

Owned Rented Provided by Employer Other Total

Rablgh

Housing Units 8,798 6,789 2,970 60 18,617

Households 8,798 6,789 2,970 60 18,617

Persons 45,730 25,548 9,455 394 81,127

Aljumum

Housing Units 10,574 3,965 3,737 27 18,303

Households 10,574 3,965 3,737 27 18,303

Persons 62,977 17,133 10,337 146 90,593

Khulays

Housing Units 7,763 2,421 1,614 50 11,848

Households 7,763 2,421 1,614 50 11,848

Persons 41,751 10,043 4,340 243 56,377

Alkamil

Housing Units 3,165 705 1,009 17 4,896

Households 3,165 705 1,009 17 4,896

Persons 16,620 2,432 2,247 95 21,394

Alkhurmah

Housing Units 4,376 2,496 1,185 42 8,099

Households 4,376 2,496 1,185 42 8,099

Persons 28,283 11,264 2,427 239 42,213

Ranyah

Housing Units 4,831 2,264 1,114 17 8,226

Households 4,831 2,264 1,114 17 8,226

Persons 31,943 10,145 4,330 89 46,507

Turubah

Housing Units 5,049 2,118 1,614 27 8,808

Households 5,049 2,118 1,614 27 8,808

Persons 30,862 9,657 3,381 157 44,057

Total

Housing Units 450,290 735,942 136,700 5,908 1,328,840

Households 450,356 735,948 136,701 5,908 1,328,913

Persons 2,636,173 3,499,271 492,906 34,247 6,662,597

Madinah

Madinah Monawrah

Housing Units 75,339 107,759 14,632 1,900 199,630

Households 75,416 107,770 14,633 1,900 199,719

Persons 463,354 589,751 49,910 10,951 1,113,966

Yanbu Albahar

Housing Units 22,844 22,660 7,809 98 53,411

Households 22,844 22,660 7,809 98 53,411

Persons 138,702 109,843 34,971 590 284,106

Alula

Housing Units 6,478 3,556 2,611 91 12,736

Households 6,478 3,556 2,611 91 12,736

Persons 40,374 17,312 5,575 521 63,782

Almahd

Housing Units 7,510 2,978 1,364 9 11,861

Households 7,510 2,978 1,364 9 11,861

Persons 45,807 12,720 3,177 58 61,762

Badr

Housing Units 8,910 2,826 713 86 12,535

Households 8,910 2,826 713 86 12,535

Persons 48,627 12,728 1,881 467 63,703

Khaybar

Housing Units 5,687 1,604 680 13 7,984

Households 5,687 1,604 680 13 7,984

Persons 38,151 8,117 1,675 84 48,027

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

104

Region Govenorate Units Tenure of Housing Unit

Owned Rented Provided by Employer Other Total

Alhinakiyah

Housing Units 7,604 2,644 753 13 11,014

Households 7,637 2,646 753 13 11,049

Persons 46,408 10,810 2,099 86 59,403

Total

Housing Units 134,372 144,027 28,562 2,210 309,171

Households 134,482 144,040 28,563 2,210 309,295

Persons 821,423 761,281 99,288 12,757 1,694,749

Qaseem

Buraydah

Housing Units 45,507 38,208 17,067 438 101,220

Households 45,571 38,231 17,068 438 101,308

Persons 340,195 204,399 51,166 2,833 598,593

Unayzah

Housing Units 11,771 10,109 5,452 127 27,459

Households 11,777 10,116 5,452 127 27,472

Persons 86,210 55,046 17,351 679 159,286

Arrass

Housing Units 11,726 6,919 3,359 189 22,193

Households 11,726 6,919 3,359 189 22,193

Persons 85,250 35,011 10,768 1,257 132,286

Almidhnab

Housing Units 4,312 2,892 843 16 8,063

Households 4,312 2,892 843 16 8,063

Persons 25,328 14,151 2,693 86 42,258

Albukayriyah

Housing Units 4,083 3,028 2,554 18 9,683

Households 4,083 3,028 2,554 18 9,683

Persons 29,514 17,350 8,032 85 54,981

Albadai

Housing Units 4,553 3,012 1,745 22 9,332

Households 4,553 3,012 1,745 22 9,332

Persons 31,400 16,535 6,550 115 54,600

Alasyah

Housing Units 2,341 1,080 799 2 4,222

Households 2,341 1,080 799 2 4,222

Persons 17,470 6,255 2,190 17 25,932

Annabhaniyah

Housing Units 5,908 779 1,199 54 7,940

Households 5,908 779 1,199 54 7,940

Persons 39,099 3,397 3,946 451 46,893

Uyun Aljiwa

Housing Units 2,419 896 1,224 6 4,545

Households 2,419 896 1,224 6 4,545

Persons 15,017 5,287 3,478 49 23,831

Riyadh Alkhabra

Housing Units 3,623 1,473 1,054 8 6,158

Households 3,623 1,473 1,054 8 6,158

Persons 24,344 7,587 3,141 48 35,120

Ashshimasiyah

Housing Units 987 347 419 5 1,758

Households 987 347 419 5 1,758

Persons 7,260 1,994 1,303 28 10,585

Total

Housing Units 97,230 68,743 35,715 885 202,573

Households 97,300 68,773 35,716 885 202,674

Persons 701,087 367,012 110,618 5,648 1,184,365

ANNEX A: STATISTICAL ANNEX TABLES

105

Region Govenorate Units Tenure of Housing Unit

Owned Rented Provided by Employer Other Total

Eastern

Addammam

Housing Units 40,615 90,956 17,210 320 149,101

Households 40,629 90,964 17,210 320 149,123

Persons 270,142 502,802 77,315 1,977 852,236

Alahsa

Housing Units 80,849 49,452 20,510 2,309 153,120

Households 80,865 49,453 20,510 2,309 153,137

Persons 616,521 303,613 85,797 15,771 1,021,702

Hafr Albatin

Housing Units 20,459 23,796 12,106 193 56,554

Households 20,459 23,796 12,106 193 56,554

Persons 165,252 145,998 69,488 1,363 382,101

Aljubayl

Housing Units 13,182 24,657 10,574 417 48,830

Households 13,197 24,664 10,576 417 48,854

Persons 72,753 135,048 51,141 3,002 261,944

Alqatif

Housing Units 50,342 21,203 4,717 1,375 77,637

Households 50,342 21,203 4,717 1,375 77,637

Persons 356,169 121,525 20,457 8,176 506,327

Alkhubar

Housing Units 22,458 58,414 15,786 151 96,809

Households 22,467 58,416 15,786 151 96,820

Persons 147,003 307,698 78,476 796 533,973

Alkhafji

Housing Units 4,287 4,778 1,378 9 10,452

Households 4,287 4,778 1,378 9 10,452

Persons 33,199 28,561 5,280 9 67,049

Ras Tannurah

Housing Units 2,946 3,184 1,587 10 7,727

Households 2,946 3,184 1,587 10 7,727

Persons 19,494 21,336 6,770 79 47,679

Buqayq

Housing Units 4,054 2,981 803 9 7,847

Households 4,054 2,981 803 9 7,847

Persons 29,274 17,727 4,429 47 51,477

Annuayriyah

Housing Units 3,832 2,781 716 39 7,368

Households 3,832 2,781 716 39 7,368

Persons 29,506 17,736 2,809 299 50,350

Qaryah Alulya

Housing Units 2,093 1,341 405 1 3,840

Households 2,093 1,341 405 1 3,840

Persons 15,863 7,470 1,595 7 24,935

Total

Housing Units 245,117 283,543 85,792 4,833 619,285

Households 245,171 283,561 85,794 4,833 619,359

Persons 1,755,176 1,609,514 403,557 31,526 3,799,773

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

106

Region Govenorate Units Tenure of Housing Unit

Owned Rented Provided by Employer Other Total

Aseer

Abha

Housing Units 33,568 23,981 8,950 242 66,741

Households 33,584 23,982 8,977 242 66,785

Persons 201,155 124,401 29,738 1,631 356,925

Khamis Mushayt

Housing Units 32,989 41,729 13,612 349 88,679

Households 33,113 41,733 13,612 349 88,807

Persons 221,505 228,825 56,802 1,916 509,048

Bishah

Housing Units 22,133 9,055 6,097 93 37,378

Households 22,133 9,055 6,097 93 37,378

Persons 148,319 40,949 15,144 528 204,940

Annamas

Housing Units 6,419 2,519 1,427 34 10,399

Households 6,419 2,519 1,427 34 10,399

Persons 39,398 10,407 3,796 202 53,803

Muhayil

Housing Units 27,317 8,764 2,776 138 38,995

Households 27,317 8,764 2,776 138 38,995

Persons 177,959 42,617 8,984 727 230,287

Sarat Abidah

Housing Units 7,455 1,745 1,710 68 10,978

Households 7,491 1,745 1,710 68 11,014

Persons 53,073 8,157 5,031 535 66,796

Tathlith

Housing Units 7,156 1,551 877 9 9,593

Households 7,156 1,551 877 9 9,593

Persons 47,650 8,035 3,488 77 59,250

Rijal Alma

Housing Units 7,709 2,411 1,250 20 11,390

Households 7,709 2,411 1,250 20 11,390

Persons 49,976 10,837 4,064 127 65,004

Ahad Rufaydah

Housing Units 9,974 7,074 2,652 54 19,754

Households 9,995 7,075 2,655 54 19,779

Persons 65,462 38,043 7,821 371 111,697

Zahran Aljanub

Housing Units 6,575 2,026 1,386 28 10,015

Households 6,575 2,026 1,386 28 10,015

Persons 47,693 10,813 3,953 175 62,634

Balqarn

Housing Units 8,474 3,090 1,759 23 13,346

Households 8,474 3,090 1,759 23 13,346

Persons 56,602 12,872 4,191 136 73,801

Almajardah

Housing Units 13,189 3,818 1,752 38 18,797

Households 13,189 3,818 1,752 38 18,797

Persons 80,685 16,353 5,809 204 103,051

Total

Housing Units 182,958 107,763 44,248 1,096 336,065

Households 183,155 107,769 44,278 1,096 336,298

Persons 1,189,477 552,309 148,821 6,629 1,897,236

ANNEX A: STATISTICAL ANNEX TABLES

107

Region Govenorate Units Tenure of Housing Unit

Owned Rented Provided by Employer Other Total

Tabouk

Tabuk

Housing Units 29,646 51,035 12,626 237 93,544

Households 29,684 51,047 12,637 237 93,605

Persons 199,112 292,690 62,997 2,033 556,832

Alwajh

Housing Units 3,990 3,360 578 29 7,957

Households 3,990 3,360 578 29 7,957

Persons 24,316 17,833 1,603 151 43,903

Duba

Housing Units 4,757 3,361 1,548 46 9,712

Households 4,757 3,361 1,548 46 9,712

Persons 29,692 17,022 4,593 337 51,644

Tayma

Housing Units 2,970 2,754 630 48 6,402

Households 2,970 2,754 630 48 6,402

Persons 21,242 13,108 1,527 225 36,102

Umluj

Housing Units 6,421 3,551 848 37 10,857

Households 6,421 3,551 848 37 10,857

Persons 41,544 17,209 2,366 199 61,318

Haqil

Housing Units 1,849 2,321 502 12 4,684

Households 1,849 2,321 502 12 4,684

Persons 13,318 12,619 1,848 96 27,881

Total

Housing Units 49,633 66,382 16,732 409 133,156

Households 49,671 66,394 16,743 409 133,217

Persons 329,224 370,481 74,934 3,041 777,680

Hail

Housing Units 32,661 23,009 6,438 155 62,263

Households 33,040 23,010 6,438 155 62,643

Persons 249,667 135,535 19,547 1,066 405,815

Baqa

Housing Units 3,626 1,711 1,478 4 6,819

Households 3,640 1,720 1,478 4 6,842

Persons 28,397 7,880 3,407 18 39,702

Alghazalah

Housing Units 13,340 2,184 1,107 45 16,676

Households 13,367 2,187 1,107 45 16,706

Persons 89,449 10,477 3,241 281 103,448

Ashshinan

Housing Units 4,828 999 2,632 6 8,465

Households 4,828 999 2,632 6 8,465

Persons 33,582 4,447 6,268 46 44,343

Total

Housing Units 54,455 27,903 11,655 210 94,223

Households 54,875 27,916 11,655 210 94,656

Persons 401,095 158,339 32,463 1,411 593,308

Northern

Arar

Housing Units 11,469 11,770 1,586 281 25,106

Households 11,534 11,787 1,587 282 25,190

Persons 98,818 78,179 6,039 2,316 185,352

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

108

Region Govenorate Units Tenure of Housing Unit

Owned Rented Provided by Employer Other Total

Rafha

Housing Units 5,981 4,476 874 32 11,363

Households 6,074 4,480 874 32 11,460

Persons 47,363 27,180 3,403 320 78,266

Turayf

Housing Units 3,172 2,311 717 39 6,239

Households 3,188 2,312 718 39 6,257

Persons 28,136 16,465 2,924 330 47,855

Total

Housing Units 20,622 18,557 3,177 352 42,708

Households 20,796 18,579 3,179 353 42,907

Persons 174,317 121,824 12,366 2,966 311,473

Jazan

Housing Units 11,422 10,791 1,971 342 24,526

Households 11,470 10,797 1,973 345 24,585

Persons 79,286 58,636 8,822 2,379 149,123

Sabya

Housing Units 24,986 7,545 2,364 257 35,152

Households 25,169 7,546 2,365 257 35,337

Persons 177,987 36,802 8,495 1,654 224,938

Abu Arish

Housing Units 20,308 6,620 2,579 184 29,691

Households 20,393 6,621 2,579 184 29,777

Persons 147,173 36,255 9,001 1,166 193,595

Samtah

Housing Units 21,173 5,738 1,505 532 28,948

Households 21,276 5,749 1,505 533 29,063

Persons 156,042 32,564 5,180 3,901 197,687

Alharth

Housing Units 2,360 116 27 3 2,506

Households 2,382 118 27 3 2,530

Persons 12,165 854 113 36 13,168

Damad

Housing Units 7,914 2,071 522 278 10,785

Households 7,969 2,071 523 278 10,841

Persons 57,093 10,656 1,789 1,690 71,228

Arrayth

Housing Units 2,062 381 37 1 2,481

Households 2,073 383 37 1 2,494

Persons 16,510 2,261 100 15 18,886

Baysh

Housing Units 7,512 2,858 646 191 11,207

Households 7,577 2,858 646 191 11,272

Persons 56,024 16,492 2,196 1,385 76,097

Farasan

Housing Units 1,440 840 215 68 2,563

Households 1,450 841 216 68 2,575

Persons 10,824 5,050 1,169 483 17,526

Addair

Housing Units 6,203 1,375 472 196 8,246

Households 6,296 1,377 472 199 8,344

Persons 46,630 8,601 1,546 1,389 58,166

Ahad Almasarihah

Housing Units 11,265 2,660 894 667 15,486

Households 11,340 2,660 894 667 15,561

Persons 85,728 15,174 2,953 5,154 109,009

ANNEX A: STATISTICAL ANNEX TABLES

109

Region Govenorate Units Tenure of Housing Unit

Owned Rented Provided by Employer Other Total

Alaydabi

Housing Units 6,058 1,436 415 302 8,211

Households 6,086 1,438 415 302 8,241

Persons 46,688 10,842 1,313 1,945 60,788

Alaridah

Housing Units 7,698 1,303 322 544 9,867

Households 7,786 1,311 322 544 9,963

Persons 61,174 9,082 1,587 4,054 75,897

Addarb

Housing Units 6,306 2,110 1,479 61 9,956

Households 6,347 2,110 1,479 64 10,000

Persons 46,399 11,838 7,514 403 66,154

Total

Housing Units 136,707 45,844 13,448 3,626 199,625

Households 137,614 45,880 13,453 3,636 200,583

Persons 999,723 255,107 51,778 25,654 1,332,262

Najran

Housing Units 27,604 19,213 9,882 173 56,872

Households 27,685 19,214 9,882 173 56,954

Persons 195,183 98,283 29,023 1,243 323,732

Sharurah

Housing Units 4,259 7,770 1,025 75 13,129

Households 4,259 7,770 1,025 75 13,129

Persons 31,339 47,788 4,866 456 84,449

Hubuna

Housing Units 2,138 770 729 1 3,638

Households 2,138 770 729 1 3,638

Persons 15,126 2,504 2,421 1 20,052

Badr Aljanub

Housing Units 1,523 139 328 2 1,992

Households 1,523 139 328 2 1,992

Persons 9,912 518 699 21 11,150

Yadamah

Housing Units 2,308 354 243 3 2,908

Households 2,308 354 243 3 2,908

Persons 14,337 1,462 633 28 16,460

Thar

Housing Units 2,026 266 316 - 2,608

Households 2,026 266 316 - 2,608

Persons 13,850 815 837 - 15,502

Khubash

Housing Units 2,965 214 490 29 3,698

Households 2,965 214 490 29 3,698

Persons 19,677 699 1,134 72 21,582

Alkhirkhir

Housing Units 420 62 18 5 505

Households 420 62 18 5 505

Persons 3,047 502 94 43 3,686

Total

Housing Units 43,243 28,788 13,031 288 85,350

Households 43,324 28,789 13,031 288 85,432

Persons 302,471 152,571 39,707 1,864 496,613

Al-Baha

Albaha

Housing Units 9,733 5,661 3,041 98 18,533

Households 9,790 5,669 3,043 98 18,600

Persons 65,659 26,205 8,779 633 101,276

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

110

Region Govenorate Units Tenure of Housing Unit

Owned Rented Provided by Employer Other Total

Biljurashi

Housing Units 7,402 3,074 2,151 68 12,695

Households 7,494 3,074 2,153 68 12,789

Persons 47,348 11,524 5,007 380 64,259

Almandag

Housing Units 6,385 1,513 952 15 8,865

Households 6,421 1,514 952 15 8,902

Persons 40,534 4,623 1,949 118 47,224

Almukhwah

Housing Units 8,765 2,568 1,168 81 12,582

Households 8,770 2,568 1,168 81 12,587

Persons 53,804 12,582 3,389 396 70,171

Alaqiq

Housing Units 3,913 1,432 967 16 6,328

Households 3,943 1,433 967 16 6,359

Persons 25,584 6,555 2,520 119 34,778

Qilwah

Housing Units 7,316 1,946 562 149 9,973

Households 7,316 1,946 562 149 9,973

Persons 45,637 9,796 1,503 959 57,895

Alqari

Housing Units 4,263 660 1,284 44 6,251

Households 4,291 661 1,284 44 6,280

Persons 25,428 2,774 2,634 285 31,121

Total

Housing Units 47,777 16,854 10,125 471 75,227

Households 48,025 16,865 10,129 471 75,490

Persons 303,994 74,059 25,781 2,890 406,724

Al-Jouf

Sakaka

Housing Units 20,056 13,803 4,222 137 38,218

Households 20,189 13,814 4,222 137 38,362

Persons 150,366 73,109 11,342 931 235,748

Alquryyat

Housing Units 12,445 8,271 2,632 114 23,462

Households 12,505 8,311 2,632 114 23,562

Persons 88,822 45,306 9,089 725 143,942

Dawmat Aljandeal

Housing Units 4,850 2,581 1,032 33 8,496

Households 4,855 2,582 1,032 33 8,502

Persons 33,196 12,814 2,439 127 48,576

Total

Housing Units 37,351 24,655 7,886 284 70,176

Households 37,549 24,707 7,886 284 70,426

Persons 272,384 131,229 22,870 1,783 428,266

Source: The General Population and Housing Census 2010, General Authority for Statistics (GASTAT)

ANNEX A: STATISTICAL ANNEX TABLES

111

TABLE 5: SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY

HOUSING UNITS ( OCCUPIED WITH HOUSEHOLDS ), HOUSEHOLDS AND INDIVIDUALS BY GOVERNORATE AND SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY

Region Govenorate Units SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY

Public inside the Pipe unit Catchment Tank Well Other Total

Riyadh

Housing Units 824,011 29,679 3,369 787 857,846

Households 824,125 29,679 3,369 787 857,960

Persons 4,846,155 146,645 12,085 3,001 5,007,886

Addiriyah

Housing Units 12,946 812 526 4 14,288

Households 12,946 812 526 4 14,288

Persons 65,850 2,801 1,378 15 70,044

Alkharj

Housing Units 50,083 14,877 6,543 86 71,589

Households 50,083 14,877 6,543 86 71,589

Persons 271,418 77,567 19,102 367 368,454

Adduwadimi

Housing Units 24,110 15,834 3,218 26 43,188

Households 24,110 15,834 3,218 26 43,188

Persons 130,636 73,334 11,240 56 215,266

Almajmaah

Housing Units 17,113 6,890 1,074 35 25,112

Households 17,113 6,890 1,074 35 25,112

Persons 96,056 31,656 2,647 139 130,498

Alquwayiyah

Housing Units 6,232 20,031 1,505 28 27,796

Households 6,232 20,031 1,505 28 27,796

Persons 30,524 90,409 4,501 104 125,538

Wadi Addawasir

Housing Units 14,998 3,083 1,679 43 19,803

Households 14,998 3,083 1,679 43 19,803

Persons 83,142 15,676 5,434 172 104,424

Alaflaj

Housing Units 9,002 3,200 1,156 6 13,364

Households 9,002 3,200 1,156 6 13,364

Persons 47,572 16,749 4,167 15 68,503

Azzulfi

Housing Units 9,859 2,478 299 31 12,667

Households 9,859 2,478 299 31 12,667

Persons 60,412 7,787 799 63 69,061

Shagra

Housing Units 6,530 1,174 702 9 8,415

Households 6,530 1,174 702 9 8,415

Persons 31,875 5,400 1,970 41 39,286

Hawtat Bani Tamim

Housing Units 5,642 1,747 593 12 7,994

Households 5,642 1,747 593 12 7,994

Persons 30,663 9,503 2,978 39 43,183

Afif

Housing Units 8,238 5,337 22 51 13,648

Households 8,238 5,337 22 51 13,648

Persons 50,215 27,633 88 192 78,128

ASSulayyil

Housing Units 5,227 1,298 124 10 6,659

Households 5,227 1,298 124 10 6,659

Persons 29,809 5,964 249 15 36,037

Duruma

Housing Units 3,627 1,990 620 3 6,240

Households 3,627 1,990 620 3 6,240

Persons 15,148 5,976 1,292 6 22,422

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

112

Region Govenorate Units SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY

Public inside the Pipe unit Catchment Tank Well Other Total

Almuzahimiyah

Housing Units 3,664 3,971 849 7 8,491

Households 3,664 3,971 849 7 8,491

Persons 20,319 16,183 2,072 22 38,596

Rumah

Housing Units 3,082 1,929 9 34 5,054

Households 3,082 1,929 9 34 5,054

Persons 19,462 8,231 15 55 27,763

Thadiq

Housing Units 2,766 664 505 - 3,935

Households 2,766 664 505 - 3,935

Persons 13,092 2,323 1,388 - 16,803

Huraymila

Housing Units 2,460 885 448 1 3,794

Households 2,460 885 448 1 3,794

Persons 11,316 2,581 1,035 1 14,933

Alhariq

Housing Units 2,745 294 25 2 3,066

Households 2,745 294 25 2 3,066

Persons 13,408 1,244 45 14 14,711

Alghat

Housing Units 1,842 332 639 1 2,814

Households 1,842 332 639 1 2,814

Persons 10,167 1,147 2,651 8 13,973

Total

Housing Units 1,014,177 116,505 23,905 1,176 1,155,763

Households 1,014,291 116,505 23,905 1,176 1,155,877

Persons 548,809 75,136 4,325 6,505,509

Makkah

Makah Mokaramah

Housing Units 209,893 79,349 2,135 186 291,563

Households 209,898 79,365 2,136 186 291,585

Persons 1,134,600 457,994 10,391 881 1,603,866

Jiddah

Housing Units 607,579 93,791 1,003 182 702,555

Households 607,626 93,795 1,003 182 702,606

Persons 2,860,809 436,597 5,352 749 3,303,507

Attaif

Housing Units 95,334 79,254 3,061 122 177,771

Households 95,334 79,254 3,061 122 177,771

Persons 543,889 416,761 13,399 574 974,623

Alqunfidhah

Housing Units 14,831 28,393 10,142 821 54,187

Households 14,831 28,393 10,142 821 54,187

Persons 73,228 141,594 51,455 4,715 270,992

Allith

Housing Units 4,861 16,318 2,738 50 23,967

Households 4,861 16,318 2,738 50 23,967

Persons 25,578 85,174 16,261 328 127,341

Rablgh

Housing Units 8,336 9,174 818 289 18,617

Households 8,336 9,174 818 289 18,617

Persons 39,470 37,303 3,381 973 81,127

Aljumum

Housing Units 959 16,434 852 58 18,303

Households 959 16,434 852 58 18,303

Persons 4,839 82,571 2,899 284 90,593

ANNEX A: STATISTICAL ANNEX TABLES

113

Region Govenorate Units SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY

Public inside the Pipe unit Catchment Tank Well Other Total

Khulays

Housing Units 4,625 6,536 682 5 11,848

Households 4,625 6,536 682 5 11,848

Persons 23,441 30,632 2,296 8 56,377

Alkamil

Housing Units 945 3,651 295 5 4,896

Households 945 3,651 295 5 4,896

Persons 3,783 16,499 1,103 9 21,394

Alkhurmah

Housing Units 412 6,986 698 3 8,099

Households 412 6,986 698 3 8,099

Persons 2,407 36,803 3,000 3 42,213

Ranyah

Housing Units 825 7,055 344 2 8,226

Households 825 7,055 344 2 8,226

Persons 4,720 40,332 1,436 19 46,507

Turubah

Housing Units 431 8,007 370 - 8,808

Households 431 8,007 370 - 8,808

Persons 1,975 41,046 1,036 - 44,057

Total

Housing Units 949,031 354,948 23,138 1,723 1,328,840

Households 949,083 354,968 23,139 1,723 1,328,913

Persons 4,718,739 1,823,306 112,009 8,543 6,662,597

Madinah

Madinah Monawrah

Housing Units 173,166 24,050 2,321 93 199,630

Households 173,174 24,121 2,331 93 199,719

Persons 981,679 122,876 9,120 291 1,113,966

Yanbu Albahar

Housing Units 40,994 11,394 786 237 53,411

Households 40,994 11,394 786 237 53,411

Persons 218,672 61,465 2,921 1,048 284,106

Alula

Housing Units 6,435 4,205 2,014 82 12,736

Households 6,435 4,205 2,014 82 12,736

Persons 34,830 22,189 6,366 397 63,782

Almahd

Housing Units 634 10,297 788 142 11,861

Households 634 10,297 788 142 11,861

Persons 3,188 54,374 3,963 237 61,762

Badr

Housing Units 4,198 7,684 651 2 12,535

Households 4,198 7,684 651 2 12,535

Persons 23,393 38,144 2,162 4 63,703

Khaybar

Housing Units 1,683 5,884 406 11 7,984

Households 1,683 5,884 406 11 7,984

Persons 9,797 36,661 1,517 52 48,027

Alhinakiyah

Housing Units 1,083 9,548 368 15 11,014

Households 1,083 9,583 368 15 11,049

Persons 4,432 53,274 1,648 49 59,403

Total

Housing Units 228,193 73,062 7,334 582 309,171

Households 228,201 73,168 7,344 582 309,295

Persons 1,275,991 388,983 27,697 2,078 1,694,749

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

114

Region Govenorate Units SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY

Public inside the Pipe unit Catchment Tank Well Other Total

Qaseem

Buraydah

Housing Units 79,326 16,406 5,402 86 101,220

Households 79,398 16,422 5,402 86 101,308

Persons 489,849 88,068 20,383 293 598,593

Unayzah

Housing Units 24,324 1,559 1,568 8 27,459

Households 24,337 1,559 1,568 8 27,472

Persons 145,869 7,953 5,442 22 159,286

Arrass

Housing Units 15,339 6,573 263 18 22,193

Households 15,339 6,573 263 18 22,193

Persons 94,603 36,640 982 61 132,286

Almidhnab

Housing Units 6,395 1,292 376 - 8,063

Households 6,395 1,292 376 - 8,063

Persons 34,738 5,838 1,682 - 42,258

Albukayriyah

Housing Units 6,355 1,289 2,037 2 9,683

Households 6,355 1,289 2,037 2 9,683

Persons 39,693 6,806 8,467 15 54,981

Albadai

Housing Units 6,989 1,265 1,070 8 9,332

Households 6,989 1,265 1,070 8 9,332

Persons 43,476 6,272 4,807 45 54,600

Alasyah

Housing Units 3,514 609 96 3 4,222

Households 3,514 609 96 3 4,222

Persons 23,097 2,567 262 6 25,932

Annabhaniyah

Housing Units 528 7,052 345 15 7,940

Households 528 7,052 345 15 7,940

Persons 3,070 41,867 1,872 84 46,893

Uyun Aljiwa

Housing Units 2,728 698 1,013 106 4,545

Households 2,728 698 1,013 106 4,545

Persons 16,235 2,855 4,258 483 23,831

Riyadh Alkhabra

Housing Units 3,057 2,859 240 2 6,158

Households 3,057 2,859 240 2 6,158

Persons 18,256 16,134 728 2 35,120

Ashshimasiyah

Housing Units 1,275 352 122 9 1,758

Households 1,275 352 122 9 1,758

Persons 8,496 1,340 695 54 10,585

Total

Housing Units 149,830 39,954 12,532 257 202,573

Households 149,915 39,970 12,532 257 202,674

Persons 917,382 216,340 49,578 1,065 1,184,365

Eastern

Addammam

Housing Units 144,342 4,090 642 27 149,101

Households 144,363 4,091 642 27 149,123

Persons 826,914 22,528 2,620 174 852,236

Alahsa

Housing Units 137,366 7,742 7,669 343 153,120

Households 137,381 7,742 7,671 343 153,137

Persons 940,475 43,627 35,004 2,596 1,021,702

ANNEX A: STATISTICAL ANNEX TABLES

115

Region Govenorate Units SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY

Public inside the Pipe unit Catchment Tank Well Other Total

Hafr Albatin

Housing Units 28,133 26,961 1,447 13 56,554

Households 28,133 26,961 1,447 13 56,554

Persons 193,437 181,329 7,252 83 382,101

Aljubayl

Housing Units 46,906 1,560 350 14 48,830

Households 46,929 1,561 350 14 48,854

Persons 253,948 6,354 1,586 56 261,944

Alqatif

Housing Units 73,760 2,291 1,429 157 77,637

Households 73,760 2,291 1,429 157 77,637

Persons 487,842 11,797 6,089 599 506,327

Alkhubar

Housing Units 94,240 2,103 282 184 96,809

Households 94,250 2,104 282 184 96,820

Persons 520,757 11,116 1,440 660 533,973

Alkhafji

Housing Units 9,413 1,035 2 2 10,452

Households 9,413 1,035 2 2 10,452

Persons 62,845 4,192 8 4 67,049

Ras Tannurah

Housing Units 7,239 194 292 2 7,727

Households 7,239 194 292 2 7,727

Persons 46,765 498 392 24 47,679

Buqayq

Housing Units 7,148 590 107 2 7,847

Households 7,148 590 107 2 7,847

Persons 46,979 3,900 594 4 51,477

Annuayriyah

Housing Units 6,012 1,031 321 4 7,368

Households 6,012 1,031 321 4 7,368

Persons 42,438 6,424 1,465 23 50,350

Qaryah Alulya

Housing Units 3,246 459 134 1 3,840

Households 3,246 459 134 1 3,840

Persons 21,949 2,296 688 2 24,935

Total

Housing Units 557,805 48,056 12,675 749 619,285

Households 557,874 48,059 12,677 749 619,359

Persons 3,444,349 294,061 57,138 4,225 3,799,773

Aseer

Abha

Housing Units 30,132 32,833 3,679 97 66,741

Households 30,134 32,860 3,694 97 66,785

Persons 168,268 168,283 20,020 354 356,925

Khamis Mushayt

Housing Units 23,693 64,403 473 110 88,679

Households 23,758 64,466 473 110 88,807

Persons 134,299 371,895 2,101 753 509,048

Bishah

Housing Units 2,344 32,157 2,668 209 37,378

Households 2,344 32,157 2,668 209 37,378

Persons 13,955 176,498 13,683 804 204,940

Annamas

Housing Units 522 8,139 1,684 54 10,399

Households 522 8,139 1,684 54 10,399

Persons 3,507 41,371 8,804 121 53,803

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

116

Region Govenorate Units SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY

Public inside the Pipe unit Catchment Tank Well Other Total

Muhayil

Housing Units 5,409 28,197 5,282 107 38,995

Households 5,409 28,197 5,282 107 38,995

Persons 30,631 165,809 33,290 557 230,287

Sarat Abidah

Housing Units 1,262 7,548 2,025 143 10,978

Households 1,276 7,570 2,025 143 11,014

Persons 7,336 43,884 14,472 1,104 66,796

Tathlith

Housing Units 390 8,910 263 30 9,593

Households 390 8,910 263 30 9,593

Persons 2,277 55,103 1,681 189 59,250

Rijal Alma

Housing Units 628 9,997 730 35 11,390

Households 628 9,997 730 35 11,390

Persons 3,790 56,743 4,298 173 65,004

Ahad Rufaydah

Housing Units 4,207 14,954 564 29 19,754

Households 4,207 14,979 564 29 19,779

Persons 24,812 83,953 2,866 66 111,697

Zahran Aljanub

Housing Units 789 7,689 1,499 38 10,015

Households 789 7,689 1,499 38 10,015

Persons 5,714 46,055 10,608 257 62,634

Balqarn

Housing Units 611 8,796 3,924 15 13,346

Households 611 8,796 3,924 15 13,346

Persons 4,048 45,919 23,815 19 73,801

Almajardah

Housing Units 1,698 15,189 1,866 44 18,797

Households 1,698 15,189 1,866 44 18,797

Persons 9,624 81,588 11,672 167 103,051

Total

Housing Units 71,685 238,812 24,657 911 336,065

Households 71,766 238,949 24,672 911 336,298

Persons 408,261 1,337,101 147,310 4,564 1,897,236

Tabouk

Tabuk

Housing Units 71,154 19,831 2,529 30 93,544

Households 71,180 19,856 2,539 30 93,605

Persons 432,107 117,329 7,261 135 556,832

Alwajh

Housing Units 4,085 3,692 169 11 7,957

Households 4,085 3,692 169 11 7,957

Persons 23,001 20,277 572 53 43,903

Duba

Housing Units 4,787 4,207 614 104 9,712

Households 4,787 4,207 614 104 9,712

Persons 26,200 22,976 1,883 585 51,644

Tayma

Housing Units 5,317 747 337 1 6,402

Households 5,317 747 337 1 6,402

Persons 31,151 3,867 1,069 15 36,102

Umluj

Housing Units 6,257 3,971 538 91 10,857

Households 6,257 3,971 538 91 10,857

Persons 35,443 22,563 2,674 638 61,318

ANNEX A: STATISTICAL ANNEX TABLES

117

Region Govenorate Units SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY

Public inside the Pipe unit Catchment Tank Well Other Total

Haqil

Housing Units 3,721 951 10 2 4,684

Households 3,721 951 10 2 4,684

Persons 22,804 4,991 74 12 27,881

Total

Housing Units 95,321 33,399 4,197 239 133,156

Households 95,347 33,424 4,207 239 133,217

Persons 570,706 192,003 13,533 1,438 777,680

Hail

Housing Units 43,138 16,968 2,011 146 62,263

Households 43,309 17,177 2,011 146 62,643

Persons 298,034 98,995 8,158 628 405,815

Baqa

Housing Units 3,944 1,636 1,234 5 6,819

Households 3,951 1,652 1,234 5 6,842

Persons 26,122 9,648 3,896 36 39,702

Alghazalah

Housing Units 1,148 15,052 466 10 16,676

Households 1,149 15,081 466 10 16,706

Persons 6,505 93,869 3,001 73 103,448

Ashshinan

Housing Units 1,310 6,043 971 141 8,465

Households 1,310 6,043 971 141 8,465

Persons 7,760 33,273 2,812 498 44,343

Total

Housing Units 49,540 39,699 4,682 302 94,223

Households 49,719 39,953 4,682 302 94,656

Persons 338,421 235,785 17,867 1,235 593,308

Northern

Arar

Housing Units 16,520 8,308 119 159 25,106

Households 16,543 8,369 119 159 25,190

Persons 122,452 62,318 386 196 185,352

Rafha

Housing Units 8,870 2,420 70 3 11,363

Households 8,959 2,428 70 3 11,460

Persons 63,068 14,739 445 14 78,266

Turayf

Housing Units 2,081 3,924 234 - 6,239

Households 2,081 3,942 234 - 6,257

Persons 16,019 30,839 997 - 47,855

Total

Housing Units 27,471 14,652 423 162 42,708

Households 27,583 14,739 423 162 42,907

Persons 201,539 107,896 1,828 210 311,473

Jazan

Housing Units 16,903 7,288 117 218 24,526

Households 16,936 7,314 117 218 24,585

Persons 102,939 44,217 495 1,472 149,123

Sabya

Housing Units 25,721 5,391 3,890 150 35,152

Households 25,849 5,427 3,911 150 35,337

Persons 167,310 32,821 23,861 946 224,938

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

118

Region Govenorate Units SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY

Public inside the Pipe unit Catchment Tank Well Other Total

Abu Arish

Housing Units 18,693 6,122 4,815 61 29,691

Households 18,748 6,149 4,819 61 29,777

Persons 124,775 38,802 29,627 391 193,595

Samtah

Housing Units 14,201 9,883 3,676 1,188 28,948

Households 14,273 9,914 3,688 1,188 29,063

Persons 95,731 68,027 25,615 8,314 197,687

Alharth

Housing Units 295 428 1,783 - 2,506

Households 310 437 1,783 - 2,530

Persons 2,179 3,532 7,457 - 13,168

Damad

Housing Units 7,635 2,099 1,019 32 10,785

Households 7,684 2,101 1,024 32 10,841

Persons 52,664 11,898 6,474 192 71,228

Arrayth

Housing Units 758 1,230 484 9 2,481

Households 771 1,230 484 9 2,494

Persons 5,715 8,943 4,171 57 18,886

Baysh

Housing Units 6,919 3,593 693 2 11,207

Households 6,933 3,641 696 2 11,272

Persons 47,451 24,451 4,169 26 76,097

Farasan

Housing Units 1,880 654 8 21 2,563

Households 1,892 654 8 21 2,575

Persons 13,394 3,956 62 114 17,526

Addair

Housing Units 1,361 4,353 856 1,676 8,246

Households 1,367 4,382 862 1,733 8,344

Persons 8,819 31,425 6,246 11,676 58,166

Ahad Almasarihah

Housing Units 7,069 5,189 2,882 346 15,486

Households 7,144 5,189 2,882 346 15,561

Persons 50,316 36,528 19,784 2,381 109,009

Alaydabi

Housing Units 1,602 4,177 1,767 665 8,211

Households 1,614 4,188 1,774 665 8,241

Persons 13,613 29,596 13,007 4,572 60,788

Alaridah

Housing Units 1,981 6,455 822 609 9,867

Households 1,988 6,531 832 612 9,963

Persons 15,849 49,583 6,062 4,403 75,897

Addarb

Housing Units 1,313 8,152 453 38 9,956

Households 1,313 8,188 461 38 10,000

Persons 8,057 55,155 2,691 251 66,154

Total

Housing Units 106,331 65,014 23,265 5,015 199,625

Households 106,822 65,345 23,341 5,075 200,583

Persons 708,812 438,934 149,721 34,795 1,332,262

Najran

Housing Units 6,854 45,547 4,448 23 56,872

Households 6,865 45,606 4,460 23 56,954

Persons 42,530 257,421 23,716 65 323,732

ANNEX A: STATISTICAL ANNEX TABLES

119

Region Govenorate Units SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY

Public inside the Pipe unit Catchment Tank Well Other Total

Sharurah

Housing Units 4,616 8,455 49 9 13,129

Households 4,616 8,455 49 9 13,129

Persons 29,922 54,114 344 69 84,449

Hubuna

Housing Units 181 3,195 262 - 3,638

Households 181 3,195 262 - 3,638

Persons 766 17,804 1,482 - 20,052

Badr Aljanub

Housing Units 60 1,516 416 - 1,992

Households 60 1,516 416 - 1,992

Persons 310 8,509 2,331 - 11,150

Yadamah

Housing Units 173 2,709 22 4 2,908

Households 173 2,709 22 4 2,908

Persons 1,086 15,254 93 27 16,460

Thar

Housing Units 65 2,422 119 2 2,608

Households 65 2,422 119 2 2,608

Persons 389 14,507 591 15 15,502

Khubash

Housing Units 48 3,310 294 46 3,698

Households 48 3,310 294 46 3,698

Persons 262 19,968 1,254 98 21,582

Alkhirkhir

Housing Units 131 372 2 - 505

Households 131 372 2 - 505

Persons 934 2,740 12 - 3,686

Total

Housing Units 12,128 67,526 5,612 84 85,350

Households 12,139 67,585 5,624 84 85,432

Persons 76,199 390,317 29,823 274 496,613

Al-Baha

Albaha

Housing Units 672 15,605 2,253 3 18,533

Households 676 15,659 2,262 3 18,600

Persons 5,132 83,941 12,188 15 101,276

Biljurashi

Housing Units 2,547 8,534 1,588 26 12,695

Households 2,557 8,605 1,601 26 12,789

Persons 15,269 41,116 7,822 52 64,259

Almandag

Housing Units 265 7,616 978 6 8,865

Households 265 7,652 979 6 8,902

Persons 1,674 40,004 5,518 28 47,224

Almukhwah

Housing Units 1,715 8,826 2,035 6 12,582

Households 1,715 8,831 2,035 6 12,587

Persons 9,552 48,862 11,718 39 70,171

Alaqiq

Housing Units 472 4,932 922 2 6,328

Households 472 4,959 926 2 6,359

Persons 2,929 26,835 5,012 2 34,778

Qilwah

Housing Units 1,734 7,682 542 15 9,973

Households 1,734 7,682 542 15 9,973

Persons 9,819 44,720 3,273 83 57,895

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

120

Region Govenorate Units SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY

Public inside the Pipe unit Catchment Tank Well Other Total

Alqari

Housing Units 152 5,194 902 3 6,251

Households 153 5,209 915 3 6,280

Persons 720 26,282 4,112 7 31,121

Total

Housing Units 7,557 58,389 9,220 61 75,227

Households 7,572 58,597 9,260 61 75,490

Persons 45,095 311,760 49,643 226 406,724

Al-Jouf

Sakaka

Housing Units 30,334 3,218 4,504 162 38,218

Households 30,471 3,219 4,510 162 38,362

Persons 192,660 22,542 19,776 770 235,748

Alquryyat

Housing Units 13,808 7,952 1,671 31 23,462

Households 13,845 8,012 1,674 31 23,562

Persons 85,941 49,208 8,698 95 143,942

Dawmat Aljandeal

Housing Units 6,732 1,046 470 248 8,496

Households 6,738 1,046 470 248 8,502

Persons 39,067 6,950 1,252 1,307 48,576

Total

Housing Units 50,874 12,216 6,645 441 70,176

Households 51,054 12,277 6,654 441 70,426

Persons 317,668 78,700 29,726 2,172 428,266

Source: The General Population and Housing Census 2010, General Authority for Statistics (GASTAT)

TABLE 6: SOURCE OF ELECTRICITY

HOUSING UNITS ( OCCUPIED WITH HOUSEHOLDS ), HOUSEHOLDS AND INDIVIDUALS BY GOVERNORATE AND SOURCE OF ELECTRICITY

Region Govenorate Units SOURCE OF ELECTRICITY

Public Station Private Station Private Generator Non- Existent Other Total

Riyadh

Housing Units 845,450 3,825 5,956 2,307 308 857,846

Households 845,564 3,825 5,956 2,307 308 857,960

Persons 4,962,699 18,608 18,932 6,450 1,197 5,007,886

Addiriyah

Housing Units 14,169 24 34 61 - 14,288

Households 14,169 24 34 61 - 14,288

Persons 69,796 95 76 77 - 70,044

Alkharj

Housing Units 69,672 575 664 599 79 71,589

Households 69,672 575 664 599 79 71,589

Persons 363,884 1,444 1,768 1,068 290 368,454

Adduwadimi

Housing Units 40,850 520 457 1,324 37 43,188

Households 40,850 520 457 1,324 37 43,188

Persons 208,486 2,380 1,277 3,040 83 215,266

Almajmaah

Housing Units 22,817 340 911 1,030 14 25,112

Households 22,817 340 911 1,030 14 25,112

Persons 123,403 1,381 3,134 2,561 19 130,498

Alquwayiyah

Housing Units 25,352 99 284 2,040 21 27,796

Households 25,352 99 284 2,040 21 27,796

Persons 119,126 421 1,020 4,890 81 125,538

ANNEX A: STATISTICAL ANNEX TABLES

121

Region Govenorate Units SOURCE OF ELECTRICITY

Public Station Private Station Private Generator Non- Existent Other Total

Wadi Addawasir

Housing Units 17,890 277 1,269 359 8 19,803

Households 17,890 277 1,269 359 8 19,803

Persons 98,056 1,260 3,667 1,427 14 104,424

Alaflaj

Housing Units 12,753 156 267 186 2 13,364

Households 12,753 156 267 186 2 13,364

Persons 66,195 549 1,099 658 2 68,503

Azzulfi

Housing Units 12,275 91 50 100 151 12,667

Households 12,275 91 50 100 151 12,667

Persons 68,072 189 228 232 340 69,061

Shagra

Housing Units 7,815 67 84 403 46 8,415

Households 7,815 67 84 403 46 8,415

Persons 37,196 322 293 1,335 140 39,286

Hawtat Bani Tamim

Housing Units 7,573 15 215 191 - 7,994

Households 7,573 15 215 191 - 7,994

Persons 41,691 82 751 659 - 43,183

Afif

Housing Units 12,572 161 329 100 486 13,648

Households 12,572 161 329 100 486 13,648

Persons 73,905 906 1,079 374 1,864 78,128

ASSulayyil

Housing Units 6,298 21 212 126 2 6,659

Households 6,298 21 212 126 2 6,659

Persons 35,067 79 528 349 14 36,037

Duruma

Housing Units 5,684 15 333 185 23 6,240

Households 5,684 15 333 185 23 6,240

Persons 21,264 31 736 362 29 22,422

Almuzahimiyah

Housing Units 8,044 110 198 137 2 8,491

Households 8,044 110 198 137 2 8,491

Persons 37,417 430 533 210 6 38,596

Rumah

Housing Units 4,047 22 506 456 23 5,054

Households 4,047 22 506 456 23 5,054

Persons 25,144 82 1,862 557 118 27,763

Thadiq

Housing Units 3,738 49 58 81 9 3,935

Households 3,738 49 58 81 9 3,935

Persons 16,310 133 126 192 42 16,803

Huraymila

Housing Units 3,541 18 109 123 3 3,794

Households 3,541 18 109 123 3 3,794

Persons 14,536 52 176 165 4 14,933

Alhariq

Housing Units 3,028 3 24 10 1 3,066

Households 3,028 3 24 10 1 3,066

Persons 14,534 21 110 39 7 14,711

Alghat

Housing Units 2,598 33 59 124 - 2,814

Households 2,598 33 59 124 - 2,814

Persons 13,356 115 195 307 - 13,973

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

122

Region Govenorate Units SOURCE OF ELECTRICITY

Public Station Private Station Private Generator Non- Existent Other Total

Total

Housing Units 1,126,166 6,421 12,019 9,942 1,215 1,155,763

Households 1,126,280 6,421 12,019 9,942 1,215 1,155,877

Persons 6,410,137 28,580 37,590 24,952 4,250 6,505,509

Makkah

Makah Mokaramah

Housing Units 284,378 2,596 2,273 1,892 424 291,563

Households 284,400 2,596 2,273 1,892 424 291,585

Persons 1,572,673 11,391 9,941 7,172 2,689 1,603,866

Jiddah

Housing Units 694,584 4,838 2,092 949 92 702,555

Households 694,635 4,838 2,092 949 92 702,606

Persons 3,269,991 21,403 7,204 4,446 463 3,303,507

Attaif

Housing Units 172,773 989 1,051 2,522 436 177,771

Households 172,773 989 1,051 2,522 436 177,771

Persons 956,284 4,949 4,010 7,771 1,609 974,623

Alqunfidhah

Housing Units 52,508 365 212 1,081 21 54,187

Households 52,508 365 212 1,081 21 54,187

Persons 265,903 1,321 678 3,044 46 270,992

Allith

Housing Units 21,295 783 627 1,243 19 23,967

Households 21,295 783 627 1,243 19 23,967

Persons 115,183 2,875 3,767 5,419 97 127,341

Rablgh

Housing Units 17,430 483 237 466 1 18,617

Households 17,430 483 237 466 1 18,617

Persons 77,142 1,667 1,141 1,172 5 81,127

Aljumum

Housing Units 16,144 329 716 1,111 3 18,303

Households 16,144 329 716 1,111 3 18,303

Persons 83,452 1,404 2,098 3,629 10 90,593

Khulays

Housing Units 11,150 59 117 518 4 11,848

Households 11,150 59 117 518 4 11,848

Persons 54,463 216 315 1,373 10 56,377

Alkamil

Housing Units 4,456 111 56 268 5 4,896

Households 4,456 111 56 268 5 4,896

Persons 20,157 413 317 502 5 21,394

Alkhurmah

Housing Units 7,664 28 94 313 - 8,099

Households 7,664 28 94 313 - 8,099

Persons 40,524 136 384 1,169 - 42,213

Ranyah

Housing Units 7,608 71 227 311 9 8,226

Households 7,608 71 227 311 9 8,226

Persons 43,271 291 1,064 1,803 78 46,507

Turubah

Housing Units 8,020 102 317 369 - 8,808

Households 8,020 102 317 369 - 8,808

Persons 40,646 576 1,510 1,325 - 44,057

Total

Housing Units 1,298,010 10,754 8,019 11,043 1,014 1,328,840

Households 1,298,083 10,754 8,019 11,043 1,014 1,328,913

Persons 6,539,689 46,642 32,429 38,825 5,012 6,662,597

ANNEX A: STATISTICAL ANNEX TABLES

123

Region Govenorate Units SOURCE OF ELECTRICITY

Public Station Private Station Private Generator Non- Existent Other Total

Madinah

Madinah Monawrah

Housing Units 196,851 645 698 1,410 26 199,630

Households 196,936 645 698 1,414 26 199,719

Persons 1,102,533 3,352 2,410 5,524 147 1,113,966

Yanbu Albahar

Housing Units 51,322 523 490 1,015 61 53,411

Households 51,322 523 490 1,015 61 53,411

Persons 274,641 2,552 1,896 4,741 276 284,106

Alula

Housing Units 11,786 159 146 566 79 12,736

Households 11,786 159 146 566 79 12,736

Persons 59,718 474 844 2,416 330 63,782

Almahd

Housing Units 9,857 407 838 737 22 11,861

Households 9,857 407 838 737 22 11,861

Persons 52,668 1,524 4,870 2,637 63 61,762

Badr

Housing Units 11,579 187 273 492 4 12,535

Households 11,579 187 273 492 4 12,535

Persons 60,356 995 1,078 1,262 12 63,703

Khaybar

Housing Units 7,443 99 85 353 4 7,984

Households 7,443 99 85 353 4 7,984

Persons 45,176 622 394 1,817 18 48,027

Alhinakiyah

Housing Units 10,332 112 215 346 9 11,014

Households 10,367 112 215 346 9 11,049

Persons 56,199 475 966 1,743 20 59,403

Total

Housing Units 299,170 2,132 2,745 4,919 205 309,171

Households 299,290 2,132 2,745 4,923 205 309,295

Persons 1,651,291 9,994 12,458 20,140 866 1,694,749

Qaseem

Buraydah

Housing Units 99,763 318 371 739 29 101,220

Households 99,840 318 374 747 29 101,308

Persons 593,042 1,394 1,413 2,620 124 598,593

Unayzah

Housing Units 27,139 88 133 85 14 27,459

Households 27,152 88 133 85 14 27,472

Persons 158,600 299 240 124 23 159,286

Arrass

Housing Units 21,541 55 98 313 186 22,193

Households 21,541 55 98 313 186 22,193

Persons 130,222 258 351 1,149 306 132,286

Almidhnab

Housing Units 7,843 11 39 167 3 8,063

Households 7,843 11 39 167 3 8,063

Persons 41,707 45 128 369 9 42,258

Albukayriyah

Housing Units 9,292 36 198 156 1 9,683

Households 9,292 36 198 156 1 9,683

Persons 53,328 207 639 800 7 54,981

Albadai

Housing Units 9,255 20 21 35 1 9,332

Households 9,255 20 21 35 1 9,332

Persons 54,344 81 106 67 2 54,600

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

124

Region Govenorate Units SOURCE OF ELECTRICITY

Public Station Private Station Private Generator Non- Existent Other Total

Alasyah

Housing Units 4,054 8 7 151 2 4,222

Households 4,054 8 7 151 2 4,222

Persons 25,492 29 11 392 8 25,932

Annabhaniyah

Housing Units 7,603 11 79 243 4 7,940

Households 7,603 11 79 243 4 7,940

Persons 45,118 26 367 1,355 27 46,893

Uyun Aljiwa

Housing Units 3,890 349 132 171 3 4,545

Households 3,890 349 132 171 3 4,545

Persons 21,645 1,214 397 571 4 23,831

Riyadh Alkhabra

Housing Units 6,085 28 25 18 2 6,158

Households 6,085 28 25 18 2 6,158

Persons 34,806 148 70 89 7 35,120

Ashshimasiyah

Housing Units 1,630 3 12 109 4 1,758

Households 1,630 3 12 109 4 1,758

Persons 9,987 20 56 518 4 10,585

Total

Housing Units 198,095 927 1,115 2,187 249 202,573

Households 198,185 927 1,118 2,195 249 202,674

Persons 1,168,291 3,721 3,778 8,054 521 1,184,365

Eastern

Addammam

Housing Units 148,346 392 304 40 19 149,101

Households 148,368 392 304 40 19 149,123

Persons 848,449 2,131 1,306 252 98 852,236

Alahsa

Housing Units 150,222 1,116 1,041 621 120 153,120

Households 150,239 1,116 1,041 621 120 153,137

Persons 1,011,256 4,865 3,002 2,133 446 1,021,702

Hafr Albatin

Housing Units 54,108 1,385 857 91 113 56,554

Households 54,108 1,385 857 91 113 56,554

Persons 371,368 6,582 3,475 493 183 382,101

Aljubayl

Housing Units 48,154 196 400 78 2 48,830

Households 48,178 196 400 78 2 48,854

Persons 259,948 664 1,048 275 9 261,944

Alqatif

Housing Units 77,144 213 237 35 8 77,637

Households 77,144 213 237 35 8 77,637

Persons 504,550 926 741 93 17 506,327

Alkhubar

Housing Units 96,292 377 100 26 14 96,809

Households 96,303 377 100 26 14 96,820

Persons 531,228 2,107 478 78 82 533,973

Alkhafji

Housing Units 10,006 130 127 188 1 10,452

Households 10,006 130 127 188 1 10,452

Persons 65,811 398 625 203 12 67,049

Ras Tannurah

Housing Units 7,664 12 45 5 1 7,727

Households 7,664 12 45 5 1 7,727

Persons 47,465 97 100 5 12 47,679

ANNEX A: STATISTICAL ANNEX TABLES

125

Region Govenorate Units SOURCE OF ELECTRICITY

Public Station Private Station Private Generator Non- Existent Other Total

Buqayq

Housing Units 7,694 21 126 6 - 7,847

Households 7,694 21 126 6 - 7,847

Persons 50,833 143 492 9 - 51,477

Annuayriyah

Housing Units 7,148 30 125 65 - 7,368

Households 7,148 30 125 65 - 7,368

Persons 49,524 167 455 204 - 50,350

Qaryah Alulya

Housing Units 3,611 13 118 98 - 3,840

Households 3,611 13 118 98 - 3,840

Persons 24,010 134 474 317 - 24,935

Total

Housing Units 610,389 3,885 3,480 1,253 278 619,285

Households 610,463 3,885 3,480 1,253 278 619,359

Persons 3,764,442 18,214 12,196 4,062 859 3,799,773

Aseer

Abha

Housing Units 65,642 326 204 547 22 66,741

Households 65,686 326 204 547 22 66,785

Persons 351,350 1,660 1,055 2,768 92 356,925

Khamis Mushayt

Housing Units 86,972 811 253 504 139 88,679

Households 87,100 811 253 504 139 88,807

Persons 501,509 3,279 1,183 2,253 824 509,048

Bishah

Housing Units 35,237 444 462 1,110 125 37,378

Households 35,237 444 462 1,110 125 37,378

Persons 195,215 1,592 2,246 5,399 488 204,940

Annamas

Housing Units 10,233 57 42 54 13 10,399

Households 10,233 57 42 54 13 10,399

Persons 53,167 308 157 143 28 53,803

Muhayil

Housing Units 36,178 855 1,040 900 22 38,995

Households 36,178 855 1,040 900 22 38,995

Persons 213,689 5,371 6,512 4,644 71 230,287

Sarat Abidah

Housing Units 10,375 42 165 390 6 10,978

Households 10,411 42 165 390 6 11,014

Persons 62,695 219 1,033 2,808 41 66,796

Tathlith

Housing Units 8,000 154 605 769 65 9,593

Households 8,000 154 605 769 65 9,593

Persons 48,597 945 4,198 5,049 461 59,250

Rijal Alma

Housing Units 11,216 58 19 94 3 11,390

Households 11,216 58 19 94 3 11,390

Persons 64,299 370 46 272 17 65,004

Ahad Rufaydah

Housing Units 19,258 101 195 107 93 19,754

Households 19,283 101 195 107 93 19,779

Persons 108,979 602 1,150 491 475 111,697

Zahran Aljanub

Housing Units 9,666 58 90 198 3 10,015

Households 9,666 58 90 198 3 10,015

Persons 60,282 403 672 1,261 16 62,634

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

126

Region Govenorate Units SOURCE OF ELECTRICITY

Public Station Private Station Private Generator Non- Existent Other Total

Balqarn

Housing Units 12,906 54 112 256 18 13,346

Households 12,906 54 112 256 18 13,346

Persons 72,035 275 477 992 22 73,801

Almajardah

Housing Units 18,529 104 34 124 6 18,797

Households 18,529 104 34 124 6 18,797

Persons 101,852 557 165 463 14 103,051

Total

Housing Units 324,212 3,064 3,221 5,053 515 336,065

Households 324,445 3,064 3,221 5,053 515 336,298

Persons 1,833,669 15,581 18,894 26,543 2,549 1,897,236

Tabouk

Tabuk

Housing Units 91,406 441 1,003 620 74 93,544

Households 91,461 443 1,007 620 74 93,605

Persons 548,615 2,061 2,809 2,903 444 556,832

Alwajh

Housing Units 7,617 33 90 204 13 7,957

Households 7,617 33 90 204 13 7,957

Persons 42,219 168 474 971 71 43,903

Duba

Housing Units 8,844 246 88 526 8 9,712

Households 8,844 246 88 526 8 9,712

Persons 47,054 1,135 481 2,919 55 51,644

Tayma

Housing Units 5,866 146 90 298 2 6,402

Households 5,866 146 90 298 2 6,402

Persons 33,815 940 291 1,054 2 36,102

Umluj

Housing Units 10,150 41 149 501 16 10,857

Households 10,150 41 149 501 16 10,857

Persons 57,477 222 829 2,685 105 61,318

Haqil

Housing Units 4,488 11 69 75 41 4,684

Households 4,488 11 69 75 41 4,684

Persons 26,709 55 431 413 273 27,881

Total

Housing Units 128,371 918 1,489 2,224 154 133,156

Households 128,426 920 1,493 2,224 154 133,217

Persons 755,889 4,581 5,315 10,945 950 777,680

Hail

Housing Units 60,515 300 256 1,163 29 62,263

Households 60,895 300 256 1,163 29 62,643

Persons 396,436 1,633 668 6,915 163 405,815

Baqa

Housing Units 6,390 68 150 210 1 6,819

Households 6,413 68 150 210 1 6,842

Persons 37,996 392 531 775 8 39,702

Alghazalah

Housing Units 15,747 113 44 770 2 16,676

Households 15,777 113 44 770 2 16,706

Persons 97,383 667 276 5,115 7 103,448

Ashshinan

Housing Units 7,149 666 382 266 2 8,465

Households 7,149 666 382 266 2 8,465

Persons 40,156 1,826 1,247 1,101 13 44,343

ANNEX A: STATISTICAL ANNEX TABLES

127

Region Govenorate Units SOURCE OF ELECTRICITY

Public Station Private Station Private Generator Non- Existent Other Total

Total

Housing Units 89,801 1,147 832 2,409 34 94,223

Households 90,234 1,147 832 2,409 34 94,656

Persons 571,971 4,518 2,722 13,906 191 593,308

Northern

Arar

Housing Units 24,229 363 233 123 158 25,106

Households 24,313 363 233 123 158 25,190

Persons 181,128 2,797 996 252 179 185,352

Rafha

Housing Units 10,828 94 159 280 2 11,363

Households 10,925 94 159 280 2 11,460

Persons 75,511 715 974 1,057 9 78,266

Turayf

Housing Units 5,698 290 72 177 2 6,239

Households 5,716 290 72 177 2 6,257

Persons 45,622 1,399 395 425 14 47,855

Total

Housing Units 40,755 747 464 580 162 42,708

Households 40,954 747 464 580 162 42,907

Persons 302,261 4,911 2,365 1,734 202 311,473

Jazan

Housing Units 24,331 60 28 94 13 24,526

Households 24,390 60 28 94 13 24,585

Persons 148,132 341 64 506 80 149,123

Sabya

Housing Units 33,846 159 477 642 28 35,152

Households 34,020 159 488 642 28 35,337

Persons 218,407 923 2,556 2,878 174 224,938

Abu Arish

Housing Units 28,961 239 179 291 21 29,691

Households 29,047 239 179 291 21 29,777

Persons 190,295 1,439 800 935 126 193,595

Samtah

Housing Units 27,722 153 185 712 176 28,948

Households 27,837 153 185 712 176 29,063

Persons 189,878 1,173 1,318 4,159 1,159 197,687

Alharth

Housing Units 2,480 1 - 22 3 2,506

Households 2,504 1 - 22 3 2,530

Persons 12,974 12 - 160 22 13,168

Damad

Housing Units 10,278 74 60 325 48 10,785

Households 10,334 74 60 325 48 10,841

Persons 68,485 301 315 1,844 283 71,228

Arrayth

Housing Units 2,101 42 160 178 - 2,481

Households 2,114 42 160 178 - 2,494

Persons 15,669 428 1,404 1,385 - 18,886

Baysh

Housing Units 10,988 80 21 110 8 11,207

Households 11,043 81 21 119 8 11,272

Persons 74,825 600 84 510 78 76,097

Farasan

Housing Units 2,523 7 21 7 5 2,563

Households 2,535 7 21 7 5 2,575

Persons 17,284 39 113 44 46 17,526

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

128

Region Govenorate Units SOURCE OF ELECTRICITY

Public Station Private Station Private Generator Non- Existent Other Total

Addair

Housing Units 7,472 47 273 443 11 8,246

Households 7,541 47 277 468 11 8,344

Persons 52,429 353 2,103 3,195 86 58,166

Ahad Almasarihah

Housing Units 14,848 177 70 363 28 15,486

Households 14,923 177 70 363 28 15,561

Persons 105,498 1,094 310 1,947 160 109,009

Alaydabi

Housing Units 6,378 202 1,157 470 4 8,211

Households 6,402 202 1,163 470 4 8,241

Persons 48,064 1,502 8,401 2,800 21 60,788

Alaridah

Housing Units 9,246 64 180 300 77 9,867

Households 9,339 65 182 300 77 9,963

Persons 71,020 472 1,550 2,167 688 75,897

Addarb

Housing Units 9,395 196 38 326 1 9,956

Households 9,439 196 38 326 1 10,000

Persons 62,958 1,481 182 1,529 4 66,154

Total

Housing Units 190,569 1,501 2,849 4,283 423 199,625

Households 191,468 1,503 2,872 4,317 423 200,583

Persons 1,275,918 10,158 19,200 24,059 2,927 1,332,262

Najran

Housing Units 56,386 242 122 115 7 56,872

Households 56,468 242 122 115 7 56,954

Persons 321,461 1,303 762 183 23 323,732

Sharurah

Housing Units 12,367 108 115 291 248 13,129

Households 12,367 108 115 291 248 13,129

Persons 79,249 699 647 1,939 1,915 84,449

Hubuna

Housing Units 3,614 12 4 8 - 3,638

Households 3,614 12 4 8 - 3,638

Persons 19,929 79 23 21 - 20,052

Badr Aljanub

Housing Units 1,944 11 31 5 1 1,992

Households 1,944 11 31 5 1 1,992

Persons 10,874 75 152 41 8 11,150

Yadamah

Housing Units 2,572 22 76 236 2 2,908

Households 2,572 22 76 236 2 2,908

Persons 14,653 129 356 1,309 13 16,460

Thar

Housing Units 2,423 21 30 132 2 2,608

Households 2,423 21 30 132 2 2,608

Persons 14,433 113 203 738 15 15,502

Khubash

Housing Units 3,524 37 99 37 1 3,698

Households 3,524 37 99 37 1 3,698

Persons 20,435 279 632 229 7 21,582

Alkhirkhir

Housing Units 395 2 2 106 - 505

Households 395 2 2 106 - 505

Persons 2,932 19 9 726 - 3,686

ANNEX A: STATISTICAL ANNEX TABLES

129

Region Govenorate Units SOURCE OF ELECTRICITY

Public Station Private Station Private Generator Non- Existent Other Total

Total

Housing Units 83,225 455 479 930 261 85,350

Households 83,307 455 479 930 261 85,432

Persons 483,966 2,696 2,784 5,186 1,981 496,613

Al-Baha

Albaha

Housing Units 18,452 59 13 7 2 18,533

Households 18,519 59 13 7 2 18,600

Persons 100,882 320 56 12 6 101,276

Biljurashi

Housing Units 12,394 62 141 89 9 12,695

Households 12,488 62 141 89 9 12,789

Persons 62,792 309 778 351 29 64,259

Almandag

Housing Units 8,777 52 20 14 2 8,865

Households 8,814 52 20 14 2 8,902

Persons 46,869 258 62 33 2 47,224

Almukhwah

Housing Units 12,180 54 102 245 1 12,582

Households 12,185 54 102 245 1 12,587

Persons 68,191 284 434 1,259 3 70,171

Alaqiq

Housing Units 6,010 19 159 139 1 6,328

Households 6,041 19 159 139 1 6,359

Persons 33,385 107 695 590 1 34,778

Qilwah

Housing Units 9,793 41 36 102 1 9,973

Households 9,793 41 36 102 1 9,973

Persons 57,090 248 179 369 9 57,895

Alqari

Housing Units 6,094 33 24 74 26 6,251

Households 6,123 33 24 74 26 6,280

Persons 30,515 189 120 240 57 31,121

Total

Housing Units 73,700 320 495 670 42 75,227

Households 73,963 320 495 670 42 75,490

Persons 399,724 1,715 2,324 2,854 107 406,724

Al-Jouf

Sakaka

Housing Units 36,642 568 704 295 9 38,218

Households 36,786 568 704 295 9 38,362

Persons 230,583 2,183 2,232 710 40 235,748

Alquryyat

Housing Units 22,903 257 146 113 43 23,462

Households 23,003 257 146 113 43 23,562

Persons 141,798 1,460 256 318 110 143,942

Dawmat Aljandeal

Housing Units 8,018 25 163 44 246 8,496

Households 8,024 25 163 44 246 8,502

Persons 46,631 135 380 169 1,261 48,576

Total

Housing Units 67,563 850 1,013 452 298 70,176

Households 67,813 850 1,013 452 298 70,426

Persons 419,012 3,778 2,868 1,197 1,411 428,266

Source: The General Population and Housing Census 2010, General Authority for Statistics (GASTAT)

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

130

TABLE 7: TYPE OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL

HOUSING UNITS ( OCCUPIED WITH HOUSEHOLDS ), HOUSEHOLDS AND INDIVIDUALS BY GOVERNORATE AND TYPE OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL

Region Govenorate Units TYPE OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL

Public sewage Ditch Private Sewage Other Total

Riyadh

Housing Units 621,947 227,155 6,047 2,697 857,846

Households 622,047 227,169 6,047 2,697 857,960

Persons 3,615,630 1,353,521 30,559 8,176 5,007,886

Addiriyah

Housing Units 7,203 7,006 67 12 14,288

Households 7,203 7,006 67 12 14,288

Persons 38,062 31,763 199 20 70,044

Alkharj

Housing Units 35,733 34,252 814 790 71,589

Households 35,733 34,252 814 790 71,589

Persons 196,418 168,100 2,213 1,723 368,454

Adduwadimi

Housing Units 4,576 37,080 129 1,403 43,188

Households 4,576 37,080 129 1,403 43,188

Persons 26,384 185,393 448 3,041 215,266

Almajmaah

Housing Units 6,297 17,816 113 886 25,112

Households 6,297 17,816 113 886 25,112

Persons 33,966 93,953 401 2,178 130,498

Alquwayiyah

Housing Units 1,122 25,161 51 1,462 27,796

Households 1,122 25,161 51 1,462 27,796

Persons 5,610 115,781 154 3,993 125,538

Wadi Addawasir

Housing Units 1,163 17,351 340 949 19,803

Households 1,163 17,351 340 949 19,803

Persons 7,529 92,318 1,614 2,963 104,424

Alaflaj

Housing Units 974 12,274 - 116 13,364

Households 974 12,274 - 116 13,364

Persons 5,279 62,933 - 291 68,503

Azzulfi

Housing Units 664 11,839 - 164 12,667

Households 664 11,839 - 164 12,667

Persons 4,671 64,038 - 352 69,061

Shagra

Housing Units 2,417 5,673 12 313 8,415

Households 2,417 5,673 12 313 8,415

Persons 11,694 26,481 48 1,063 39,286

Hawtat Bani Tamim

Housing Units 526 7,227 1 240 7,994

Households 526 7,227 1 240 7,994

Persons 3,335 39,015 4 829 43,183

Afif

Housing Units 889 12,129 32 598 13,648

Households 889 12,129 32 598 13,648

Persons 5,477 70,269 71 2,311 78,128

ASSulayyil

Housing Units 710 5,808 18 123 6,659

Households 710 5,808 18 123 6,659

Persons 4,056 31,534 42 405 36,037

Duruma

Housing Units 561 5,444 29 206 6,240

Households 561 5,444 29 206 6,240

Persons 1,731 20,199 109 383 22,422

ANNEX A: STATISTICAL ANNEX TABLES

131

Region Govenorate Units TYPE OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL

Public sewage Ditch Private Sewage Other Total

Almuzahimiyah

Housing Units 579 7,681 72 159 8,491

Households 579 7,681 72 159 8,491

Persons 2,614 35,455 275 252 38,596

Rumah

Housing Units 689 3,902 6 457 5,054

Households 689 3,902 6 457 5,054

Persons 3,902 23,255 52 554 27,763

Thadiq

Housing Units 236 3,604 28 67 3,935

Households 236 3,604 28 67 3,935

Persons 902 15,592 132 177 16,803

Huraymila

Housing Units 519 3,213 42 20 3,794

Households 519 3,213 42 20 3,794

Persons 2,050 12,770 89 24 14,933

Alhariq

Housing Units 404 2,630 24 8 3,066

Households 404 2,630 24 8 3,066

Persons 2,416 12,148 102 45 14,711

Alghat

Housing Units 183 2,510 12 109 2,814

Households 183 2,510 12 109 2,814

Persons 1,036 12,662 48 227 13,973

Total

Housing Units 687,392 449,755 7,837 10,779 1,155,763

Households 687,492 449,769 7,837 10,779 1,155,877

Persons 3,972,762 2,467,180 36,560 29,007 6,505,509

Makkah

Makah Mokaramah

Housing Units 199,926 88,635 1,978 1,024 291,563

Households 199,936 88,647 1,978 1,024 291,585

Persons 1,099,222 489,519 12,093 3,032 1,603,866

Jiddah

Housing Units 325,401 371,255 5,242 657 702,555

Households 325,428 371,278 5,243 657 702,606

Persons 1,490,894 1,785,361 24,753 2,499 3,303,507

Attaif

Housing Units 87,086 87,263 720 2,702 177,771

Households 87,086 87,263 720 2,702 177,771

Persons 501,054 460,929 4,006 8,634 974,623

Alqunfidhah

Housing Units 2,976 50,145 288 778 54,187

Households 2,976 50,145 288 778 54,187

Persons 14,801 253,155 1,358 1,678 270,992

Allith

Housing Units 637 22,244 429 657 23,967

Households 637 22,244 429 657 23,967

Persons 4,003 118,792 1,810 2,736 127,341

Rablgh

Housing Units 1,698 16,223 487 209 18,617

Households 1,698 16,223 487 209 18,617

Persons 6,916 71,933 1,681 597 81,127

Aljumum

Housing Units 639 16,831 76 757 18,303

Households 639 16,831 76 757 18,303

Persons 3,534 84,216 241 2,602 90,593

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

132

Region Govenorate Units TYPE OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL

Public sewage Ditch Private Sewage Other Total

Khulays

Housing Units 806 10,632 48 362 11,848

Households 806 10,632 48 362 11,848

Persons 3,881 51,513 227 756 56,377

Alkamil

Housing Units 212 4,514 9 161 4,896

Households 212 4,514 9 161 4,896

Persons 1,079 20,026 33 256 21,394

Alkhurmah

Housing Units 316 7,352 85 346 8,099

Households 316 7,352 85 346 8,099

Persons 2,158 38,583 246 1,226 42,213

Ranyah

Housing Units 786 7,074 17 349 8,226

Households 786 7,074 17 349 8,226

Persons 4,197 40,465 97 1,748 46,507

Turubah

Housing Units 315 7,831 19 643 8,808

Households 315 7,831 19 643 8,808

Persons 1,482 39,973 62 2,540 44,057

Total

Housing Units 620,798 689,999 9,398 8,645 1,328,840

Households 620,835 690,034 9,399 8,645 1,328,913

Persons 3,133,221 3,454,465 46,607 28,304 6,662,597

Madinah

Madinah Monawrah

Housing Units 129,526 68,620 470 1,014 199,630

Households 129,526 68,709 470 1,014 199,719

Persons 728,136 379,223 2,252 4,355 1,113,966

Yanbu Albahar

Housing Units 18,077 34,339 409 586 53,411

Households 18,077 34,339 409 586 53,411

Persons 94,174 184,757 2,011 3,164 284,106

Alula

Housing Units 864 11,406 106 360 12,736

Households 864 11,406 106 360 12,736

Persons 4,911 56,769 473 1,629 63,782

Almahd

Housing Units 523 10,790 210 338 11,861

Households 523 10,790 210 338 11,861

Persons 2,780 57,296 678 1,008 61,762

Badr

Housing Units 705 11,647 60 123 12,535

Households 705 11,647 60 123 12,535

Persons 3,747 59,173 321 462 63,703

Khaybar Housing Units 645 6,898 11 430 7,984

Households 645 6,898 11 430 7,984

Alhinakiyah

Housing Units 531 9,660 21 802 11,014

Households 531 9,695 21 802 11,049

Persons 2,296 53,240 91 3,776 59,403

Total

Housing Units 150,871 153,360 1,287 3,653 309,171

Households 150,871 153,484 1,287 3,653 309,295

Persons 839,714 832,712 5,903 16,420 1,694,749

ANNEX A: STATISTICAL ANNEX TABLES

133

Region Govenorate Units TYPE OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL

Public sewage Ditch Private Sewage Other Total

Qaseem

Buraydah

Housing Units 59,178 40,946 291 805 101,220

Households 59,240 40,963 291 814 101,308

Persons 360,403 233,454 1,492 3,244 598,593

Unayzah

Housing Units 20,096 7,121 101 141 27,459

Households 20,109 7,121 101 141 27,472

Persons 119,650 39,076 342 218 159,286

Arrass

Housing Units 12,988 8,759 65 381 22,193

Households 12,988 8,759 65 381 22,193

Persons 80,814 50,069 262 1,141 132,286

Almidhnab

Housing Units 2,426 5,378 62 197 8,063

Households 2,426 5,378 62 197 8,063

Persons 12,350 29,190 295 423 42,258

Albukayriyah

Housing Units 2,611 6,871 34 167 9,683

Households 2,611 6,871 34 167 9,683

Persons 16,789 37,151 196 845 54,981

Albadai

Housing Units 3,071 6,186 23 52 9,332

Households 3,071 6,186 23 52 9,332

Persons 20,718 33,615 109 158 54,600

Alasyah

Housing Units 346 3,674 9 193 4,222

Households 346 3,674 9 193 4,222

Persons 1,897 23,349 60 626 25,932

Annabhaniyah

Housing Units 435 7,163 62 280 7,940

Households 435 7,163 62 280 7,940

Persons 2,467 42,601 387 1,438 46,893

Uyun Aljiwa

Housing Units 483 3,680 19 363 4,545

Households 483 3,680 19 363 4,545

Persons 2,405 20,163 91 1,172 23,831

Riyadh Alkhabra

Housing Units 1,091 5,030 24 13 6,158

Households 1,091 5,030 24 13 6,158

Persons 7,280 27,662 157 21 35,120

Ashshimasiyah

Housing Units 236 1,396 - 126 1,758

Households 236 1,396 - 126 1,758

Persons 1,412 8,581 - 592 10,585

Total

Housing Units 102,961 96,204 690 2,718 202,573

Households 103,036 96,221 690 2,727 202,674

Persons 626,185 544,911 3,391 9,878 1,184,365

Eastern

Addammam

Housing Units 133,483 15,259 330 29 149,101

Households 133,501 15,263 330 29 149,123

Persons 765,591 84,845 1,646 154 852,236

Alahsa

Housing Units 116,582 35,227 655 656 153,120

Households 116,598 35,228 655 656 153,137

Persons 805,392 211,280 2,591 2,439 1,021,702

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

134

Region Govenorate Units TYPE OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL

Public sewage Ditch Private Sewage Other Total

Hafr Albatin

Housing Units 13,152 42,595 311 496 56,554

Households 13,152 42,595 311 496 56,554

Persons 90,623 287,774 2,297 1,407 382,101

Aljubayl

Housing Units 42,056 4,520 270 1,984 48,830

Households 42,079 4,521 270 1,984 48,854

Persons 236,731 13,469 980 10,764 261,944

Alqatif

Housing Units 65,914 11,293 243 187 77,637

Households 65,914 11,293 243 187 77,637

Persons 433,367 71,137 1,232 591 506,327

Alkhubar

Housing Units 87,384 7,137 2,248 40 96,809

Households 87,389 7,143 2,248 40 96,820

Persons 482,288 44,829 6,717 139 533,973

Alkhafji

Housing Units 6,618 3,707 41 86 10,452

Households 6,618 3,707 41 86 10,452

Persons 44,993 21,725 217 114 67,049

Ras Tannurah

Housing Units 6,862 544 319 2 7,727

Households 6,862 544 319 2 7,727

Persons 44,232 3,040 383 24 47,679

Buqayq

Housing Units 5,122 2,645 31 49 7,847

Households 5,122 2,645 31 49 7,847

Persons 33,445 17,729 254 49 51,477

Annuayriyah

Housing Units 1,456 5,801 73 38 7,368

Households 1,456 5,801 73 38 7,368

Persons 9,831 40,136 288 95 50,350

Qaryah Alulya

Housing Units 420 3,296 17 107 3,840

Households 420 3,296 17 107 3,840

Persons 2,632 21,845 119 339 24,935

Total

Housing Units 479,049 132,024 4,538 3,674 619,285

Households 479,111 132,036 4,538 3,674 619,359

Persons 2,949,125 817,809 16,724 16,115 3,799,773

Aseer

Abha

Housing Units 29,122 36,992 214 413 66,741

Households 29,124 37,034 214 413 66,785

Persons 160,475 193,582 1,048 1,820 356,925

Khamis Mushayt

Housing Units 46,921 40,505 493 760 88,679

Households 46,923 40,631 493 760 88,807

Persons 271,322 233,109 1,467 3,150 509,048

Bishah

Housing Units 3,687 31,994 365 1,332 37,378

Households 3,687 31,994 365 1,332 37,378

Persons 22,608 174,843 1,281 6,208 204,940

Annamas

Housing Units 442 9,822 46 89 10,399

Households 442 9,822 46 89 10,399

Persons 2,801 50,525 282 195 53,803

ANNEX A: STATISTICAL ANNEX TABLES

135

Region Govenorate Units TYPE OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL

Public sewage Ditch Private Sewage Other Total

Muhayil

Housing Units 2,947 35,412 134 502 38,995

Households 2,947 35,412 134 502 38,995

Persons 16,558 210,139 854 2,736 230,287

Sarat Abidah

Housing Units 615 9,976 91 296 10,978

Households 615 10,012 91 296 11,014

Persons 3,987 60,507 404 1,898 66,796

Tathlith

Housing Units 251 8,592 22 728 9,593

Households 251 8,592 22 728 9,593

Persons 1,729 52,238 138 5,145 59,250

Rijal Alma

Housing Units 488 10,746 69 87 11,390

Households 488 10,746 69 87 11,390

Persons 2,601 61,850 306 247 65,004

Ahad Rufaydah

Housing Units 1,175 18,277 82 220 19,754

Households 1,175 18,302 82 220 19,779

Persons 7,437 102,805 392 1,063 111,697

Zahran Aljanub

Housing Units 651 9,247 32 85 10,015

Households 651 9,247 32 85 10,015

Persons 4,542 57,335 249 508 62,634

Balqarn

Housing Units 676 12,322 53 295 13,346

Households 676 12,322 53 295 13,346

Persons 4,666 67,714 324 1,097 73,801

Almajardah

Housing Units 892 17,727 69 109 18,797

Households 892 17,727 69 109 18,797

Persons 4,643 97,736 354 318 103,051

Total

Housing Units 87,867 241,612 1,670 4,916 336,065

Households 87,871 241,841 1,670 4,916 336,298

Persons 503,369 1,362,383 7,099 24,385 1,897,236

Tabouk

Tabuk

Housing Units 67,294 25,481 474 295 93,544

Households 67,314 25,522 474 295 93,605

Persons 409,042 144,835 1,420 1,535 556,832

Alwajh

Housing Units 612 7,133 39 173 7,957

Households 612 7,133 39 173 7,957

Persons 3,450 39,276 191 986 43,903

Duba

Housing Units 1,150 8,079 164 319 9,712

Households 1,150 8,079 164 319 9,712

Persons 6,384 42,644 709 1,907 51,644

Tayma

Housing Units 883 5,299 19 201 6,402

Households 883 5,299 19 201 6,402

Persons 5,637 29,588 34 843 36,102

Umluj

Housing Units 831 9,654 81 291 10,857

Households 831 9,654 81 291 10,857

Persons 5,509 53,776 343 1,690 61,318

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

136

Region Govenorate Units TYPE OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL

Public sewage Ditch Private Sewage Other Total

Haqil

Housing Units 1,289 3,279 24 92 4,684

Households 1,289 3,279 24 92 4,684

Persons 8,839 18,423 82 537 27,881

Total

Housing Units 72,059 58,925 801 1,371 133,156

Households 72,079 58,966 801 1,371 133,217

Persons 438,861 328,542 2,779 7,498 777,680

Hail

Housing Units 8,362 52,293 368 1,240 62,263

Households 8,390 52,645 368 1,240 62,643

Persons 59,878 337,043 1,812 7,082 405,815

Baqa

Housing Units 680 5,981 41 117 6,819

Households 680 6,004 41 117 6,842

Persons 4,444 34,545 168 545 39,702

Alghazalah

Housing Units 960 15,080 44 592 16,676

Households 960 15,110 44 592 16,706

Persons 6,237 92,827 269 4,115 103,448

Ashshinan

Housing Units 683 7,511 162 109 8,465

Households 683 7,511 162 109 8,465

Persons 4,227 38,753 651 712 44,343

Total

Housing Units 10,685 80,865 615 2,058 94,223

Households 10,713 81,270 615 2,058 94,656

Persons 74,786 503,168 2,900 12,454 593,308

Northern

Arar

Housing Units 7,393 17,241 184 288 25,106

Households 7,405 17,311 185 289 25,190

Persons 50,730 132,961 1,058 603 185,352

Rafha

Housing Units 1,082 9,924 73 284 11,363

Households 1,086 10,015 75 284 11,460

Persons 6,955 69,764 422 1,125 78,266

Turayf

Housing Units 376 5,526 177 160 6,239

Households 378 5,542 177 160 6,257

Persons 2,747 43,816 884 408 47,855

Total

Housing Units 8,851 32,691 434 732 42,708

Households 8,869 32,868 437 733 42,907

Persons 60,432 246,541 2,364 2,136 311,473

Jazan

Housing Units 6,256 18,016 150 104 24,526

Households 6,295 18,036 150 104 24,585

Persons 40,289 107,414 795 625 149,123

Sabya

Housing Units 3,370 30,991 315 476 35,152

Households 3,375 31,170 315 477 35,337

Persons 25,133 195,514 2,059 2,232 224,938

Abu Arish

Housing Units 2,498 26,906 159 128 29,691

Households 2,554 26,936 159 128 29,777

Persons 16,416 175,937 812 430 193,595

ANNEX A: STATISTICAL ANNEX TABLES

137

Region Govenorate Units TYPE OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL

Public sewage Ditch Private Sewage Other Total

Samtah

Housing Units 1,542 26,626 197 583 28,948

Households 1,544 26,738 198 583 29,063

Persons 11,040 181,790 1,372 3,485 197,687

Alharth

Housing Units 115 2,367 4 20 2,506

Households 129 2,377 4 20 2,530

Persons 1,009 11,986 23 150 13,168

Damad

Housing Units 904 9,610 29 242 10,785

Households 913 9,657 29 242 10,841

Persons 5,835 63,790 221 1,382 71,228

Arrayth

Housing Units 153 2,324 4 - 2,481

Households 153 2,337 4 - 2,494

Persons 1,074 17,781 31 - 18,886

Baysh

Housing Units 887 10,210 33 77 11,207

Households 888 10,274 33 77 11,272

Persons 6,639 68,895 236 327 76,097

Farasan

Housing Units 253 2,300 6 4 2,563

Households 254 2,311 6 4 2,575

Persons 1,961 15,498 30 37 17,526

Addair

Housing Units 295 7,798 52 101 8,246

Households 296 7,894 53 101 8,344

Persons 2,473 54,676 365 652 58,166

Ahad Almasarihah

Housing Units 1,439 13,834 48 165 15,486

Households 1,502 13,846 48 165 15,561

Persons 11,246 96,696 320 747 109,009

Alaydabi

Housing Units 560 7,309 58 284 8,211

Households 560 7,339 58 284 8,241

Persons 4,102 54,554 435 1,697 60,788

Alaridah

Housing Units 869 8,696 36 266 9,867

Households 876 8,785 36 266 9,963

Persons 6,817 66,859 301 1,920 75,897

Addarb

Housing Units 803 8,885 102 166 9,956

Households 803 8,929 102 166 10,000

Persons 5,698 58,865 585 1,006 66,154

Total

Housing Units 19,944 175,872 1,193 2,616 199,625

Households 20,142 176,629 1,195 2,617 200,583

Persons 139,732 1,170,255 7,585 14,690 1,332,262

Najran

Housing Units 2,672 53,269 842 89 56,872

Households 2,673 53,350 842 89 56,954

Persons 17,292 300,628 5,630 182 323,732

Sharurah

Housing Units 1,173 11,347 37 572 13,129

Households 1,173 11,347 37 572 13,129

Persons 7,411 72,669 215 4,154 84,449

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

138

Region Govenorate Units TYPE OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL

Public sewage Ditch Private Sewage Other Total

Hubuna

Housing Units 121 3,511 5 1 3,638

Households 121 3,511 5 1 3,638

Persons 756 19,260 35 1 20,052

Badr Aljanub

Housing Units 50 1,925 10 7 1,992

Households 50 1,925 10 7 1,992

Persons 305 10,767 49 29 11,150

Yadamah

Housing Units 120 2,756 5 27 2,908

Households 120 2,756 5 27 2,908

Persons 540 15,743 17 160 16,460

Thar

Housing Units 58 2,395 24 131 2,608

Households 58 2,395 24 131 2,608

Persons 335 14,285 153 729 15,502

Khubash

Housing Units 63 3,598 4 33 3,698

Households 63 3,598 4 33 3,698

Persons 387 20,944 15 236 21,582

Alkhirkhir

Housing Units 30 473 2 - 505

Households 30 473 2 - 505

Persons 185 3,492 9 - 3,686

Total

Housing Units 4,287 79,274 929 860 85,350

Households 4,288 79,355 929 860 85,432

Persons 27,211 457,788 6,123 5,491 496,613

Al-Baha

Albaha

Housing Units 665 17,801 60 7 18,533

Households 670 17,863 60 7 18,600

Persons 3,997 97,006 249 24 101,276

Biljurashi

Housing Units 428 12,127 30 110 12,695

Households 431 12,218 30 110 12,789

Persons 2,393 61,262 126 478 64,259

Almandag

Housing Units 424 8,404 20 17 8,865

Households 424 8,441 20 17 8,902

Persons 2,315 44,749 119 41 47,224

Almukhwah

Housing Units 485 11,971 28 98 12,582

Households 485 11,976 28 98 12,587

Persons 2,954 66,561 166 490 70,171

Alaqiq

Housing Units 220 5,970 30 108 6,328

Households 221 5,999 30 109 6,359

Persons 1,500 32,785 179 314 34,778

Qilwah

Housing Units 281 9,613 22 57 9,973

Households 281 9,613 22 57 9,973

Persons 1,732 55,776 127 260 57,895

Alqari

Housing Units 188 5,960 10 93 6,251

Households 193 5,984 10 93 6,280

Persons 950 29,867 43 261 31,121

ANNEX A: STATISTICAL ANNEX TABLES

139

Region Govenorate Units TYPE OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL

Public sewage Ditch Private Sewage Other Total

Total

Housing Units 2,691 71,846 200 490 75,227

Households 2,705 72,094 200 491 75,490

Persons 15,841 388,006 1,009 1,868 406,724

Al-Jouf

Sakaka

Housing Units 7,307 30,329 234 348 38,218

Households 7,310 30,469 235 348 38,362

Persons 44,675 188,461 1,255 1,357 235,748

Alquryyat

Housing Units 10,963 12,284 84 131 23,462

Households 11,001 12,346 84 131 23,562

Persons 70,082 73,103 530 227 143,942

Dawmat Aljandeal

Housing Units 807 7,413 12 264 8,496

Households 808 7,418 12 264 8,502

Persons 4,691 42,423 76 1,386 48,576

Total

Housing Units 19,077 50,026 330 743 70,176

Households 19,119 50,233 331 743 70,426

Persons 119,448 303,987 1,861 2,970 428,266

Source: The General Population and Housing Census 2010, General Authority for Statistics (GASTAT)

THE STATE OF SAUDI CITIES REPORT 2016

140

TABLE 8: SCHOOLING STAGE

POPULATION (3-30 YEARS) ENROLLED BY GOVNERNORATE AND SCHOOLLING STAGE

ENROLED BY SCHOOLING STAGE ENROLED BY SCHOOLING STAGE

Kindergarten Primary Inter mediate Secondary Dip.LTUniv. University Master/ High Dip. Ph. D. Total

Region Govenorate Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total

Riyadh Riyadh

Riyadh 29,508 26,561 56,069 322,207 296,769 618,976 322,207 141,059 306,880 171,761 152,375 324,136 40,616 7,881 48,497 111,225 127,073 238,298 3,014 2,424 5,438 194 136 330 844,346 754,278 1,598,624

addiriyah 323 312 635 4,840 4,170 9,010 4,840 2,291 4,415 2,013 1,867 3,880 404 91 495 2,527 1,762 4,289 20 14 34 - 1 1 12,251 10,508 22,759

Alkharj 1,203 1,234 2,437 26,189 24,359 50,548 26,189 13,506 25,581 11,382 9,053 20,435 2,717 514 3,231 5,477 8,874 14,351 44 35 79 5 1 6 59,092 57,576 116,668

Adduwadimi 309 381 690 15,275 14,400 29,675 15,275 8,631 15,939 7,155 6,053 13,208 1,363 225 1,588 3,312 6,788 10,100 16 10 26 2 - 2 34,740 36,488 71,228

Almajmaah 517 498 1,015 9,105 8,277 17,382 9,105 4,881 9,396 4,250 3,627 7,877 990 227 1,217 2,382 3,712 6,094 9 17 26 - - - 21,768 21,239 43,007

Alquwayiyah 218 211 429 9,960 8,622 18,582 9,960 4,772 9,124 3,996 2,982 6,978 676 196 872 1,543 2,834 4,377 17 6 23 1 1 2 20,763 19,624 40,387

Wadi Addawasir 306 298 604 7,153 6,777 13,930 7,153 3,991 7,523 3,159 2,153 5,312 851 69 920 2,044 2,887 4,931 10 3 13 2 - 2 17,057 16,178 33,235

Alaflaj 242 329 571 5,225 4,991 10,216 5,225 2,962 5,371 2,082 1,602 3,684 511 87 598 1,043 2,019 3,062 5 1 6 - - - 11,517 11,991 23,508

Azzulfi 323 366 689 4,665 4,554 9,219 4,665 2,775 5,186 2,422 1,760 4,182 590 87 677 1,852 2,190 4,042 47 9 56 3 - 3 12,313 11,741 24,054

Shagra 138 167 305 2,514 2,417 4,931 2,514 1,406 2,646 1,200 904 2,104 319 95 414 761 1,062 1,823 4 4 8 - - - 6,176 6,055 12,231

Hawtat Bani Tamim 194 201 395 3,053 3,019 6,072 3,053 1,725 3,196 1,388 999 2,387 370 94 464 953 1,153 2,106 13 3 16 - - - 7,442 7,194 14,636

Afif 104 142 246 5,931 5,969 11,900 5,931 3,648 6,677 2,737 2,104 4,841 397 25 422 977 2,748 3,725 2 4 6 1 - 1 13,178 14,640 27,818

ASSulayyil 158 172 330 2,592 2,294 4,886 2,592 1,308 2,439 1,021 879 1,900 238 14 252 525 1,049 1,574 3 - 3 - - - 5,668 5,716 11,384

Duruma 48 62 110 1,272 1,083 2,355 1,272 716 1,382 666 462 1,128 108 84 192 288 459 747 4 5 9 - - - 3,052 2,871 5,923

Almuzahimiyah 94 104 198 2,158 1,932 4,090 2,158 1,128 2,204 1,121 856 1,977 199 61 260 476 881 1,357 7 9 16 1 - 1 5,132 4,971 10,103

Rumah 21 32 53 1,624 1,319 2,943 1,624 1,050 1,998 855 693 1,548 149 22 171 315 572 887 2 1 3 - - - 3,914 3,689 7,603

Thadiq 112 101 213 1,137 929 2,066 1,137 617 1,182 544 419 963 116 59 175 295 364 659 5 4 9 - - - 2,774 2,493 7,929

Huraymila 67 59 126 858 666 1,524 858 419 886 378 331 709 73 22 95 273 330 603 9 2 11 1 - 1 2,126 1,829 6,014

Alhariq 53 52 105 1,006 858 1,864 1,006 522 995 390 335 725 80 24 104 201 372 573 1 1 2 - - - 2,204 2,164 6,519

Alghat 98 86 184 793 705 1,498 793 379 747 427 328 755 72 17 89 327 319 646 6 1 7 - - - 2,091 1,835 5,919

Total 34,036 31,368 65,404 427,557 394,110 821,667 427,557 197,786 413,767 218,947 189,782 408,729 50,839 9,894 60,733 136,796 167,448 304,244 3,238 2,553 5,791 210 139 349 1,087,604 993,080 2,089,549

Makkah Makkah

Makah Mokaramah 6,828 5,331 12,159 107,072 92,835 199,907 56,539 45,308 101,847 60,703 46,255 106,958 8,287 2,839 11,126 40,107 32,275 72,382 485 638 1,123 48 43 91 280,069 225,524 505,593

Jiddah 21,499 20,682 42,181 193,329 170,648 363,977 99,066 83,072 182,138 94,879 86,793 181,672 15,213 3,549 18,762 57,542 64,038 121,580 2,101 1,889 3,990 308 211 519 483,937 430,882 914,819

Attaif 3,298 3,192 6,490 66,870 63,368 130,238 31,071 31,445 62,516 37,647 28,853 66,500 2,787 966 3,753 14,866 22,582 37,448 178 180 358 19 8 27 156,736 150,594 307,330

Alqunfidhah 738 691 1,429 18,697 17,113 35,810 8,511 8,606 17,117 10,322 8,397 18,719 725 210 935 3,173 5,632 8,805 27 9 36 1 - 1 42,194 40,658 82,852

Allith 243 204 447 9,981 8,621 18,602 4,277 4,832 9,109 5,105 4,137 9,242 229 34 263 1,121 3,011 4,132 3 3 6 1 - 1 20,960 20,842 41,802

Rablgh 403 355 758 4,937 4,296 9,233 2,304 2,301 4,605 2,684 2,193 4,877 312 58 370 927 1,113 2,040 10 8 18 - - - 11,577 10,324 21,901

Aljumum 454 383 837 5,617 5,169 10,786 2,620 2,949 5,569 3,380 2,477 5,857 338 71 409 1,016 1,808 2,824 6 3 9 - - - 13,431 12,860 26,291

Khulays 352 336 688 3,698 3,145 6,843 1,698 2,001 3,699 2,135 1,630 3,765 155 59 214 709 1,330 2,039 15 12 27 1 - 1 8,763 8,513 17,276

Alkamil 55 61 116 1,497 1,248 2,745 734 810 1,544 877 678 1,555 26 7 33 349 404 753 1 5 6 - - - 3,539 3,213 6,752

Alkhurmah 118 139 257 2,719 2,481 5,200 1,431 1,497 2,928 1,656 1,338 2,994 52 47 99 553 1,115 1,668 8 3 11 - - - 6,537 6,620 13,157

Ranyah 111 76 187 3,298 3,058 6,356 1,541 1,646 3,187 1,665 1,405 3,070 42 53 95 480 960 1,440 4 1 5 - - - 7,141 7,199 14,340

Turubah 156 121 277 2,839 2,663 5,502 1,508 1,578 3,086 1,851 1,458 3,309 26 4 30 640 1,199 1,839 3 2 5 1 - 1 7,024 7,025 14,049

Total 34,255 31,571 65,826 420,554 374,645 795,199 211,300 186,045 397,345 222,904 185,614 408,518 28,192 7,897 36,089 121,483 135,467 256,950 2,841 2,753 5,594 379 262 641 1,041,908 924,254 1,966,162

ANNEX A: STATISTICAL ANNEX TABLES

141