SUBS research replies 2
Reply: Respond to at least 2 classmates' posts, adding substantive content to the research subtopic and using constructive feedback. Include the following in your reply:
· At least 2 peer-reviewed scholarly articles from the JLF Library. Weekly course materials may not be used in this assignment (i.e., textbooks, articles, videos, etc.).
· At least 2 multimedia sources from the internet from reputable sources (properly credited and referenced)
· Use of at least 2 Bloom’s Taxonomy skills included, and at least 1 use HOTS.
· Graduate level writing style (i.e., formal tone, proper grammar, sentence structure, paragraph style and length, and current APA writing format)
· Current APA format (i.e., citations, references, headings, person tense, writing style, etc.)
Reference Book: Inaba, D. S., & Cohen, W. E. (2014). Uppers, downers, all arounders: Physical and mental effects of psychoactive drugs (8th ed.). Medford, OR: CNS Productions, Inc. ISBN: 9780926544390.
Charles Post: Research Assignment – Module Two
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome – Pre and Post Natal Influences
Research shows that not only will there be contributing or compounding influences from alcohol consumption in-utero, but also a notably important set of contributing factors from post natal influences as well. As a result, societally vulnerable individuals – those of lower income levels, underperforming school environments and neighborhoods, or from broken homes – will potentially have exacerbated negative outcomes from Fetal Alcohol Syndrome scenarios. “When it comes to fetal alcohol syndrome, the most vulnerable in society bear the greatest burden of risk. This may be partly because fetal and child outcomes are affected by both fetal environment and postnatal environment. The severity of FASD effects is modulated by the stability and nurturing of the postnatal environment, which is associated with socioeconomic status and maternal education, as well as marital and employment status.” (Montag, 2016) This has value for treatment programs to not only identify at risk moms before, or during pregnancy, offering assistance to obtain abstinence during prenatal development, but also post-partum programs offering parenting education, and psycho-education on how to positively influence the developing child once they are born. Crouse Hospital in Syracuse, NY, has obtained a grant to fund a “Women of Worth” program, with pre and postnatal education of moms as the main goal. A brief mention of this program can be noted in the article found at https://cnycentral.com/news/local/crouse-health-about-to-get-opiod-fighting-designation. Personal knowledge of this program as a part of our service line where I work allows me to know that they provide “What to expect when…” parenting books, baby supplies (diapers, strollers, car seats, etc.), and specialized education for moms. In light of the evidence in the Montag research writing, it would be wise to see further development of programs that will help moms before, and also after the birth of a child, if they are active, or at risk for substance use. The Montag writing can be found at https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.liberty.edu/docview/2229936145?pq-origsite=summon.
The following are two info-graphics to aid with either review or understanding of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder details.
Alcohol and Alzheimer’s Disease
Research is being conducted on an ongoing basis to draw and learn more about correlates between alcohol dependence, and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). It is noted of Alzheimer’s that, “The number of people living with dementia worldwide today is estimated at 44 million, set to almost double by 2030 and triple by 2050.” (Venkataraman, Kalk, Sewell, Ritchie, & Lingford-Hughes, 2016) This has created a sense of heightened motivation to understand more about precipitation, prevention, and treatment. These writers talk about issues related to neuroinflamation, and neurodegeneration, both being results of alcohol dependence, and both seen consistently as present, and potentially causative in AD. In their work they show a common “mechanistic pathology,” and go on to assert, “If alcohol dependence and AD share a common mechanistic pathology, then treatment of any alcohol misuse or dependence to support cessation would be an important clinical consideration for those at risk of AD and in the treatment of patients with AD to provide a pivotal disease modifying strategy.” (Venkataraman, Kalk, Sewell, Ritchie, & Lingford-Hughes, 2016) As we continue to study the various diseases that are growing in such troubling numbers in our society, and we learn about the collateral causative issues, we are going to find a need for more creative and nuanced approaches to treating toward wellness. Advances in our knowledge with regard to issues like this will require robust amounts of research, and give hope that the staggering numbers of anticipated cases could be impacted by treatment approaches that address multiple aspects of a persons holistic wellness, and not just the isolated issues of one or another presentation. You can read more about this at https://academic.oup.com/alcalc/article/52/2/151/2631407.
See 3 brain images depicting the differences and similarities between a normal brain, and alcohol brain, and an Alzheimer’s brain.
Photo from https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh25-4/299-306.htm.
Adolescent Alcohol Exposure and Adulthood
“Numerous studies have found that adolescents are less sensitive to certain adverse effects of ethanol relative to adults, perhaps contributing to a propensity for adolescents to binge drink.” (Crews, Vetreno, Broadwater, & Robinson, 2016) When this is considered in the light of the fact that so much physiological and psychological change and adaptation are taking place during that timeframe, it is fair to question what long term impacts will be experienced into adulthood. The writers indicate that much of a young person’s development is done through what appears to be genetic programming, and changes that happen outside of the experiential. However, “Nutrition, alcohol exposure, and multiple other environmental factors are known to impact both prenatal and postnatal physical development.” They go on to say, “These highly plastic periods of sensory cortical maturation are referred to as critical periods of experience-dependent plasticity, and some of these critical periods occur during the adolescent age.” (Crews, Vetreno, Broadwater, & Robinson, 2016) They go on to express that their findings seem to verify that heavy episodes of adolescent alcohol consumption can have life-long consequences into adult cognition, which “increase risks of adult psychopathology, particularly for alcohol dependence.” With the seeming increase in creative ways for young people to access alcohol, and the provisions of sweet and exciting flavors to mask the danger signs of harsh alcohol, treatment and prevention needs to be more creative than the historical “Say No” campaigns, and needs to elevate awareness to teens in new and creative ways. More reading on this topic is available at https://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/68/4/1074.
References
Crews, F., Vetreno, R., Broadwater, M., & Robinson, D. (2016, October 01). Adolescent Alcohol Exposure Persistently Impacts Adult Neurobiology and Behavior. Retrieved November 05, 2020, from https://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/68/4/1074
Montag, A. C. (2016). Fetal alcohol-spectrum disorders: Identifying at-risk mothers. Retrieved November 05, 2020, from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.liberty.edu/docview/2229936145?pq-origsite=summon
Venkataraman, A., Kalk, N., Sewell, G., Ritchie, C., & Lingford-Hughes, A. (2016, December 21). Alcohol and Alzheimer's Disease-Does Alcohol Dependence Contribute to Beta-Amyloid Deposition, Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's Disease? Retrieved November 05, 2020, from https://academic.oup.com/alcalc/article/52/2/151/2631407
Makeeda post Underage alcohol consumption and popular brands
Underage alcohol consumption is a grave public health issue in the U.S because, by 2018, over 7.1 million American teenagers aged 12-20 years reported having consumed alcohol beyond a few sips. Though teenagers take alcohol less often than their adults, they drink more as 90% of them engage in binge drinking whereby males and females take five or more drinks at a given instance (NIAAA website). Below are charts showing alcohol consumption by underage males and females with the evidence indicating that as adolescents get older, they engage more in alcohol. The first chart shows alcohol consumption by boys, while the second chart highlights alcohol use by girls.
Charts from: NIAAA website
This underage alcohol consumption poses serious health and safety risks, including aggressive behavior, violence, injuries, and deaths (NIAAA website). To address the problem of underage alcohol consumption, the government should engage in comprehensive surveillance to pinpoint the causes and develop appropriate interventions. In a study published by Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research, Siegel et al. (2013) note that while national surveys of underage alcohol consumption have collected qualitative data on alcoholic beverages such as beer and wine; they have not collected data on the different alcohol brands used by the teenagers. Other published studies show that branding plays a critical role in alcohol advertising and marketing and is associated with the alcohol brands that teenagers identify with before they start drinking. For example, Roberts et al. (2016) in the survey of a sample of 1032 underage alcohol drinkers in the US aged 13-20 years from 2011 to 2013 found that most teenagers both boy and girls engaged in binge-drinking, which is taking more than five drinks in one occasion. Interestingly, Roberts et al. (2016) found that teenagers exhibit brand preferences in their binge drinking behavior. One point that emerges from Roberts et al. (2016) study is that alcohol marketing plays a critical role in the brand preferences of teenagers with early recognition of particular alcohol brands increasing the likelihood of teenagers using those brands.
Siegel et al. (2013) highlight the point that alcohol advertising influence drinking behaviors in children by influencing alcohol brands that underage consumption. The online survey of underage youth, aged 13-20 years found that the common alcoholic beverages among teenagers were beer 68.9%, spirits 68.7%, flavored alcoholic beverages 49.9%, and wine 31.6%. This shows that teenagers mostly prefer beer or other alcoholic beverage brands. In fact, Siegel et al. (2013) found that the most consumed alcohol brands by underage include bud light 27.7%, Smirnoff malt 17%, Budweiser 14.6%. Below is the chart showing the prevalence of different alcohol brands among the underage.
Chart from: Siegel et al. (2013)
The above information demonstrates that while alcohol consumption among teenagers spread across various brands, it is concentrated within a few alcohol brands. One reason associated with the teenage consumption of the relatively few alcohol brands is the young people's susceptibility to adverts or alcohol marketing programs. In a survey of 3890 7th-10th grade students exposure to alcohol marketing and alcohol use, Grenard et al. (2012) found that exposure to alcohol advert in the 7th-grade students increased the likelihood of alcohol use 1-6months after exposure after controlling external factors/covariates such as drinking by peers and adults, age, acculturation, and parents education. The alcohol problem grew in the observed students as they reached 10th grade (Grenard et al., 2013). In summary, the marketing of particular alcohol brands explains why underage drinking is concentrated in particular brands as Siegel et al study demonstrates. Therefore, alcohol intervention policies and programs should now target certain alcohol brands that appear popular to underage because of the exposure to marketing.
References
Grenard, J. L., Dent, C. W., & Stacy, A. W. (2013). Exposure to alcohol advertisements and teenage alcohol-related problems. Pediatrics, 131(2), 369-379. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-1480.
NIAAA website. Underage drinking. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Retrieved 4th Nov 2020 from https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/underage-drinking.
Roberts, S. P., Siegel, M. B., DeJong, W., Ross, C. S., Naimi, T., Albers, A., Skeers, M., Rosenbloom, D. L., & Jernigan, D. H. (2016). Brands matter: major findings from the alcohol brand research among underage drinkers (ABRAND) project. Addiction Research & Theory, 24(1), 32-39. doi:10.3109/16066359.2015.1051039.
Siegel, M., DeJong, W., Naimi, T. S., Fortunato, E. K., Albers, A. B., Heeren, T., Rosenbloom, D. L., Ross, C., Ostroff, J., Rodkin, S., King, C., Borzekowski, D. L. G., Rimal, R. N., Padon, A. A., Eck, R. H., & Jernigan, D. H. (2013). Brand specific consumption of alcohol among underage youth in the United States. Alcoholism Clinical & Experimental Research, 37(7), 1195-1203.doi:10.1111/acer.12084.