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ASCI 530 – Unmanned Systems
Research Project

Key Requirements and Considerations for Mitigating Security
Threats Due to the Proliferation of Unmanned Aircraft Systems

Student no. 2

  • This research project aims to explore a wide range of security threats presented by Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) to respective civilian and military entities as well as the potential consequences that could arise in case of negligence.
  • In recent years, there have been several examples of rogue UAS being utilized in malicious and irresponsible ways resulting in severe safety and financial related consequences including:

Disruptions at key airport hubs (LGW, LHR, DXB)

Other security threats arise in the form of terrorist attacks, cybersecurity breaches, illegal surveillance, reconnaissance, smuggling, and mid-air collisions

Summary

Are drones a national security threat?

Summary

  • Several studies have highlighted the threat posed due to the proliferation of UAS and the resulting security related risks to society.
  • While there are several piecemeal solutions available to counter the security risks posed by UAS, there is a lack of a harmonized framework that enable authorities and law enforcement to employ contingency plans which systematically mitigate these threats in the safest, most proactive and efficient manner.
  • In most cases, threats are identified too late and the risk for collateral damage is extremely high.

Problem Statement

UAS and Critical Infrastructure – Understanding the Risk

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Problem Statement

  • In recent years, several anonymous UAS security incidents have given state authorities some serious food for thought when it comes to the management and policing of rogue unmanned aircraft.
  • Related research and development has been mostly exploratory in nature
  • Underlying theme: focused on the steadily increasing number of security threats and the lack of a formalized contingency plan.

Significance of Issue

Related R&D

  • Several counter UAS measures consisting of various systems and sensors need to be seamlessly integrated in order to build a robust security framework that is capable of nullifying different types of threats (Selinger, 2019)
  • Militaries need to continue to dedicate resources in combating militant and espionage threats especially as non-state actors continue to refine their UAS capabilities (Sims, 2018)
  • Law makers continue to be plagued by a lack of a transparent and cohesive framework that addresses the security challenges posed by UAS from a legislative perspective (Lee, 2016)

Significance of Issue

Technological Advancements

  • Key to ensuring contingency plans are robust enough to respond to unforeseen security threats posed by UAS
  • Although several commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) solutions exist today, there are serious concerns regarding the risks surrounding them, most notably from a cybersecurity standpoint
  • Several solutions available today
  • Detection: GPS, radio-frequency, video, audio, thermal, radar
  • Control/Hijack: signal jamming, GPS spoofing, geofencing, UAS interceptors
  • Need to account for additional safety implications that arise from using these solutions and malicious third parties replicating technology for illegal purposes

Significance of Issue

  • Amendments to Current Regulatory Framework and Future Mandates
  • Regulators need to integrate UAS security related measures into current policy and regulations to offset domestic and international threats
  • Implement a framework that contains a mechanism for establishing a clear chain of command as well as a documented decision-making process and commitment of required resources will aid development of effective contingency plans that counter rogue UAS.
  • Rationalization of Anti-UAS Technological Solutions
  • A clear cost benefit analysis along with guidance would enable the most cost effective, efficient solution that creates the least number of unintended safety hazards to be selected
  • Risk-based approach to ensure thorough assessment of the consequences and threats at hand (e.g. cybersecurity)

Alternative Actions

  • Adopt hybrid approach that consists of a combination of the proposed alternative solutions
  • As UAS operations become increasingly globalized and sophisticated, it is paramount that security measures in place are harmonized and technological solutions are interoperable
  • Speed at which legislations can be passed are a concern
  • Build upon best practices, operational trials, lessons learned while fostering a collaborative decision-making environment that aids information management

Recommendation

  • Bhattacharjee, D. (2015, April 29). Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Counter Terrorism Operations. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314535499_Unmanned_Aerial_Vehicles_and_Counter_Terrorism_Operations.
  • Busset, J., Perrodin, F., Wellig, P., Ott, B., Heutschi, K., Rühl, T., & Nussbaumer, T. (2015, October 13). Detection and tracking of drones using advanced acoustic cameras. Retrieved from https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/9647/1/Detection-and-tracking-of-drones-using-advanced-acoustic-cameras/10.1117/12.2194309.short.
  • Card, B. (2014, November 12). The Commercialization of UAVs: How Terrorists Will Be Able to Utilize UAVs to Attack the United State. Retrieved from https://www.utep.edu/liberalarts/nssi/_Files/docs/Capstone projects1/Card_Commercialization-of-UAVs.pdf.
  • Defterios, J. (2019, September 15). Coordinated strikes knock out half of Saudi oil capacity, more than 5 million barrels a day. Retrieved from https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/14/business/saudi-oil-output-impacted-drone-attack/index.html.
  • Detrick, H. (2019, January 22). Gatwick's December Drone Closure Cost Airlines $64.5 million. Retrieved from https://fortune.com/2019/01/22/gatwick-drone-closure-cost/.
  • Dixon, D. (2017, August 1). Geofencing Stops Drones in Their Tracks. Retrieved from https://www.govtech.com/public-safety/Geofencing-Stops-Drones-in-Their-Tracks.html.

References

  • Humphreys, T. (2015, March 16). STATEMENT ON THE SECURITY THREAT POSED BY UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEMS AND POSSIBLE COUNTERMEASURES. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5452/8b7056e924a3cb368dc874fdc11a289d8edf.pdf.
  • International Air Transport Association. (2018). Key considerations when protecting manned aviation from drones. Key considerations when protecting manned aviation from drones. International Air Transport Association. Retrieved from https://www.iata.org/whatwedo/ops-infra/air-traffic-management/Documents/11%20June_Information%20IATA%20Position%20on%20%20Anti-Unmanned%20Aircraft%20System%20(Anti-UAS)%20Measures.pdf
  • Lampert, A. (2017, September 8). U.N. aviation agency to call for global drone registry. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-aviation-drones/u-n-aviation-agency-to-call-for-global-drone-registry-idUSKCN1BJ2CL.
  • Lee, B. (2016). Protection, profit, or privacy: Exploring strategic solutions for integrating unmanned aerial systems (UAS) and the delicate balance between commercial opportunity and public safety. Homeland Security Affairs,
  • Petritoli, E., Leccese, F., & Ciani, L. (2018, September 19). Reliability and Maintenance Analysis of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6165073/.
  • Rani, C., Modares, H., Sriram, R., Mikulski, D., & Lewis, F. L. (2016). Security of unmanned aerial vehicle systems against cyber-physical attacks. The Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation, 13(3), 331–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548512915617252

References

  • Sathyamoorthy, D. (2015). A REVIEW OF SECURITY THREATS OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES AND MITIGATION STEPS. The Journal of Defense and Security, 6(1), 81-II. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/docview/1768942810?accountid=27203
  • Selinger, M. (May 2019). COUNTERDRONE CHALLENGES. Aerospace America. Retrieved from https://advance-lexis-com.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/api/document?collection=news&id=urn:contentItem:5W63-XFJ1-DYRW-V4FB-00000-00&context=1516831.
  • Sims, A. (2018). The rising drone threat from terrorists. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 19, 97. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/docview/2164974307?accountid=27203
  • Solodov, A., Williams, A., Hanaei, S. A., & Goddard, B. (2018). Analyzing the threat of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) to nuclear facilities. Security Journal, 31(1), 305-324. doi: http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/10.1057/s41284-017-0102-5
  • Wiesbeck, W. (2015, June 17). Unmanned Aerial Vehicles – UAV, Drones Detection, Tracking, Control. Retrieved from http://www.terjin.com/dl/summit/Summit2015_10Wiesbeck.pdf.

References