ORGANX project
Running head: AN ANALYSIS OF TRENDS AND CAUSES OF HEALTH DISPARITIES 1
AN ANALYSIS OF TRENDS AND CAUSES OF HEALTH DISPARITIES 8
AN ANALYSIS OF TRENDS AND CAUSES OF HEALTH DISPARITIES
Ayaa Mahdi
09/19/2020
In this case study, we will analyze the effects of diabetes in different age groups. Diabetes is a metabolic condition that makes the sugar levels to increase. Insulin plays a vital role in moving sugar from the blood to the cells to be used or stored for energy. When one is diabetic, their body does not make enough insulin. Besides, the disease can make the body not to use insulin effectively. When diabetes is not treated at an early stage, it can damage several parts of the body, including the kidneys, nerves and eyes. There are four main types of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, prediabetes and gestational diabetes.
If someone has type 1 diabetes, their body will not make insulin. The cells in the pancreases responsible for making insulin are attacked and destroyed by the immune system. This disease is mainly common in children and young adults; however, it can be diagnosed in people of any age. People struggling with type 1 diabetes need to be injected with insulin every day to increase their chances of survival. Type 2 diabetes, on the other hand, makes the body have difficulties in making or using insulin in the best way possible. Anyone can develop this disease. However, it is common in middle-aged and older people. When compared to type 1, type 2 diabetes is the most common.
Another type of diabetes which affects a specific gender is gestational diabetes. It mainly develops in women when they are expectant. However, once the baby is born, it disappears. It is worth noting that the chances of women developing type 2 diabetes is high when they have gestational diabetes. To prevent the chances of pregnant women developing type2 diabetes later on in life, doctors must check the sign of the condition at an early stage. Prediabetes, also referred to as borderline diabetes occurs when the blood sugar level ranges from 100 to 125 milligrams per deciliter.
Though diabetes is common among people, there are differences in the effects of the condition in different population groups. Population groups differ by ethnicity, age, cultural characteristics and ethnicity. The focus here is on the effects of diabetes on four population groups, including diabetes in African American youth, diabetes among the elderly population, and diabetes among white-low income earners and diabetes among nonpoor whites.
Diabetes in African American Youth
The prevalence of type 1 diabetes among African American youth aged 0-9 years was 0.57, and that of aged 10-19 was 2.04. Among African American youth aged 0–9 years, annual type 1 diabetes incidence (per 100,000) was 15.7 and for those aged 10–19 years 15.7 (Mayer-Davis et al., 2009) On the other hand, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes among African American youth aged 10-19 years was 1.06. The finding also showed that almost sixty percent of Africa American youth struggling with type 2 diabetes had an annual household income of less than twenty-five thousand dollars
Diabetes among Elderly Population
In the US, more than 25% of people aged sixty-five years have diabetes. Many times, the burden of diabetes is described according to the impact on working-age adults. Diabetes in older people is known to have higher mortality and reducing functional status. Though diabetes has the highest prevalence rate among the elderly, older persons are not included in the random controlled series of treatments. Older people with diabetes are known to have the highest rate of extreme amputation and visual impairment.
Diabetes among White-Low Income earners
Race poverty plays a major role in the prevalence of diabetes. The chances of having diabetes are higher for blacks than in whites. Poverty level increases the odds of having diabetes for whites and blacks. White-low income earners live in a poor neighborhood which also increases their odds of having diabetes. High levels of diabetes are relative to lack of neighborhood resources that are vital in healthy nutrition and physical activity. Poor housing conditions are also linked to prevalence in diabetes.
Diabetes among Nonpoor Whites
Nonpoor whites have lower rates of diabetes than poor whites. It is also worth noting that nonpoor whites in poor and nonpoor regions seem to have the same rates of diabetes. Poor whites living in nonpoor neighborhoods had a lower diabetes rate of 0.121, whereas the rate for poor whites residing in poor neighborhoods is the highest at 0.15. (Poulsen & Pachana, 2011).
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Estimated Odds Ratios of Having Diabetes with Control for the Nexus of Poverty–Place and Race–Poverty |
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CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio; SCHIP = state children’s health insurance program. The models controlled for age and quadratic age, which were significant predictors (P < .001).
*P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001.
Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5657647/ Disparities in Diabetes: The Nexus of Race, Poverty, and Place
h.2013.301420
The outcomes from the poverty place models tried whether chances of having diabetes were identified with grown-ups' destitution status comparative with their local's destitution focus. We found that helpless grown-ups in nonpoor and helpless neighborhoods had more noteworthy chances of having diabetes than nonpoor grown-ups in nonpoor neighborhoods. The chances of having diabetes for helpless grown-ups in helpless neighborhoods were higher than for helpless grown-ups in nonpoor neighborhoods. Likewise, individual race was critical in this model. The chances of having diabetes were 1.59 times more noteworthy for Blacks than for Whites. The outcomes from the neediness place models tried whether chances of having diabetes were identified with grown-ups' destitution status comparative with their local's destitution fixation. We found that poor grown-ups in nonpoor and helpless neighborhoods had more noteworthy chances of having diabetes than nonpoor grown-ups in nonpoor neighborhoods. The chances of having diabetes for helpless grown-ups in helpless neighborhoods were higher than for helpless grown-ups in nonpoor neighborhoods (1.98 versus 1.67). Likewise, a singular race was huge in this model. The chances of having diabetes were 1.59 times more prominent for Blacks than for Whites. (Gaskin et al., 2014).
Poor Black neighborhoods may add to higher diabetes pervasiveness due to the diminished accessibility of good food and restricted walkability. These areas have restricted admittance to a market or huge supermarket. Poor Black neighborhoods were farther from general stores than poor White neighborhoods. Chain stores were half as liable to be situated in overwhelmingly Black neighborhoods as in transcendently White neighborhoods.
The higher rate of diabetes prevalence among Blacks in Black neighborhoods observed in the bivariate analysis did not persist in the multivariable models. The observed bivariate association was probably because of the preponderance of poor Blacks living in poor Black neighborhoods, rather than the neighborhood’s racial composition. Hence, the community-level risk factors that elevate diabetes risk are associated with problems of concentrated poverty in minority communities
A developing number of health plans are attempting to deal with their diabetes population through in-house illness the executives’ programs, to improve health results and diminish the populace's danger of creating genuine long-haul confusions. Although health plans are a significant adopter of infection the executive’s programs, different hotspots for the board incorporate businesses, privately owned businesses, and emergency clinic and network-based facilities.
Medical care facilities focus on youngsters and grown-ups who were in danger for diabetes to keep up or bring down their weight record. The experts comprise of wellbeing instructors and enrolled dietitians, shows families the advantages of an even eating routine and the significance of activity through intuitive instructive workshops, for example, hands-on cooking exhibits and outings to the grocery store. The group stresses long haul way of life changes over eating regimens; subsequently, program members have figured out how to settle on more beneficial food decisions, practice each day, decrease inactive exercises and shed pounds and muscle.
Governments can prevent diabetes through education. Governments can stop the rise in diabetes by focusing on education initiatives and establishing policies that support improved lifestyle and dietary choices.
Based on the analysis, diabetes has been found to cause different health effects on population groups. The best thing people need to do to curb the condition is by paying attention to guidance from their health professionals. In addition, the programs provided by healthcare facilities and governments help patients with vital information and counseling needed for managing diabetes. This study recommends the implementation of diabetes programs since they result in positive behavioral change, improvement in living standards and health.
References
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Gaskin, D., Thorpe, R., McGinty, E., Bower, K., Rohde, C., & Young, J. et al. (2014). Disparities in Diabetes: The Nexus of Race, Poverty, and Place. American Journal Of Public Health, 104(11), 2147-2155. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2013.301420