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Overton: Assessing Learners with Special Needs: An Applied Approach, 7th edition © 2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. ISBN 0131367137 All rights reserved.
Chapter 8
Academic Assessment
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© 2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
8-*
Overton: Assessing Learners with Special Needs: An Applied Approach,7th edition. ISBN 0131367137
Types of Assessments
| Type | Definition |
| Achievement tests | Designed to measure what the student has learned. Measure test performance in a specific area or across several areas. |
| Screening tests | Brief tests containing items that survey a range of skill levels, domains, or content areas. Used to determine weak areas. |
| Aptitude tests | Measure what a student has retained and are designed to indicate how much the student will learn in the future. |
| Diagnostic tests | Measure specific ability (e.g., fine motor skills). |
| Adaptive Behavior Scales | Measure how well students adapt to different environments. |
| Norm-referenced tests | Measure academic achievement. Used to make eligibility decisions. Used to compare a student to a norm group to determine if the student is performing as expected for his/her age/grade. |
| Curriculum-based Assessment | Tests students using the curriculum they encounter in the classroom. Used to determine mastery of skills or specific curriculum. |
© 2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
8-*
Overton: Assessing Learners with Special Needs: An Applied Approach,7th edition. ISBN 0131367137
- Designed to measure what the student has learned. Measures test performance in a specific area or across several areas.
- Chosen because
they are used frequently in schools.
they have been shown to be technically adequate.
- Woodcock-Johnson III Test of Achievement
- Woodcock-Johnson NU Form C/Brief Battery
- Peabody Individual Achievement Test-4
- Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement-II
- Wechsler Individual Achievement Test, 3rd ed.
Achievement Tests
© 2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Overton: Assessing Learners with Special Needs: An Applied Approach,7th edition. ISBN 0131367137
- Presented in easel format
- Has two parallel achievement batteries
Woodcock-Johnson III Test of Achievement
| Standard Battery | Extended Battery |
| Letter-Word Identification | Word Attack |
| Story Recall | Picture Vocabulary |
| Understanding Directions | Oral Comprehension |
| Calculation | Editing |
| Math Fluency | Reading Vocabulary |
| Spelling | Quantitative Concepts |
| Writing Fluency | Academic Knowledge |
| Passage Comprehension | Spelling of Sounds |
| Applied Problems | Sound Awareness |
| Writing Samples | Punctuation & Capitalization |
| Story Recall—Delayed |
© 2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Overton: Assessing Learners with Special Needs: An Applied Approach,7th edition. ISBN 0131367137
- Shorter version of the achievement test.
- Subtests yield cluster scores for basic skills, broad academic areas, academic applications and academic fluency
Woodcock-Johnson NU Form C/Brief Battery
| Subtests | |
| Letter-Word Identification | Writing Samples |
| Applied Problems | Reading Fluency |
| Spelling | Math Fluency |
| Passage Comprehension | Writing Fluency |
| Calculation |
© 2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Overton: Assessing Learners with Special Needs: An Applied Approach,7th edition. ISBN 0131367137
- Four easels (Volumes I, II, III, IV)
Peabody Individual Achievement Test-4
| Subtests |
| General Information |
| Reading Recognition |
| Reading Comprehension |
| Mathematics |
| Spelling |
| Written Expression |
© 2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Overton: Assessing Learners with Special Needs: An Applied Approach,7th edition. ISBN 0131367137
- Has two forms, A and B.
- Provides composite scores.
- Can make comparisons between scores.
Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement-II
| Composite Area | Subtests |
| Reading | Letter & Word Identification Reading Comprehension |
| Math | Math Concepts & Applications Math Computation |
| Written Language | Written Expression Spelling |
| Oral Language | Listening Comprehension Oral Expression |
| Sound-Symbol | Phonological Awareness Nonsense Word Decoding Letter & Word Recognition |
| Decoding | Letter & Word Decoding Nonsense Word Decoding |
| Oral Fluency | Associational Fluency Naming Facility |
| Reading Fluency | Word Recognition Fluency Decoding Fluency |
© 2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Overton: Assessing Learners with Special Needs: An Applied Approach,7th edition. ISBN 0131367137
- Student performance can be analyzed for patterns of errors by comparing:
- Item-level error analysis:
- Evaluates the types of items answered correctly with the types of items answered incorrectly.
- Within-item error analysis:
- Evaluates the types of errors students made while attempting to complete a task.
KTEA and Error Analysis
© 2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Overton: Assessing Learners with Special Needs: An Applied Approach,7th edition. ISBN 0131367137
- Designed as a screening tool to determine estimated achievement.
- Good to determine if more data are needed for a re-evaluation.
- Presented in easel format
Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement-II—Brief Form
| Subtest | Includes |
| Reading | Reading recognition Reading comprehension |
| Math | Math computation Math applications |
| Written Expression | Spelling Written Language |
© 2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
8-*
Overton: Assessing Learners with Special Needs: An Applied Approach,7th edition. ISBN 0131367137
- Not all subtests are administered to every student.
- Provides two ways to determine the presence of a learning disability
Traditional ability-achievement discrepancy
Evaluating patterns of strengths and weaknesses
Wechsler Individual Achievement Test, 3rd ed.
| Subtests | |
| Listening Comprehension | Pseudoword Decoding |
| Early Reading Skill | Numerical Operations |
| Math Problem Solving | Oral Expression |
| Alphabetic Writing Fluency | Oral Reading Fluency |
| Sentence Composition | Spelling |
| Word Reading | Math Fluency--Addition |
| Essay Composition |
© 2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Overton: Assessing Learners with Special Needs: An Applied Approach,7th edition. ISBN 0131367137
- Used to obtain further information about a specific skill or area of academic achievement.
- Key Math—3 Diagnostic Assessment
- Test of Mathematical Abilities—2
- Woodcock-Johnson III Diagnostic Reading Battery
- Process Assessment of the Learner: Test Battery for Reading and Writing
Diagnostic Tests
© 2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Overton: Assessing Learners with Special Needs: An Applied Approach,7th edition. ISBN 0131367137
- Easel format
- Two forms, A & B
- Aligned with the NCTM Standards
- May be used for benchmarking and provides progress monitoring software
- Provides a growth scale value—measures ongoing progress
- Test is divided into domains
- Areas of cognitive development/ability thought to be evidenced by certain behaviors or skills.
Key Math—3 Diagnostic Assessment
| Domains | Subtest & Content |
| Basic Concepts | Numeration Algebra Geometry Measurement |
| Operations | Mental Computation & Estimation Addition & Subtraction Multiplication & Division |
| Applications | Foundations of Problem Solving Applied Problem Solving |
© 2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Overton: Assessing Learners with Special Needs: An Applied Approach,7th edition. ISBN 0131367137
- Assesses areas of math functioning typically not addressed by other instruments.
- What are the student’s expressed attitudes toward mathematics?
- What is the student’s general vocabulary level when that vocabulary is used in a mathematical sense?
- How knowledgeable is the student regarding the functional use of mathematics facts and concepts in our general culture?
- How do a student’s attitudes, vocabulary, and general math information compare with the basic skills shown in the areas of computation and story problems?
- Do the student’s attitudes, vocabulary, and level of general math knowledge differ markedly from those of a group of age peers?
Test of Mathematical Abilities—2
© 2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Overton: Assessing Learners with Special Needs: An Applied Approach,7th edition. ISBN 0131367137
- Test data provide information regarding placement in the curriculum, skills and content student has mastered, and overall performance comparison to peers.
Test of Mathematical Abilities—2 (Continued)
| Subtests |
| Vocabulary |
| Computation |
| General Information |
| Story Problems |
| Attitude Toward Math |
© 2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Overton: Assessing Learners with Special Needs: An Applied Approach,7th edition. ISBN 0131367137
- Consists of subtest taken from the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement III to measure the skills required for reading
Woodcock-Johnson III Diagnostic Reading Battery
| Subtests |
| Letter-Word Identification |
| Passage Comprehension |
| Word Attack |
| Reading Vocabulary |
| Reading Fluency |
| Spelling of Sounds |
| Sound Awareness |
| Sound Blending |
| Oral Vocabulary |
| Oral Comprehension |
© 2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Overton: Assessing Learners with Special Needs: An Applied Approach,7th edition. ISBN 0131367137
- Assess the prerequisite and requisite skills needed to read, write, and take notes in school.
Process Assessment of the Learner: Test Battery for Reading and Writing
| Subtests | |
| Alphabetic Writing | Phonemes |
| Receptive Coding | Word Choice |
| Expressive Coding | Pseudoword Decoding |
| Rapid Automatic Naming | Story Retell |
| Note Taking | Finger Sense |
| Rhyming | Sentence Sense |
| Syllables | Copying |
© 2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Overton: Assessing Learners with Special Needs: An Applied Approach,7th edition. ISBN 0131367137
- Oral Grey Reading Test—4
- Test of Reading Comprehension—3
- Test of Written Language—4
- Test of Written Spelling—4
- Standardized Spelling test
Other Diagnostic Tests
© 2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
8-*
Overton: Assessing Learners with Special Needs: An Applied Approach,7th edition. ISBN 0131367137
- Assesses the processes used in initial and emerging reading and writing skills as well as the skills expected during the intermediate grades in school
Oral Grey Reading Test—4
| Subtests |
| Relational Vocabulary |
| Sentence Completion |
| Paragraph Construction |
| Text Comprehension |
| Contextual Fluency |
© 2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Overton: Assessing Learners with Special Needs: An Applied Approach,7th edition. ISBN 0131367137
- Assesses reading comprehension
Test of Reading Comprehension—3
| Subtests | |
| Alphabetic Writing | Phonemes |
| Receptive Coding | Word Choice |
| Expressive Coding | Pseudoword Decoding |
| Rapid Automatic Naming | Story Retell |
| Note Taking | Finger Sense |
| Rhyming | Sentence Sense |
| Syllables | Copying |
© 2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
8-*
Overton: Assessing Learners with Special Needs: An Applied Approach,7th edition. ISBN 0131367137
- Assesses overall writing, contrived writing and spontaneous writing
Test of Written Language—4
| Subtests |
| Vocabulary |
| Spelling |
| Punctuation |
| Logical Sentences |
| Sentence Combining |
| Contextual Conventions |
| Story Compositions |
© 2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Overton: Assessing Learners with Special Needs: An Applied Approach,7th edition. ISBN 0131367137
- Language Assessments measure a student’s understanding and use of language.
- Receptive Language
- Inner language concepts applied to what is heard.
- Expressive Language
- Language skills used in speaking or writing.
- Written Language
- Understanding language concepts and using them in writing.
Assessing Other Language Areas
© 2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
8-*
Overton: Assessing Learners with Special Needs: An Applied Approach,7th edition. ISBN 0131367137
- Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—4
- Measures the student’s verbal comprehension (receptive language) skills by presenting a series of four visual stimuli and requesting the student to discriminate the stimulus that best represents the orally stated word.
- Expressive Vocabulary Test—2
- Measures a student’s expressive vocabulary by asking the student to name a picture or to provide a synonym for a picture.
- Test of Language Development—Primary—4th ed.
- Measures language development.
- Subtests include: Picture Vocabulary, Relational Vocabulary, Oral Vocabulary, Syntactic Understanding, Sentence Imitation, Morphological Completion, and the supplemental subtests of Word Discrimination, Phonemic Analysis, and Word Articulation.
- Test of Language Development—Intermediate—3rd ed.
- Aid in the diagnosis of students with language problems.
- Subtests include: Sentence Combining, Picture Vocabulary, Word Ordering, Generals, Morphological Comprehension, and Multiple Meanings
Other Language Assessments