ESSAY HOMEWORK 1
Source Integration
There are two ways to insert quotations into the body of your paper. Those two ways are:
Directly citing –
When you take words from an article (word for word) and use them in your paper, this is called a direct quotation.
Paraphrasing –
Is your own rendition of essential information and ideas expressed by someone else, presented in a new form.
If inserting a quotation into the body of your paper, you must properly cite it in your essay.
To do so, you need to first consult your works cited page.
Let’s pretend this is your works cited page on the next slide…
This is how to use a works cited page to properly cite quotations in the body of your essay.
How to insert a: Direct quotation with an author and page # using the first citation on the works cited page.
“She painfully learned to hide the signs of domestic abuse because she was ashamed to be in such a horrible situation” (Feinstein 125).
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Notice that the author’s last name and page # are in parenthesis followed by a period. This is because Feinstein is the first available piece of information on the works cited page for this citation.
The page # is not on the Works Cited page. It is from the original source.
Also notice that the quotation is directly cited (word for word) from the author, Feinstein, so it all goes inside “quotation marks.”
How to insert a: Direct quotation with an author and NO page # using the first citation on the works cited page.
If there’s no page number, then don’t put one. For example, let’s pretend our last quotation doesn’t have a page number:
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“She painfully learned to hide the signs of domestic abuse because she was ashamed to be in such a horrible situation” (Feinstein).
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How to insert a: Direct quotation with NO author and NO page # using the second citation on the works cited page.
When a source has no known author, use a shortened title (2-3 words) of the first available piece of information from the works cited page. Place the title in quotation marks if it's a short work (such as an article) or italicize it if it's a longer work (e.g. plays, books, television shows) and provide a page number if one is available. If there is not page number available, do not put one. The example below does not have a page number.
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“Bring domestic violence to a halt, ring the bell” (“Knock Knock”).
You just learned how to cite direct quotations using different types of in-text citations. Note that in-text citations always come at the end of a quotation.
Though, you can also cite a quotation in the introduction to your quotation.
The next slides will show you how to do this and also teach you additional source integration skills.
Quotation Sandwich: All quotations have to be Introduced and Connected
All quotations in an essay need an introduction and a connection to your thesis. Without an introduction and connection, your reader won’t fully understand why the quotation is there and how it supports your thesis.
Example:
Anna Johnson, in her article, “Women and Happiness” writes, “It may seem sad to some people, but heroic to many others, especially women. The main character has a clear understanding of what makes her happy early on and follows that path, despite societal pressures.” In this Johnson admires the protagonist’s strong sense of self. It also shows that women should do what is best for them and not submit to societal pressures.
Quotation Sandwich: Introduction
NOTE:
You must always introduce a source when using it in a research paper.
There are many different ways to introduce sources. The examples below are the most common ones.
Below you will learn how to properly cite your source in the introduction to a quotation.
EXAMPLES:
The Snag Films video, titled, “Knock Knock Who’s There” says, “Ring the Bell and Bring Domestic Violence to a Halt.”
This example is based on the second citation on the WC page: There is no in-text citation at the end of the quote because the first piece of citation information from the works cited page is already cited in the introduction and there is no page number.
A Snag Films video about domestic violence says, “Ring the Bell and Bring Domestic Violence to a Halt” (“Knock Knock”).
This example is also based on the second citation on the WC page: This source does not have an author and did not use the first available piece of source information from the works cited page in the introduction, so that information is cited in quotation marks, inside parenthesis in an in-text citation.
The article “Violence” states, “direct quotation” (Morton 12).
This example is based on the third citation on the WC page: There is an in-text citation at the end of the quote because the introduction did not use the first available piece of information from the works cited page, which in this case is the author’s last name. Plus, there is a page number, so that goes in the in-text citation. Page numbers ALWAYS go in the in-text citation.
Note: It is your decision where to cite the essential source information. You may cite essential source information in the introduction to the quote OR at the end of it.
Quotation Sandwich: Connection
NOTE:
After introducing and stating your quotation, you must connect it to your thesis. Connecting your quote to your thesis is especially important, as it proves to your reader why that piece of information belongs in your essay.
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The Snag Films video, titled, “Knock Knock Who’s There” says, “Ring the Bell and Bring Domestic Violence to a Halt.” This proves that…(connect to thesis).
A Snag Films video about domestic violence says, “Ring the Bell and Bring Domestic Violence to a Halt” (“Knock Knock”). This shows the relationship between (the quote’s idea) and (your thesis) by....
The article “Violence” states, “direct quotation” (Morton 12). In this, (your thesis) is supported by…
Other important things to note when citing sources in your paper:
Paraphrasing information:
When you paraphrase information, you put a direct quotation into your own words. When doing so, most of the wording changes, but the main idea of the direct quote does not change.
Because a paraphrased quotation is still someone else’s idea, it follows the same citation rules as a direct quotation.
The major formatting difference between a paraphrased quotation and a direct quotation is that a paraphrase does not have “quotation marks” around it while a direct quotation does.
Notice the differences
The original passage:
“Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes” (Lester).
The same passage paraphrased:
In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester).
Paraphrasing POV note
When you paraphrase a quotation, you must adhere to the assignment’s POV requirements.
For example, if the direct quotation you want to paraphrase uses first person POV, but your assignment only allows for third person POV, then your paraphrase must only use third person POV.
Italics and quotation marks
Put longer works like Magazines or Books in italics.
Put “quotation marks” around shorter works like TED Talks, podcasts and article titles.
Note that “longer” and “shorter” refer to the length of the entire work and not the length of the title.
Tense
When discussing quotations in your essay, use PRESENT tense.
An exception to this rule is if you are working with a historical secondary source. For this, you would use PAST tense.
Indirect Sources
Sometimes you may have to use an indirect source. An indirect source is a source cited within another source. The best way to handle this is:
For example:
In his article “Community Colleges are Great” Michael Ravitch quotes John Weisman saying, “Community Colleges are a place where students grow intellectually and emotionally.”
Direct Quotation POV
If a direct quotation does not follow the POV guidelines for your assignment, that is ok.
For example, if the assignment asks that you only use 3rd person POV throughout, but the direct quotation you insert uses 1st and/or 2nd person, that is ok.
Long quotations
For quotations that are more than four lines long, place them in a free-standing block of text and omit quotation marks.
Start the quotation on a new line, with the entire quote tabbed over twice; maintain double-spacing and 12 pt. font.
Your in-text citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.
For example:
Nelly Dean treats Heathcliff poorly and dehumanizes him throughout her narration:
They entirely refused to have it in bed with them, or even in their room, and I had no more sense, so, I put it on the landing of the stairs, hoping it would be gone on the morrow. By chance, or else attracted by hearing his voice, it crept to Mr. Earnshaw's door, and there he found it on quitting his chamber. Inquiries were made as to how it got there; I was obliged to confess, and in recompense for my cowardice and inhumanity was sent out of the house. (Bronte 78)
Multiple Authors
For a source with three or fewer authors, list the authors' last names in the introduction to the quote or in the in-text citation:
Smith, Yang, and Moore argue that tougher gun control is not needed in the United States (76).
The authors state, "Tighter gun control in the United States erodes Second Amendment rights" (Smith, Yang, and Moore 76).
“Sometimes, the problems can seem so overwhelming to college students they feel that their only option is to withdraw” (Scoggin and Styron 115).
For a source with more than three authors, use the works cited page information as a guide for your citation. Provide the first author's last name followed by et al. or list all the last names.
Jones et al. counter Smith, Yang, and Moore's argument by noting that the current spike in gun violence in America compels law makers to adjust gun laws .
Or
Legal experts counter Smith, Yang, and Moore's argument by noting that the current spike in gun violence in America compels law makers to adjust gun laws (Jones et al.).
Adding or omitting words in quotations
If you add a word or words in a quotation, you should put brackets around the words to indicate that they are not part of the original text.
For example:
Jan Smith, in an essay on urban legends, states, "some individuals [who retell urban legends] make a point of learning every rumor or tale" (78).
If you omit a word or words from a quotation, you should indicate the deleted word or words by using ellipsis marks, which are three periods ( . . . ) preceded and followed by a space.
For example:
In an essay on urban legends, Jan Smith notes that, "some individuals make a point of learning every recent rumor or tale . . . and in a short time a lively exchange of details occurs" (78).