Linguistic grammar homework.
ADJUNCTS IN THE VP
I. INTRODUCTION TO ADJUNCTS
A. What is an adjunct?
B. Category of adjuncts
C. Properties of adjuncts
D. Structure
II. PrepP ADJUNCTS
III. ADVERBIAL ADJUNCTS
IV. PARTICIPIAL PHRASE ADJUNCTS
I. INTRODUCTION TO ADJUNCTS
A. What is an adjunct?
I. INTRODUCTION TO ADJUNCTS
A. What is an adjunct?
A constituent that is
optionally added
to a phrase or clause.
I. INTRODUCTION TO ADJUNCTS
A. What is an adjunct?
A constituent that is
optionally added
to a phrase or clause.
COMPARE . . .
WHAT CONSTITUENTS ARE REQUIRED?
WHAT CONSTITUENTS ARE REQUIRED?
SUBJECT (usually NP)
PREDICATE (usually VP)
COMPLEMENTS :
a. complements of the verb;
b. complements of a prep.
c. 'subjective complements'
d. 'objective complements'
NOTICE . . .
Complements are USUALLY required,
But sometimes they can be omitted.
Adjuncts are never required .
B. CATEGORY OF ADJUNCTS
B. CATEGORY OF ADJUNCTS
PP : Mary worked at the office.
AP : Kim went away sad.
AdvP : Franco worked quietly.
NP : Kumiko worked that day.
S : Elmore worked to pay his bills.
PrtP: Hortense worked, the sun shining all the while.
C. PROPERTIES OF ADJUNCTS
C. PROPERTIES OF ADJUNCTS
1. PREPOSING: adjuncts can usually be
moved to the beginning of the clause.
For example . . .
Tatsu worked hard to pay the rent.
To pay the rent Tatsu worked hard.
That day Kumiko worked hard.
Kumiko worked hard that day.
Franco worked quietly.
?? Quietly Franco worked.
C. PROPERTIES OF ADJUNCTS
2. ORDER : adjuncts do not appear between the head of phrase and the complement.
Kumiko wrote the chapter quickly.
Kumiko wrote the chapter quickly.
*Kumiko wrote quickly the chapter.
Kumiko wrote the chapter quickly.
*Kumiko wrote quickly the chapter.
Arnie spoke to Sue at the HUB.
Kumiko wrote the chapter quickly.
*Kumiko wrote quickly the chapter.
Arnie spoke to Sue at the HUB.
*Arnie spoke at the HUB to Sue.
D. STRUCTURE OF ADJUNCTS
D. STRUCTURE OF ADJUNCTS
AD + JUNCT = "joined to"
A VP adjunct is "joined to" VP
Phrase structure rules give the ordinary
Expansion of phrases. For example:
VP V (for an intransitive verb).
Phrase structure rules give the ordinary
Expansion of phrases. For example:
VP V (for an intransitive verb).
VP
V
worked
Then “adjunction” rules apply.
They copy phrase nodes to add
Extra branches.
VP
VP AdvP
V Adv
worked quietly
Franco worked quietly.
Franco worked quietly.
S
NP Aux VP
Franco VP AdvP
V quietly
worked
I. Introduction to Adjuncts: Summary
I. Introduction to Adjuncts: Summary
A. Adjuncts are optional; they add
“extra” information.
B. Adjuncts may be any category or S.
C. Properties:
1. Can often be moved
to beginning of the clause.
2. Cannot appear between
the head and its complements.
D. Structure: Adjuncts are joined to
phrases by “copying”.
II. PrepP ADJUNCTS
II. PrepP ADJUNCTS
A. EXAMPLES :
Sue laughed at the office.
Terri bought a car for Fred.
II. PrepP ADJUNCTS
A. EXAMPLES :
Sue laughed at the office.
Terri bought a car for Fred.
Compare. . .
NON-ADJUNCT PrepPs
Sue laughed at the joke.
Terri asked for a raise.
B. PROPERTIES OF ADJUNCTS
B. PROPERTIES OF ADJUNCTS
1. ADJUNCT PPs can move to beginning:
At the office Sue laughed
For Fred Terri bought a car .
*At the joke Sue laughed.
*For a raise Terri asked. (compl.)
B. PROPERTIES OF ADJUNCTS
B. PROPERTIES OF ADJUNCTS
2. ADJUNCT PPs do not appear between
the head of phrase and complements.
Sue wrote a chapter. (compl.)
B. PROPERTIES OF ADJUNCTS
2. ADJUNCT PPs do not appear between
the head of phrase and complements.
Sue wrote a chapter. (compl.)
Sue wrote a chapter at the office.
B. PROPERTIES OF ADJUNCTS
2. ADJUNCT PPs do not appear between
the head of phrase and complements.
Sue wrote a chapter. (compl.)
Sue wrote a chapter at the office.
*Sue wrote at the office a chapter.
- SEMANTICS
C. SEMANTICS
ADJUNCTS ARE NOT SEMANTICALLY DIFFERENT FROM COMPLEMENTS :
Sandra put the pie in the kitchen.
Sandra made the pie in the kitchen.
THEREFORE:
ADJUNCTS cannot be distinguished from COMPLEMENTS in terms of
meaning.
The difference lies in whether or not the phrase fulfills a role specified by the verb or not.
II. PrepP Adjuncts: Summary
II. PrepP Adjuncts: Summary
A. Examples
B. Properties
1. Can be moved to beginning
2. Cannot appear between the
head and its complements
C. Semantics: not different from the
semantics of complements. PrepP
adjuncts do not complete a semantic
role.
III. ADVERBIAL ADJUNCTS
III. ADVERBIAL ADJUNCTS
A. EXAMPLES:
ADJUNCT AdvP
Sandra cut the pie carefully.
NON-ADJUNCT AdvP
Sandra worded the message carefully.
B. PROPERTIES OF ADJUNCTS
B. PROPERTIES
1. Movement:
Carefully, Sandra cut the pie.
*Carefully, Sandra worded the message.
2. Position:
Sandra cut the pie carefully.
*Sandra cut carefully the pie.
C. STRUCTURE
C. STRUCTURE
Recall:
C. STRUCTURE
Recall:
AdvPs occur in 5 positions:
C. STRUCTURE
Recall:
AdvPs occur in 5 positions:
• NP • AUX • VAUX • V •
Why these positions? Here are places
where AdvP can ADJOIN to a phrase :
S
• S
NP • Aux VP
• VP
VP •
Why these positions? Here are places
where AdvP can ADJOIN to a phrase :
S
• S
NP • Aux VP
?
• VP
VP •
D. ADVERBIAL NPs
D. ADVERBIAL NPs
Example:
Sue wrote a chapter that day.
D. ADVERBIAL NPs
Example:
Sue wrote a chapter that day.
Movement :
That day, Sue wrote a chapter.
D. ADVERBIAL NPs
Example:
Sue wrote a chapter that day.
Movement :
That day, Sue wrote a chapter.
Position :
*Sue wrote that day a chapter.
III. AdvP Adjuncts: Summary
III. AdvP Adjuncts: Summary
A. Examples
B. Properties
1. Can be moved to beginning
2. Cannot appear between the
head and its complements
C. Structure: occur in 5 positions,
perhaps just where they can adjoin.
D. NPs can function as AdvP adjuncts.
IV. PARTICIPIAL PHRASE ADJUNCTS
IV. PARTICIPIAL PHRASE ADJUNCTS
A. EXAMPLES:
IV. PARTICIPIAL PHRASE ADJUNCTS
A. EXAMPLES:
NON-ADJUNCT PrtPs
IV. PARTICIPIAL PHRASE ADJUNCTS
A. EXAMPLES:
NON-ADJUNCT PrtPs
John stopped laughing at the performers.
IV. PARTICIPIAL PHRASE ADJUNCTS
A. EXAMPLES:
NON-ADJUNCT PrtPs
John stopped laughing at the performers.
The clerk began writing a receipt.
IV. PARTICIPIAL PHRASE ADJUNCTS
A. EXAMPLES:
NON-ADJUNCT PrtPs
John stopped laughing at the performers.
The clerk began writing a receipt.
ADJUNCT PrtPs
IV. PARTICIPIAL PHRASE ADJUNCTS
A. EXAMPLES:
NON-ADJUNCT PrtPs
John stopped laughing at the comic.
The clerk began writing every word.
ADJUNCT PrtPs
The audience applauded, laughing at the performers.
IV. PARTICIPIAL PHRASE ADJUNCTS
A. EXAMPLES:
NON-ADJUNCT PrtPs
John stopped laughing at the comedians.
The clerk began writing every word.
ADJUNCT PrtPs
The audience applauded, laughing at the performers.
The clerk grew quiet, writing the receipt.
B. PROPERTIES
B. PROPERTIES
1. Movement:
B. PROPERTIES
1. Movement:
* Laughing at the performers John stopped.
B. PROPERTIES
1. Movement:
* Laughing at the performers John stopped.
*Writing the receipt the clerk began.
B. PROPERTIES
1. Movement:
* Laughing at the performers John stopped.
*Writing the receipt the clerk began.
Laughing at the performers, the audience applauded.
B. PROPERTIES
1. Movement:
*At the performers John stopped laughing.
*Writing the receipt the clerk began.
Laughing at the performers, the audience applauded.
Writing the receipt, the clerk grew quiet.
C. STRUCTURE (external only)
C. STRUCTURE (external only)
VP
VP PrtP
V
applauded
IV. Participial Phrase Adjuncts: Summary
IV. Participial Phrase Adjuncts: Summary
A. Examples
B. Properties:
Can be moved to beginning
C. Structure: Adjoin to VP
SUMMARY
- ADJUNCTS are always optional, and can appear in different places
- ADJUNCTS can be many different categories
- ADJUNCTS are connected outside a phrase, by copying the phrase