Summary About articles
Class 3 History &
Legislation
Announcements ￮ Assignment #1: All About Me due this
Sunday, February 10th by 11:59 PM
￮ Quiz #1 open’s Wednesday, February 20th at
10 PM and close Wednesday, February 27th
by 12 PM (Noon) and taken on Blackboard
￮ New Disability Culture Plunge Opportunities
can be found on Blackboard
Beyond Awareness Celebration
￮ Learn about diversity at its finest along with the students of McMillin Elementary
￮ “Speed dating” with a bunch of presenters in the disability community
￮ Like a mini GS420 Thursday, February 7th
8 am - 2:30 pm McMillin Elementary School
1201 Santa Cora Avenue, Chula Vista 91913
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Top Hat ￮ As of today, all questions count for points and contribute to your grade
(Total of 30 points)
￮ The discussion board is an opportunity to ask constructive questions
pertaining to the course, and not worth any points
￮ Any issues, contact Top Hat directly (Information on the syllabus)
Review from last week
Intro to Disability Models & fundamental concepts
Intellectual vs. Learning Disability Intellectual disability
● Formerly labeled “mental retardation,” ● “Significantly subaverage general
intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior
● Manifested during the developmental period
● Two key components: ○ Person’s IQ ○ Capability to function
independently, usually referred to as adaptive behavior.
www.specialeducationguide.com
Learning disability ● Disorder in 1 or more of the basic
psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written
● “Imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or do mathematical calculations.”
● “Includes such conditions as perceptual disabilities, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia, and developmental aphasia.”
● Does not include “a learning problem that is primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities, of intellectual disabilities, of emotional disturbance, or of environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage.”
www.ldaamerica.org Both definitions taken from the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
When we say disability, what is included?
￮ Deafness ￮ Blindness ￮ Diabetes ￮ Cancer ￮ Epilepsy ￮ Intellectual disabilities ￮ Partial or completely missing
limbs ￮ Mobility impairments requiring
the use of a wheelchair ￮ Learning disabilities
￮ Autism ￮ Cerebral palsy ￮ HIV infection ￮ Multiple sclerosis ￮ Muscular dystrophy ￮ Major depressive disorder ￮ Bipolar disorder ￮ Post-traumatic stress disorder ￮ Obsessive-compulsive disorder ￮ Schizophrenia ￮ & the list goes on…
Tonight’s Learning Objectives
￮ Describe the historical treatment of people with disabilities ￮ Understand the correlation between historical treatment of people
with disabilities and subsequent laws ￮ Explain why the ADA of 1990 was so important for the disability rights
movement. ￮ Be aware of protections granted by disability legislation in areas of
￮ Education ￮ Employment ￮ Community Living ￮ Access in General?
Ancient Greeks and Romans
Perfection Imperfection
Renaissance Europe Dwarf Jesters
￮ Typically were people with intellectual and or physical disabilities
￮ Lead to artificially stunting children to keep up with demand
￮ Developmental disabilities were a source of amusement and entertainment and considered “truth tellers”
The Elizabethan Poor Laws
￮ First social welfare legislation,established in England
￮ Codified in the 1500’s ￮ Provided relief for the aged, sick, and poor, as
well as work for the able-bodied in workhouses.
￮ Distributed poor relief by providing work in workhouses
Christianity’s Influence MORE JUDGMENT “Pity, segregation, and exclusion…People with disabilities considered unworthy, evil, or sinful.”
-Kathie Snow
Asylums ● AKA ‘Madhouses’ ● Intended to be a refuge for those
most vulnerable in the population ● Women were often subjected to a
life sentence in asylums ● Conditions were inhumane
Eugenics ￮ The idea of improving the human breed through
hereditary measures through common “elements” deemed abnormal
￮ Newborn screenings developed to screen for disabilities
￮ Forced Sterilization amongst people with disabilities
￮ 1921-1964 63,000 people underwent involuntary sterilization in the US
￮ Utilized by the Nazi’s
Why Eugenics?
America’s Ugly Laws ￮ 19th and 20th century, several
American cities made it illegal for “
unsightly or disgusting” disabilities to
appear in public.
￮ Goal was to preserve the quality of life
for the community
￮ Was still legal in Chicago until 1974
African Americans with Disabilities
￮ Highly discriminated against ￮ Case of Sarah Baartman ￮ Asylums discriminated and maintained
segregation laws ￮ “Black albino” men and women were forced
in Freak Shows ￮ Black nurses were hired to work in asylums to
treat “their own”
African Americans with Disabilities continued...
￮ Pro-Slavery advocates identified two syndromes distinctive to slaves: ￮ Drapetomania, a disease that caused slaves
to runaway. ￮ Dysaethesia Aethiopica, known as “rascality”
by slave overseers, caused “hebetude of the mind and obtuse sensibility of the body.” Symptoms included disobedience, insolence, and a refusal to work.
￮ Cured through punishments and whippings
Grave Marker with No Name
Disability Legislation
A Brief Summary
1700’s ￮ 1798- First Military Disability
Law ￮ Act of relief of sick and
disabled seamen ￮ 20 cents/month
deduction from the paychecks of other seamen
1800’s- What was happening? ￮ “Mental Disorders” began to be classified and
documented ￮ Formal Deaf education began at Gallaudet
University ￮ First sheltered workshop developed for the blind in
Massachusetts ￮ First facility called the Lunatic Asylum for Insane
Convicts in Auburn, NY, was created ￮ American Civil War resulted in 30,000 Amputations
in the Union Army alone ￮ Pension Laws. Act of July 14, 1862
General Law pension system for Civil War veterans who had sustained war-related disabilities
￮ Black Civil War veterans become eligible for federal disability pensions.
Early 1900’s
1907
Eugenics Sterilization Law
Enacted in 24 states forced
sterilization of people with
disabilities
1918
The Soldiers Rehab Act:
Authorized Vocational
Rehabilitation Services for
World War I Veterans
1920
Smith Fess Act:
Expanded rehabilitation
services to civilians
1935
The Social Security Act:
Made the state federal
vocational rehabilitation
programs permanent
1936
The Randolf Shephard Act:
Authorized people who were
blind to operate vending
stands in federal buildings
1939
Wagner O’Day Act:
Required federal government
to purchase designated
products made by people
who were blind
1939
WORLD WAR II:
“Mercy killing” of 75,000-250,000
“sick and disabled” people by
the Nazi’s
1943
Le Barden LaFollette Act
expanded services to include
people with “mental
disabilities”
1963
“Mental Retardation”
Facilities and Community
Mental Health Centers
Construction Act
passed
1964
CIVIL RIGHTS ACT:
Outlawed discrimination based on
race, color, religion, sex or national
origin and eliminated segregation.
(NOTE: DISABILITY NOT INCLUDED)
1970’s ￮ 1968- Architectural Barriers Act- ensured
access for federally funded buildings to be accessible
￮ Deinstitutionalization ￮ Promoted the idea of moving
individuals out of asylums into federally funded mental health centers
￮ Societal shift from hiding individuals to treating individuals
￮ Catalyst for psychiatric drug industry
Section 504 Extended civil rights
to people with disabilities. Provided opportunities for
employment, educations, and various settings. Allows for
reasonable accomodations in education or employment.
1973 The Rehabilitation Act:
Mandated services for people with disabilities to find employment. Increased funding for rehabilitation and
disability research.
Section 501
Affirmative action in federal hiring
Section 503 prohibits discriminatory
practices in federal employment settings and
affirmative action to recruit, hire, promote and retain
individual
1975 Education for Handicapped
Children Act Guaranteed free,
appropriate education in the least restrictive
environment. Now called Individuals with Disabilities
Education Act or IDEA
1988 Fair Housing Amendment
Act Require that certain number
of housing units be accessible in all new multi-family housing.
Required for both public and private housing options
Lives Worth Living
The Film
1990 The Americans With
Disabilities Act (ADA)
● Most sweeping disability rights legislation in history! ● Civil rights law that prohibits discrimination against
individuals with disabilities in all areas of public life, including jobs, schools, transportation, and all public and private places that are open to the general public. ○ Title I- Employment ○ Title II- Public services, state & local government ○ Title III-Public Accommodations and Services
Operated by Private Entities ○ Title IV- Telecommunications ○ Title V- Miscellaneous Provisions ○ Transportation
Post ADA & 2000’s ￮ Amendments were made covering education and access to
employment services ￮ More Emphasis on the individual ￮ Revision of the definition of disability to broaden the scope of coverage
￮ 2014- Workforce Innovation and Opportunities Act (WIOA)- Happening now! ￮ Focuses on getting people with disabilities competitive
integrated employment ￮ 15% of federal funding to provide pre-employment transition
services to improve outcomes of students ￮ Allotment of significant funds (not less than 10%) to support youth
with significant disabilities to obtain integrated employment
Special Education
Special Education ￮ Individualized education for children
with disabilities ￮ No cost to families ￮ Meets the unique needs of the child
with a disability ￮ Includes related services in a variety of
educational placements
Educational Legislation Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
￮ 1975 - The Education for All Handicapped Children Act, Public Law 94-142 ￮ 1990 - IDEA - Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ￮ 1997 - IDEA Reauthorized with emphasis on academic outcomes for students ￮ 2004 - IDEA Reauthorized with emphasis on “access to the general education
curriculum in the regular classroom, to the maximum extent possible” - Congress
￮ Other improvements to educational quality for all students were also emphasized in IDEA’s 2004 Reauthorization
IDEA Disability is a natural part of the human
experience and in no way diminishes the right of
individuals to participate in or contribute to
society. Improving educational results for children
with disabilities is an essential element of our
national policy of ensuring equality of opportunity,
full participation, independent living, and
economic self-sufficiency for individuals with
disabilities.
6 Components of IDEA
1. Zero Reject EVERYONE, if eligible, has access to Free, Appropriate Public Education (FAPE)
2. Assessment Nondiscriminatory and multidisciplinary
3. Due Process Legal rights & procedures
4. Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) Students with disabilities receive their education, to the maximum extent appropriate, with nondisabled peers
5. Parent Participation Family involvement is a requirement
6. Individual Education Program (IEP)
Who Is Eligible for Special Education Services under IDEA?
13 categories of students, ages 3-21, who qualify for special education services based on their disability:
1. Autism 2. Deaf-blindness 3. Deafness 4. Emotional disturbance 5. Hearing impairment 6. Intellectual disability 7. Multiple disabilities 8. Orthopedic impairment 9. Other health impairment
10. Specific learning disability 11. Speech or language impairment
12. Traumatic brain injury or 13. Visual impairment (including blindness)
Full evaluation to determine their disability
Individualized Education Program (IEP)
Written document/contract designed and agreed upon (hopefully) by a team of school personnel, parents, and student (when appropriate)
IEP TEAM: ￮ School Administrator ￮ Teachers (special ed and general ed) ￮ Parents/Guardians ￮ Student ￮ Other individuals at the request of guardians
IEP Components ￮ Student’s current level of performance ￮ Statements of annual goals and
short-term objectives ￮ Related Services ￮ Percent of time in general education ￮ Beginning and ending dates for special
education ￮ Annual evaluation plan
Least Restrictive Environment
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What was the mindset of humanity that required us to fight so hard for these rights?
Advocacy Organizations ￮ National Disability Rights Network (NDRN) ￮ Disability Rights California (DRC)
Every state has a “Protection & Advocacy” organization that receives federal and state grants to further their work in protecting rights of people with disabilities.
￮ Disability Voices United (DVU) ￮ People First - Self-Advocacy ￮ Autistic Self-Advocacy Network (ASAN) ￮ ARC (Formerly Association for Retarded Citizens) ￮ TASH (Formerly The Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps) ￮ United Cerebral Palsy (UCP)