modern Chinese essay

6 a= (Good-bye, Uncle Sam,

Hello, Uncle Chang"

Globalization, D iasp oric Allegiance,

and the China-Taiwan Conflict

"Bye, tio Sam, chou san, (hola) tio Chang' O' si no entiende canton6s' ni

h a u m a ? e n m a n d a r i n . "

"Good-bye, Uncle Sam, Chou san [Good morning] (hola) [Hellol Uncle

Chang. (ir, if he does not understand Cantonese, Ni hau ma? [How are

you?] in Mandarin'" -La prensa,August 3, 1997

^ \ , ' S u 1 4 '

As the recent immigrants and Panamanian Chinese continued to negoti-

ate their relationship in Panama, another set of eYents once again shifted

rhe terms of diasporic citizenship. This chapter revisits the political car-

roon inffodu.rd ut the beginning of this book to explore in more detail

the various debates that emerged on the eve of the u.S. transfer of the

panama canal. In August tgg7, after eight months of continuous media

coverage, the Panamanian newspap er La Prensa featured a three-part se-

ries entitled ,,De tio Sam a tio chang" (From uncle sam to uncle

chang), providing a powerful narrative of the nation's shifting geopoliti-

cal reiations with the United States, Taiwan, and the PRC' The provoca-

tive title and its equally provocative images highlighted the nation's am-

bivalence about two converging processes: the return of the Panama

canal and the departure of the u.s. canal zone administration, and the

rapid expansion of chinese economic and political presence. As the text

of the article suggested, this ambivalence rested on the possibility that

one imperial force was replacing another and that Panama was being

transferred from America's Uncle Sam to China's Uncle Chang. The issue

r, quickly became more complicated when the question of China was trans-

\rt.-.a inro "which" China. Panamanians were abruptly reminded that

there was not just one china to contend with but two. with no uncertain

force, the conflict between the PRC and Taiwan exploded in Panama'

compelling the nation to grapple with all kinds of questions concerning

" G o o D - B l

"Chinar" C,

the Chinese Vhile th,

Canal (as lr pated, the r

PRC-ROC

ated this ou

what broug

ments to th

departure o

nizing and r

within the caught up i:

ties by opt PRC-Hong

case was H

year contra

two ends o

tions as Be< p a n y a w a c

across the g

Meanwl

Kong to tht

and the oth

the Hong X

order for cc

would now

ernment wi tions (from

tions with long-standi Hong Kontr

to internati

Hong Kontr

rest of the' nomic pres

ian goverru

But, of cou gan to pou

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'" -do1e,rep osor{t ooert I torelll lclltuof, )OU-DUd eIF uo rq8norq leq,l

puv ieruEuEd olul slue[utse^ul f,Iruouoce eseultlS;o Suunodlno slt{l Pe}e -Drur t€ql6 'pateadxeun almb qrog aJO,&\ erueued uI llITJuoJ DOU-lUd erll Jo 8urp1o;un eql Pue 1e4dec eseulq3 Jo xnlJul f,Il€tuEJP oqt 'pered

-r)nue e;eli' (LL6r;o drear; solrrrol-.reueJ oql uI u/$,oP ptul se) 1eue3 Eru€u'cr eqr Jo urnral slr pu' ser'ls perruf*ur r".:il:T"TiilJrxr,J$*

;o areld eql (sueluetueuecl otr lueilodur lsour 'pue tsseuaseurq3 ,,'euftf3,

.(r ivs a'rDNn'fi ,tg-qooc,, s9t

Suru;aouoc sr 'eureue4 ur p ulelJef,un ou I

rEql PoPurure -suaJ] sB.t\ €u

enssr eql '8ur

Suraq se.tr eu

leqr drrpgrssc

trxa] aql sv 'al

eql pue 'uorlr

€ruBuBd eql . -IU? S.UOIIBU i

-erozrord eq1 -nrlodoa8 Suri alcun ol tuEi -es iled-aarqt ErPeuI snonur erp ro JaJSuEr

[€leP oJor.u u -.rec prrlrlod r porylqs urc?e t -rto8au ot par

/.66t'€ t

ere ,u.og] 1l eloun'Io11a1

tu'sauoluet

'a'.

r 6 6 " G o o p - e v n , U N c r e S a l t "

growing tension between the PRC and Taiwan in Panama. The two chi

nese governments used economic investments, promises of technical sup-

port, and arguments about national affinity and global political influence

to compete for official relations with Panama. These combined circum-

stances created an unexpected and rather peculiar situation in which

.l "Chineseness" became the central mediating theme through which Pa-

I nama engaged with post-Cold'War globalization.

Vhile questions about the significance of this increasing Chinese pres-

ence in Panama were erupting in the national public sphere, another set

of discussions was taking place among diasporic Chinese. 'Sfith

no delu-

sions about a Chinese takeover in Panama, diasporic Chinese were con-

sumed with their own debates on the merits of celebrating the Hong

Kong handover and the significance of supporting either of the two Chi-

nese states. As these overlapping sets of discussions intensified, cultural

and political constructions of Chineseness took center stage, becoming

the critical site through which Panamanians-Chinese and non-Chinese

alike-made sense of these recent changes.

This chapter examines these two sets of separate, though connected,

discussions by analyzingnewspaper covefage and the divergent positions

paken by diasporic Chinese. By looking at the different entry points into

this discussion, I argue that Chineseness serves as a critical site of mean-

ing production for Panamanians at large. Moreover, it is through this cat-

egory of Chineseness that the intersecting relationships among Panama,

the PRC, Taiwan, and diasporic Chinese are articulated and transformed.

Once again, diasporic citizenship is situated at the geopolitical intersec-

tion between Panama, China/Iaiwan, and the United States. This time,

llhowever, the United States fades into the background, while the PRC and

llTaiwan emerge as the key players, foreshadowing the future of Panama

and of diasporic Chinese living there. By examining the relationship be-

tween consrrucrions of Chineseness and the repositioning of diasporic

Chinese in relation to Panama and the Chinese states, this chapter affirms

, -,,.)1ll the salience of ethnicity in globalization.2 It also asserts that ethnicity re-

t \*'

'' -ains a crirical site through which states are reconfiguring their strategies

of nation-building in order to adjust to the new political and economic

demands of globalization.

What follows first is an analysis of the tripartite article "De Tio Sam a

Tio chang,, (From Uncle sam to Uncle chang). while dozens of articles

preceded and followed this series, it provides a good, representative illus-

tration of how Panamanians generally were interpreting these events. A

" G o o o - l

closer looli eral concer sentation (

"De Tfo S Chinesene

Recall fror toons invo cartoons ft are interco cartoons st Panama, ar the United however, ir nomic imp nologies of

The aml gested by t the articles the departu to coexist i this separal including tl emptiness t persistently

simultaneor marriage re fective matt Panamaniar

and accepta tic suitor, tl hind by the

To make arrival of tt context. As planned an< was beginni adopting ne

tirll

:r ir ril t:

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PUE :)Ud 3rll al 'arurl slql 'sal

-f,OsJolur IEJrlrl

'ParuJoJSuBJl p 'eureue4 Suou -tEJ srql q8nol -uBeru

Jo alrs Il otut slutod lrlr suorlrsod luaS: 'palceuuor q8r

esouq)-uou P Suluroceg 'a8e:

IErnlln)'paryrsr -ILID o/!\r eqt

J( 3uo11 eqr Surr -uotr eJaI\ Ssau -nlop ou qlrlN

las .reqloue 'al

-sard asaurq3 €

-e4 qrryrrt g8n qlH&\ ur uorlE -runcJrJ

Peurq! aJuenFur IEJrlrn -dns prruqcar

1 -lqJ o^ r oI{J 'r

.. wvs ar cNlI L9r.. r{vs a'rcNn 'fl,rg-oo oc,,

. t '

i : : j i r l

i t ' i , i :

" G o o D - B Y E , U N c r n S e l . "

ization bandwagon. The plan was to privatize and allow international

J\ companies to bid on state-run services and formerly U.S.-owned proper-' ties, which included military bases, the transisthmian railroad, and the

seaports and their surrounding areas. To everyone's surprise, the most

prominent international investors that rose to the occasion were from the

(\ PRC, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. To the Panamanian nation, the sudden

","r-'r.r and dramatic manner in which Chinese capital made its presence felt in

dt)ti".tt Panama aroused much anxiety. It seemed as though the Chinese, with 1I'\ their immense purchasing power and political presence in the world,

were replacing the United States as the next imperial force in Panama.

Significantly, the article's authors connect the new Chinese presence to

an older more familiar one. Throughout the article, these "recent [Chi-

nese] arrivals" are described as simultaneously new and old, strange yet

familiar, recently arrived yet having roots from long ago. In broad

strokes, the authors use the two words "Chinese presence" to bridge the

gap in time and space between the diasporic Chinese who have been in

Panama for more than r5o years and the recent economic and political

players from China and Taiwan. The homogenization of diasporic Chi-

nese with the new arrivals, primarily state representatives and transna-

{ tional managers) helps smooth this geopolitical shift, making the sudden

I eruption of this particular group of Chinese people, politics, and capital

I t."- less threatening. The connection that is drawn between these new

arrivals with an akeady existing presence makes them seem more famil-

iar and less strange. That connection enables the Panamanian public to

interpret these new arrivals with their knowledge and understanding of

diasporic Chinese, who are their neighbors, co-workers, corner-store

owners, fellow church members, and friends and family.

\7hile the impulse to connect the new arrivals with the older, estab-

,n lished community may be understandable, the fact remains that the for-

x4 ll mer are likely to be quite different from the latter. For one thing, their sta-

, ',,\o $ n'n

o ,'1 tus as diplomats and transnational managers who are expected to live in Ji'' .^,r+0'd Panama for only a few short years does not allow for the formation of di-

{Ct'u" asporic sensibilities. Moreover, their relationship to the Panamanian na-

tion-state and the Chinese homeland is quite distinct from that of dias-

poric Chinese. These qualitative differences arc critical in distinguishing

diasporic subjects from other categories, such as cosmopolitans and

transnationals,3 that describe contrasting experiences of displacement

and dislocation. This is not to say that this group cannot eventually be-

r 6 8 " G o o o -

come dia nent relat it is impo gorically

This hr historical

are render "Chinese

der is alsc tinuous t, brought tr way and r

come witl ation was that Taiw relocate tl of an und ble only b nation. Idr fact, the c, rivals are r the new C Chinese, c arrivals. A Uncle Cha represents interpretal national o nant of lol tion and a ble.

To brinl allel betwr that just a ness practi they will s tices. They business. I

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IeuorleuJelur ̂\

< r.{vs s-r cNfl

170 " G o o o - B Y E , U N c r o S e m "

and Torrijos of the world-will learn quickly how to deal with the new

Taipans and the millennial aft of. "guanxi.'aThey will learn to say, 'chou

san' [Good morning] in cantonese and 'ni hau ma?' [How are you?] in

M a n d a r i n . "

" T H E H e T T I E L D S n N o M c C o v s o F T H r F e n E A S T " :

T w o D I v E R G E N T N o T I o N S o T C T T I N E S E M e s c U L I N I T Y

The second part of the La Prensa article complicates and builds on what

has been presented in the first. Sitting at the negotiating table are three

people. At one end is uncle chang, holding a wad of dollar bills, and at

the other end sits another male figure who, like Uncle Chang, is racially

i! marked by stereotypical Asian phenotypes. To distinguish him as chi- " ,r.r., he is wearing a triangular rice-field hat and the traditional Chinese

cheongsam (or qi pao). He is holding some kind of certificate, which pre-

r\(- ll sumably has something to do with Hong Kong (as explained in the arti-\ \ cle). In his other hand, each of these men is holding a wooden hammer,

*ith *hi.h he is bopping the head of the man in the middle. By bopping

,y"5 his head, the two men are supposedly competing for his attention. The

uf.- . , marrin the middle is presurnably a Panamanian official, who is literally- tl:"t{' depicted as being of two heads about the situation. Wearing sunglasses dW' and a white shirt, he is turning his head back and forth between the two

Chinese men, and he is moving so vigorously that sweat is flying in the

air. on the table, his fingers are moving rapidly, as if anxious to grab

onto something. This particular gesture has been used in other cartoons

to suggest that the character is engaged in a process of calculation asso-

ciated with greediness. The two Chinese men secretly extend third arms

toward each other under the table, where each holds a saw to cut off the

, legs of the other man's chair. Figuratively, they are attempting to under-

1l cut each other.

^!/p That the characters are allmale reaffirms and reinforces masculinity in

^^Jn^ the geopolitical sphere. However, as Cynthia Enloe astutely observes, 'Notions of masculinity aren't necessarily identical across generations or

across cultural boundaries." The cartoon makes this clear. Each of the

characters is also nationally and racially marked. The way Uncle Chang

and his nemesis reflect divergent constructions of Chinese masculinity is

significant. Examining them in the context of geopolitics can provide in-

sight into the "politics of masculinity between countries and between eth-

nic groups within the same country" (Enloe rg9o, ry).In this case, it il-

" G o o o

lustrates r foregrour

As culr differencl conflictin 1 9 9 9 ) . F ( dangerou the natior minoriry Dependin at differer popular a

As sho, crafted to in a West cheongsar (and westr the past, s suggested his immol velopmenr flect and I tails. Beir positions:

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-op pue ssarSor<I Jo >pEI al{l w Polpsor s€q oulll q8norqr '{riltqouirut stg

lssoupre-,u,4ceq Jo esues e sr Sulqlolc pa>lrelu ,{llecruqre sltl ,{q patseS8ns

sl regA\ 'lsalN al{r q}I/!\ lualslsuof,ul stuoos }eql uollTperl uI >lJnls '1sed aql

]o lJEJItrp uE eq ol s.leedde J3qto oql 'eseurg3 ue.&\IEJ (pazturatsa'tt prre)

urepo[u eqt sazluollda rauJoy eql alfi-l/N'rPq plal:f-rrl.r P PuE tuus8uoeqo

esaurqJ leuorllPeJl e Strrreazrt sT slseuleu stq 'teq pue llns uJslsalN E uI

pesserp sr 3ueq3 altruftr seeror{A."l6c{ eqr PuE uE.^aIBI nrdap ol pe}tEll

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Jerlrrlocl e^Eq os[e lng seI]aIXuE relndod

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polJelter ..'uetll euo ut eIEuJEJUI p;ed,ta'o11ad arl],, 'nqlue1,1 ng sno-raStrup

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oqt ol s8ul-lq pue Stld eql PuP uE^aI€J, 1o uotlder'rad leraua8 oql salerlsnl

-lr lI 'as€J srLt: -Lpe 1r33,&\leq

I -ur apr,to.rd ui sl ,{lrurlncseu-

3ueq3 a1cu3 aqr Jo q3e3 -r JO SriorleJoua; 'saaresgo t1;: ul dtlullnrseru

-ropun ol Sui: ar{l JJo tntr ol , surrE prry] prr -osse uorlelnl suoolJeJ J3i.lt. qe-r8 o1 snorr aqr ur 3ur.{11 s or!\l er{l ueer\r: sasselSuns 3r,. .{ilerol1 sr oq.r eLII 'uorlue]ti.l

Surddoq .{g ': '.roruureq uapl -rue aqt ui pr'- -a.ld qclqlt 'a:":

aselrrrl.) IEUor: -Ir{3 se rurq rr .{Jlercrr sr '3ur

lE pue 's11rg ;'r ee.rql erB elc'lPl

lPtl. a uo sPlrnl

,{'IINI'Inl l

:.,,1sv3

ur [2nod ate .t noqr, tdes o1 ri ^\eu eqt qrr^\ Tt

,(wvs E'r3N -t

'psua,tJ p-l to)Jnoa, 'leIJUJo u€Iualueued e pue 'stsarueu srq '3ur:q3 apun

rLr.,wvS 3lf Nn'rA€-coo3.,

1 7 2 " G o o o - s v n . U N c r n S e n n "

modern, but their otherness, marked by an attachment to Chinese tradi-

tions, resituates them at the margins.

As this cartoon clearly illustrates, although Uncle Chang and his

nemesis share a similar phenotype, the two are culturally distinct. Yet the

article that accompanies it shows little interest in the specificity of their

cultural differences. It is concerned primarily with what the two states

, have to offer in terms of economic benefits. \Thereas Taiwan has a strong

\ ..oro-y and cash flow, the PRC holds the promissory note for economic

] ties with Hong Kong. The question arises, then, why not have relations

i with both? \ The article offers an answer with an analogy: International relations

.O-rnn "*qP'are like marital relations.

'When one gets married, one does not marry

t )-p*' iust a partner but his or

her entire family. So one has to be willing to ac-

cept the occasional visits of an irritable in-law or suffer the sight of a crazy cousin. In a similar vein, then, establishing international relations with a country is not just a matter of building a relationship with a gov- ernment but with a nation, a history, a culture, and all their accompany- ing problems. Once again, the trope of marriage is employed. Taking it one step further, the authors allude to the feuding families of the Capulets and Montagues in Verona and the Hatfields and McCoys in the rural United States, in which having relations with one family makes your re' lationship with the other more difficult, if not impossible. The trope de- scribes the situation confronting Panama. If the PRC and Taiwan are the feuding families, into which of these should Panama choose to marry?

In addition to its economic concerns, Panama has yet another factor to consider. Now that Uncle Sam has removed his military forces from Panama, the issue of international security arises. As the civil war in Colombia intensifies, the violence has moved slowly into the border area between Colombia and Panama. The Darien jungle has already begun to experience the first signs of guerrilla and paramilitary activity. Without a military of its own, Panama will need assistance. The article notes that Taiwan has a particular advantage over China in this area. As one official remarked, "Taiwan has had much experience in political warfare and counterinsurgency. It has a strong army and it certainly could help Panama." Irrespective of the economic arguments for relations with one or the other of the two Chinas, international security is also a serious consideration.

The article concludes by returning to the opening question: Is Uncle Chang replacing Uncle Sam? The author suggests that the answer lies in

41),t',,*l ir**'

" G o o o

the quesr in milita parted c, ferred to economi, manian l which th

"Goot derstand

G e o p o D r e s p c

At this l through I ical circu raises sel tions of (

PRC and Uncle Ch his PRC guise. Sec only com re-ethnici the newsp with diasl people, br single grc these grol Chinese d nic homel nese belor PRC and geopolitic and politi were char if diaspor whose pri longing in ditions. fl

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elrun sI :u(

SNOIJES E OI

3uo qlL!\ su dlaq ppo: Pue areye&

IErJrtJo auo I lEt{l satou a e rnoqrr26 .l

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(, wvs aT 3NO tLt..rrvs trroNfl'sAs-oooC,,

1 7 4 " G o o D - B Y E , U N C L n S e l t "

"China" through processes of racialization and ethnicization, making

Chinese belonging in the nation contingent on Panama's geopolitical re-

lations with the PRC and Taiwan. By considering how race, ethnicity, and

gender mediate notions of belonging within the nation-state and geopo-

litical relations between nation-states, I show that diasporic citizenship is

situated between the national and transnational arenas.

Multiple Interpretations of Diasporic Chinese '$7hile

the general public is grappling with these changes, diasporic Chi-

nese are engaged in their own debates. Their concern is less with eco-

nomic advantages than with issues of national and ideological affiliation.

Among them, there is little consensus about the future influence of the

PRC and Taiwan on Panama. They engage these discussions from differ-

ent perspectives, and their viewpoints vary according to their points of

reference, social memory, and future trajectories.

C o u p e n r N G I M p E R I A L I S M S : T n s H o N c K o N c

H n N n o v E R e s a V r c r o R y r o n A r r C n I N E S E

The phone rang in the middle of our conversation, and \7ayne picked it

up immediately. He began speaking in Cantonese to the person on the

other end. I sat there patiently, listening to him saying something about

food, the banquet, and celebration. Then, he launched into an impas-

sioned monologue about the importance of the Hong Kong handover. He

insisted that the Sam Yap Association (the native place organization to

which he belongs) must attend and help celebrate this momentous occa-

sion. Taking a deep breath, he sighed and said, "I was there in Hong

Kong when the 'red beards' (British) were shooting everyone . . . children,

grandmothers, innocent people in the street. It didn't matter who they

were. I remember distinctly seeing a grandmother being shot multiple

times while shielding her grandchild from the flying bullets! It was a

nightmare." Absorbed in his storytelling, he continued,

They were shooting in all directions. If one of their people got killed, they'd shoot hundreds of Chinese. It was so unfair. People suffered when the British were there. Hong Kong's return to China is a victory, not just for the Chinese government, but for Chinese people everywhere. It signifies the end of the

[British] presence, their conquest, and their colonial rule over the fate of Chi- nese people. Of course we Sam Yap folks should buy tickets for the dinner cel- ebration! I don't care if the food is not good. Ve must celebrate this. Even if I have to buy tickets for one entire table, I will.

" G o o o ,

The conv with a lor all about, cover his

Sfayne

age of t6, pedition i del Toro, Panama. l Isla Col6r ian-Costa

and once store and ican soldir

other bakr finally rel provide e< one when them. rJ7hr

to pack u1 The prr

Since the t Chiquita I in most ol cated on Ir places in t pers.s Sincr the island than a fevi' tination. \ cupants ol haven for r oldest Chir island, but communiq of Chinese of convenir the presenc history, the

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lnoqe Surqrau oqt uo uosrad

l pa4rrd aude,

5

yo slurod rraql -reJJIP ruort su eql Jo aJuenur 'uorlerlrlle

IBf,t -ora qlrrd ssel -rq3 clrodserp

sr drqsuazrtn rl -odoe8 pu€ alr pue',brtluqla' -ar

leonlodoa! Suquur 'uorlel

.( wvs a'r c Nfl

" G o o D - B Y E , { J n c r s S a l ' 1 "

alized arn a rnLomuflnerxt in X(wangchou (Guangzhou)' The monument is

marne of stone bloelcs" on whiela the names of cities around the wortrd are

engraved, eaeh hnock signifying a different cornmunity of diasporic chi-

^"i" rlr^t s*pported tlee fourndlirag of the Republic of China. ApparentXy"

dre Ctreinese Association of Bocas sent funds to assist the revoiutionaries'

efforrrs to overthrow dynastic rutre in China. Sfith the slow and gradual

, disappearance of the Chinese eomrnunity in Bocas, this rernains an ob-

I u.r* trnot of history. \X/ith its gtrory days long gone, the quiet and under-

stared presence of the remaining chinese does not reflect the vitality and

dynarnisrn that tr can ontry imragine it ollce possessecl. \flayne',s storyr in

many ways, provides a glimpse irlto the history of diasporic Chirrese ira

ttrris province.

R.ecovering frorn his phone conversation, \7ayne elaborated,

tr want ro wilte something in the [chinese l newspaper about fthe I-Iong tr(ong

handoverl. I want to show the younger generatioll the ifirportance of this

event. . . . I feel that atl are chinese, no mattef if you are from Taiwan or frorn

china. tr was born in china, ancn everywhere n go, I'm still chinese. I have rny

horne in chi1a, but { can'r return to it. lThe situatiot] is the same for people

living in Taiwal.] My intentior-r has always been to go back to china. But the

world situation di<i not permit it after world "rver {1. In 1949. the colnmllnists

took over. tr didn't want to take the chance with my children"

Eacktracking a hit, he explained, "trn r948, { hought a house in Chrina

and everything. I had wanted n:ry children t6 learn chinese " n had wanted

to leave them there with rny rnother an6| sister'" In the encl, his chiidren

dic{ not retufn to China for their education. Instead, with their bilingual

backgrounc{ in Spanish and Engiish, they went to the united States an<tr

spain" currently, three out of five of them xive in the united States, while

the other two are in Bocas del T'oro and franama City'

\flayne then began to talk ab6ut all the ptraces he had travelecl, listir-rg

China, Taiwan, Hong l(ong, {tatr5 Spain, I(orea, -[apan, France, Canada,

and the United States. F{e explained,

Everywhere tr went, people woulcl ask me if I am Chinese and why { have a panamanian passport. tr tell them,

'\flhy does it matter? tr have money" I carr go

wherever I want. \Mhy do you care if I arn chinese?' You see, in r964, I finally

changed my nationality our of convenience. when I had my chinese passport?

tr couldn,t go anywhere, and because all my children studied abroad, if I

wantec{ to see thern, tr had to change nationality. tr held on to n1y chinese pass-

port until then. Now, I have a green card [u.s. resident aiien identification

cardl because most of my chilclren are in the United States'

l

" G o o o - .

F{e reaffir::

a strong g,_

[S7e shoui- governmei cluded de;.

Eefore :: relations r-. T h e a m b a , mainland, stead, the (

coftlnTtent. -'

S7e mo, r

was windin note takin-: tendectr an '

h o u s e , { l o ' - past few l.r, hear his r.: noui'rcer to,

\flayne'. his assertic'r ternationa l tion. tr,ike r. P R C _ R O C

isrn. As \\'-r everywhe r. travel has .t

t h e i n t e r n : t

having a s: grouncl. Il hope for, ii

My inte r ments. "I c pressure of Raphael, iar asserted. ",1

is being rel

u8raroy Japun uaeq seq Suoy 3uo11 'epr eseulqJ o] Paurnlor Sureq sr

puEI esoulqJ yo orard u teql pnold eq pFolis auo 'eseutq3 € sV,, 'Peuessr

tsetluales slq uI uoltr€If,ossv esaulqf, eql Jo Jegrueru alllf,s ue tlaeqdeg

,.'rarropueq eqr alsJqelef, ol lou ,btunruruor eseull{3 aql uo alnssa.rd

qJnu os lnd ol dssequa ICOU] eqr rot lqSrr sl 1I {uql l,uoP L, 'sluetu

^ -IuoJ JPInus peleraua8 lJogo, sql to aldoad reqlo qll^\ srvlerzr're1ut ^{141

, lonn " il 'tuaruu;arro8 Suorts e 'PIFq dleq rou;r 'roy adoq

'l^"'::.i { uec aq 1nq {lroluqra Jo of,eJ slq esoorlJ louueJ aq hlan srq u1 'punor8

-{leq Jruqla{Elc€J s.euo qlIA{ PatrBlf,oss€ lueruuJorroS 8uorls e Sut,teg

;o o8elue:rpp aqt azrlear rulq sPelu seq sIqI 'lxaluoJ I€uolleuJolut eql

ul peceld puu poleer sI auo ^.\oq Sutunuratap 01 satuoJ lI ueq/v\ dl4uept

Jluqto-lelter pue dt{euonl€u qloq to eruaIFS eql PoJoJsraPun sEI{ Ie^erl

. Ieuolleu.relu qlIA\ aouatredxe ellsuelxo slq 'reloelol4J ,.'areq-lrrd.rarre

-,/,{ aldoad essulrlD IIE JoJ eprrd ;o Joiletu E sI lL, 'palstsut aude16 sV 'lusl

*n'il;^*0, f ]-leuorreu IEJnllnJ-lErJ€J to asues Suorts E qll^\ ueql scllrlod )OU-OUiI

tr-,". " ^

qry$ op or ssol sEI{ Jelopueq eqr req} stsaSSns eq (sregto Lueu e>111 'uoll

-eroua8 luer8truurr slq Jo sluaurlues lereue8 oql luaserdor dlleuotleu.ral -ur Suorts eq ot speeu'JOU oqr ro )Ud eql rI eq '"tH) lerll uolilesse slq

pue Jolopueg Suoy 3uo11 aqr Surterqelac uo acuolslsul Suorls s,aude4t 'sonssr

lBf,rpatu pu? qrlBer{ uo sllel {ool Jaf,unou -ue or{t sE uoltels esoulqJ Isrol oqr ol Peuu '8urle1d oIP€r sltl r€eq

plnor I 'eraql urorg 'orull aJoru auo el.g-poo8 pelu.Lr pue 's.rnoq nel lsed

er{l roJ rps peq e1lr orerlA\ i(uorleq Jool}-Puoses eql te dn Pe{ool 1 'esnog

srq uro.r;,{e.,nu pollezn 1 sy'eurudur uJnteJ ot uollslllul uedo ue PaPual -xe dlsnolrer8 aq pue 'rulq pa4uegr

1 'edq-poo8 ptes o,l sy '8ur1el alou

pue 3uq1et oqr ile uJoJt POJII etlnb alazra. qloq e,^a pue 'urr'rop Surputm, se,tt

uoouret E oqt rnq ltlpley slq lnog€ ororu llq e e4ods PUE uo Pa^our al1

lenetu saop tuevrutalo8 eqt reqr perseSSns ,(1rqns aq 'luaruuroc

/ srgi qrr16 ,,'dlrunututoo eIIr Jo eJ€J se>lel uollslJossv asawqJ eqt 'puels

-uI 'alqnorl ur eJE esouqC aql ueq/,\ 8ult1#ue ,(es tr,uop daql 'pue1urcu

eql urory eseulqJ agt lratord l,uec .{ssegtua aqr PUE JoPesseqrut eql 'EulqJ puelureru ruory aJ€ ereq aseuqC lsotu lnq 'eureue4 qll^ suollelor

ser{ ueltlre1., tpapp" eq 'talo,ttog tctdol roqloue ol uo Sut,rour aJoJeg

,,'8uor1s aq :3urql rq8u eqr oP 01 Peau lsnI daq;,, :Lle,rtsllap PePnl]

i -uoJ eH .,'€ulq3 Jo uEr\,\IeI JeI{lIe eq P1nol fI 'Joll€ru l.useoP luaurura,'lo8 lagl

;'rrodssed esaulq3 E l{tr.ry\ oraqrrtdra,ra IeAErl ol olqe aq plnoqs a16] 'plJo^\ erp Je^o

IIE osoulq3 pedser uec oldoad os 'lueutulalo8 Suorls e

peeu era [rng] 'esaun1f, og lil1t\ sdenp PUE aseuq) ure 1,, 'petuJltJeer eH

LLI..rrvs irrDNfI'fi,\s-qo oC,,

'il:,

uorlef,rJrluePr -ssed esaurq3 1 1r

'peorqe 1 .lrodssed

esau l11ewq 1,l96r oB uer 1 .deuot

e a,req 1 lg,ra.

'epuue3 .aou

Sunsq'pa1a,l

epqrvr ,se1e15

Pu€ salPls P: pnSurlg rraq uerpptlc srq "

PoruE^\ PBrl J Eulq) ur 3snl

slsrunturuoJ eq el{l rnfl 'eurrl]

eldoad roy euru dur eleq 1 .asau ruorj: Jo ue^\re.n srr{l Jo of,uPuo 8uo;8uog aqr

'Ptlt

ur esourr{J f,r.r ur 1fuols s,aul pue ltqelrzr aq -r3Pun

Pu? ral -go uP sureura pnperS pue a

<serJeuorlnloa: 'dpuareddy .e

-rq3 crrodserp erP PIro^\ oqt 1 sI luelunuoul i

.. wvs fl'rcNO

178 " G o o D - B Y E . U N c r , B S e r u "

control for so long. It's about time that Chinese people gain back control

of it. 'We

should be celebrating it as a Chinese victory, regardless of which

government is involved. This is a victory for all Chinese."

Among the early immigrant generation, Raphael is known as a scholar

whose knowledge of Buddhism and ceremonial practices, not to mention

Chinese literature and diasporic Chinese history, has made him a cultural

consultant to the community. His short but compact stature gives him an

aura of balance and stability. His words are carefully weighed, spoken

slowly and thoughtfully, and his measured speech is often spiced with

metaphors and allegories. He is a man of seriousness, and his movements'

mannerisms, and gestures all project a groundedness that seems unshak-

able. When asked what his opinion was regarding the recent PRC*ROC

debate in Panama, he offered, "I am Chinese' an overseas Chinese, and of

course I want one united China. No Chinese want two Chinas to exist. I

do not care which government represents China' I just want a strong goY-

ernment, a unified China." Pausing for a moment, he added, "Since

Panama recognizes the ROC and has relations with them, I also have to

recognize the ROC. It is all we have to represent Chinese people here' I

will follow the Panamanian government. If Panama chooses to recognize

the PRC, then I will also recognize the PRC. I respect both [Chinese] gov-

ernments, and it is their responsibility to straighten out that problem."

His statements seemed evenhanded.'We continued in this manner for

a while, and although his formality did not subside with time, his speech

became more relaxed. "I don't think the Taiwanese provide enough help

for overseas Chinese herer" he said. "The fact that they can't help immi-

tr\ grants get passports is a big problem. They also don't provide enough

funds for overseas Chinese. The ROC is able to give large donations to

the Panamanian government, but they don't give the community much.

They don't even provide as much as the soy sauce in which to dip the

chicken." His hand gestured as if holding a pair of chopsticks and, with

one quick and precise move, dipping them in and out of a dish. I chuck-

led at this colorful analogy, with its exaggerated description of iust how

much the ROC was willing to give-or not give, in this case.

Our conversation moved on to a variety of other topics, and he re-

mained composed and poised for the most part. But there was one in-

stance when he broke out of his usual cautiousness. 'We

were talking

about his general experience in Panama: how things had changed in the

years he had been there, and what it was like being Chinese then versus

now. He shook his head and without hesitation said: "Oh, it is much bet-

" G o o o - r

ter now. T used to ca used to sa; mon. Somr He nudgec his knees. l shook his manners, r thousands couldn't er personhoo

Over an

a victory f< strong gov

companied

Raphael, tl tural natiot subordinat cuperation the effects ,

of Chinese, positioning

and Rapha positive im for Chinesr nese, whosr izenship ar judged and then, repret context.

Taking a sat in his sr used an anr to Panama,

but to Chin these two though uns For Panami ination, wh

Jo ere al{l PePnlruoJ ra^oPu€q Suoy 3uo11 eqt 'eurq3 roJ ellq^4' 'uot}eul

-tuoP 's'n FerIP Jo Pue eql pa{rBur IEU€J eqr Jo urnlar Jql '€uleued Joc

,tr^, '*"'r4"ttedurr :d8o1eue eql ol Sutueaur seAIS l€ql roFe; 'palelsun g8noqr

-r'{:' 'luetrodurt }soru a13urs eqr srq8rlq3rq sdrqsuon,lar Jo sles oA\} eseql

,, uea/\ lag yalered e Sulzrre.rq 'sradel Lueu seq dSoluue eql <.'eur{) o} }nq

{f ,"rtt,ttt*-of,, oql 01 lou '"tl {J o} >lJEg Suro8 sr Suoy Suog 'erueue4 o1

" pr,rrnltt Sureg sr IEu€J stll se lsnf,, :1utod slq '{BIu o} 't3o1eue u€ pasn

aq 'uzltoteurqC PIo uI aJols le.reua8 pelced ''(lasuap PUE IIErus slq uI lES

arvr sy .]urod.{rlue tuaragrp e PareJJo ornlrv'uorlrsod JEIIIuIS e 3uqe1

'lxeluof,

1eqo13 ag] ur Fedser Surlarqce Jo uorpallP aq] uI eAoIU e sluesardar 'ueql

lerropueq Suoy 3uo11 aq1 'se8erur asoqtr ol Surprocce Peleerl pue pa8pnl

aJE otll!^ pu€ af,uePISeJ to elels-uolleu Jleql ul Sur8uoleq pue dtqsuezt

-llt IInJ ruo{ ruor{tr sePnllxe ueryo punor8lleq leJnrln)-Iw)et esoq^a 'esou

*rq3 rrrodserp JoJ lueilodurr ,(lercedse sr sIqI 'areqzvrLrala ssaulq) JoJ

lJodseJ .rau.rB3 dlaq pporrr, (u.rnl ul '.ltH^'sseuesaulq3

1o aSurul aAIIISOd

Jj e lcatord PIno^. eulqC PaIJIun B PuE tuauure'ro8 Suorls e 'laegdeA pue

au,te16 .roy 'sprorrr Jel{lo q 'lxo}uof, leqop aq} uI EuItlJ ;o Suluotltsod

eql 01 palelor dlnarp are suotldecrad aseql teqr tsaSSns deql 'eseuq3 yo

n ,j rueurteaJt JI{r PuE ssouesaulq) 1o suoDdeolad leuolleusueJl }o slce}Je egr

Lo,r,/')',!,, saJof,srapun urodsetp ut Suleg dllueurnq pue 'aptrd ihru8ry yo uorlerednc

,^1")r,/ -el E (tsouleroJ pu,

lsrry .sluose.rdal .re,ropueq eql'ueql oI'uoqeulPJoqns

t({' \1 puu uotfe.r*urJf,srp yo acuauedxe Jrar{t ruory s.',ets t€ql .',sll,uoll€u I€Jnl ] r\

-ln) Jo pupl B tnq scrlllod IOU-f,Ud lnoqe lou sI ralopuetl aqt 'laeqdeg

pue au,(e16 qfog JoC 'ef,ualol^ IeIceJ Jo suorldrJcsap dq pelueduroc

-38 UAUO aJeAl. Sluaruecunouord esoql'erorureqlJnc'luaurure'to8 8uolls

auo 'eutq3 peIJIun auo oq Ppoqs eroql leql pue 'esautq3

IIE roJ '{ro1ct'r e

se.lv\ Je^oPueq 8uo;3uo11 aqr leql PIES 1I PJE3I{ 1'urc8e JeAo Pue J3AO

,.'q8nol eJa.Aa seurll asoql,, 'q8rs 3uo1 Jarllou€ lno lal eg ..'pooquosred

pue drlu8rp Jo asuas 3 uleluleru o1 ' ' ' rqSty or Peq I

'll arnPuo l.uPlnof,

*.,,r "f lsn[ I'suollnqlrluof, s]I'erntr1nr qf,IJ sll {lorsrq 1o srued Jo sPu€snoql

?{tv? | s.€urq3 .4aou{ }ou op daql .Surqceat euoq ou 'uotlecnpa ou 'sJeuuulu

ou aAEI{ Laql '3uo1 os ro; }I sIEt ,(po ppoc 1,,'urv8e Peaq sq >looqs

pue q8rs € lno lel eH ' \ou dq re8ue qllzw Sururuaq se'^a ef,PJ sIH 'seeul slq

uo dprrr; surled srg parueld PuE rler{l sII{ Jo Pua aql Prul(ol pa8pnu all

...ruaq] qrrrrrr rqSry plno/( 1 pue "{r3ue

d.re,r 1a3 Plno^^a 1 'seurtlaruoS 'uoru

-urol ,{ra,t sE^\ sil{I'ece1 rno.{ o1 rq8rr 1I oP PFo^' deqr pue "(es

ot pasn

,{aqrreqlrs.l€ql.slerSutlee}oSnesnf,f,Bpue.de>1uour'SnIIE3olPoSn

, il l,eql'eroleg iqnH 'eJotaq s€ PBq sE lou sI uoIlEuIurIrJSIp eqJ

"laou Jel

.//ir;l -"{ " 6L, ..wvs a-r)Nq.a,rs-aooC,,

-leq qf,ntu sl

snsJe^ Usrp egl ur pe8ur 3ur41e1 araa -ur euo se.ryr -er eq pue 1

moq rsnf ;o ->ltnrp J .qsr

glr.u (pue s>1 aqr drp o1 ql 'qcnru dlrunr ol suorl?uop q8noua apnr -nuur dleq 1 dlaq qEnoua qceads srq.al JOJ JOUU"UT s

,,'ruelqord lu -lo8

[asaurq3 eztuSocar ol t

I 'eJor1 eldoa<

ol a^Pq oslE l erur5,, 'pappr

-,r.o8 Suorls e

J'lslxe ol sBu

Jo pue 'osaunl

f,ou-Dud lu ->leqsun suas 'sluatueaout

st qtuvr paclds u ua4ods'paq8r uB IuIq saru8 a

Jerntlnl e uIrq uollueru ol lol TPIOTIJS P s3 ut

grrq^{ Jo ssalP:

Iorluoc >lJPq u

( r rvs tr'r cNll

, , , , ' l , i l , r , l l

t r r l

t l l : ' : l

l , : '

l r I i

, t i t t t : j l j , ; l

r 8 o " G o o o - e v n . U N c r B S e u "

British colonialism. The analogy emphasizes the ethical-moral dimensron

of global politics, and it appeals to the sentiment that imperialism must

.rrJ. Th. critical focus is on the rightful return of formerly occupied ter-

ritories, making the PRC-ROC conflict altogether irrelevant. Arturo em-

phasized this by saying, ,'chinese culture is not communist or KMT

iKoo-ingt"ng or the Nationalist People's Party of China now based in

Taiwan], it is for everyone." He thus suggested that the handover was be-

yond ideology. Rather, ir was in the realm of the cultural and should be

considered in the broader context of \Testern imperialism, under which

chinese people-in china, Taiwan, and in the diaspora-have suffered'

For Arturo, as for nilayne and Raphael, the Hong Kong handover marked

the end of one form of racial-cultural subordination in the global context

and ushered in a new era of reconsolidation, cultural affirmation, and

collective healing. 'while

most senior immigrants were preoccupied with the Hong Kong

handover, many local-born chinese were uneasy about the rising tensions

between the PRC and Taiwan. As the two polities competed for Panama's

official relations, they were also rallying support among diasporic chi-

nese. \flhile tension between PRC and ROC supporters had been mount-

ing for months, the dinner to celebrate the Hong Kong handover some-

how .on.r"tized the anxieties and the ambivalence of the community.

People understood that despite the immense spatial distance between

them (in Latin America) and Asia, what unfolded between the PRC and

the Roc governments would have enormous implications for Panama as

well as for diasporic Chinese.

Although a vast majority of members of the Chinese Association at-

tended the celebration dinner, there was no consensus on whether this

event was an "official" function sponsored by the Chinese Association.

Calling it an "official" event would not only be a direct insult to the

ROC embassy, which had provided the community with generous finan-

cial and moral support in the past decades; it would also constitute a po-

litical statement as to where the association stood in terms of Chinese

politics. Regardless of how politically charged the event had become, the

t"rrqrr"t hall was full. More than 3oo people were present. At the main

table sat the PRc officials, along with the president and a few key mem-

bers of the Chinese Association. If it had not been for the dense air of dis-

comfort that permeated the room, the celebration would have been like

any other banquet I had attended. Although some people seemed gen-

uinely excited to be there, many appeared ambivalent and even a bit un-

" G o o o - n '

comfortablr the usual pr

embassy w

Their absen I was tol

Panama to

ation and rt

first time er

plicit allegie sociation h

This was in

the Chinese The tran

nificant cha

Panama's ir previous ch recent imm

dominated 1 9 9 7 , h o w t

struggle for

drawing sul pushing th,

think that t

the recent i

this is not r immigrants Chinese. O partisan gr

L o c e r B

T H E D I A

The central

ROC in Pa

dover, thor cultural an them, the h Taiwan. Tl

corporated low. "It is

). :

tll '.1!

tllrl

\\

'paluolu€l sauo f,rlsrurrssod aJoru er{l (((eurrl Jo Jollelu e fluo sr lL, ' \ol

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orl] Jo ornlnJ aqr {ldurrs altnb 'sr sralroddns u€^,\IEI JoJ anssl l€rlueJ egl

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JO 'asauq)

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teqt sr esues dru lnq 'asaurq3 uerueureued erlr pue sluer8rrurur luaJal or-lt

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pue eprs euo uo raqtaSol Jelopuerl 3uo;4 3uo11 eql to sJolJoddns Surnerp 'uorsrlrp

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to esrnorsrp aqt petuunuop

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f,OU-lUd Jo uoltueru ot lou tlrunruuroJ eseuq) aql

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eq] 'aruorag p

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se PruEuBd JoJ

PUP JUd ar{r u uee./l$eg ef,uPll 'dllununuoc

aq -oruos JOAOPUeI -lunotu usag

Px -lq3 crrodserp I s.EruPuBd JoJ

Pa suorsuel Sursr.r e Suoy 8uo11 aqr

pue 'uorleurrr3gt

lxeluoJ leqop e pa>lJBuI Ja^oPut 'PeratJns e^Bq_ qJIq^\ ropun ,ur

aq PForls Pue Ir

-oq se^4, JAAOPUE ur PesBq A^,ou Br

IW) Jo lslunu -{ue oJnuv.lusl -ral

Patdnoco ,(l: lsnur rusrlerradrl uorsueurP IeJOrrl

.( i ivs al cNn " r8r<<wvs s-rcNn'fl"\rr-CIooc,,

1 8 z " G o o D - B Y E . U N c r n S R l v r "

Rather than celebrating the transfer as "a victory for Chinese every-

where," Taiwan supporters were worried about the uncertain future that

lay ahead. Many expressed a sense of connection with the Taiwanese

government based on memories of their family's experience with com-

munist China. Others feel a deep indebtedness to the Taiwanese for their

many years of support and collaboration. I must emphasize, however,

that their concern lay not in what would happen to Taiwan per se, but

tJ rather in what would happen to Chinese state representation in Panama, 'which

inevitably would affect their own future. A change in representa-

tion would result in major shifts for diasporic Chinese. It would require

a reimagining and retooling of practices and modes of operation in both

local and transnational contexts. Not only might the current architecture

of the community and its institutions be restructured, but a new set of dy-

namics, leadership, and sociopolitical practices might evolve. In short, a

,, shift in representation would alter the design as well as the overall texture lland fabric of the community as they know it now and as they have

known it for as long as they can remember. \rhat came across most 0il

^,.,(IU stronglS then, was their sense of anxiety and uncertainty about the future

lN' of Chinese Panama.

Esteban and his wife, Sophie, were baby-sitting their grandchildren

when I stopped by their house in the middle of the afternoon' Now in

their mid sixties, they are retired, and their children are taking care of the

family business while Esteban and Sophie look after the kids. Both of

1 them are descendents of some of the earliest Chinese families in Panama.

610'i1 . Their parents had immigrated in the rgros and rgzos and started their \' r(n.!' businesses in the old Chinatown. \7ith extensive social and kinship net-

t *orkr, they seem to be related to most Panamanian Chinese by no more

than three degrees of separation. Both Esteban and Sophie are active in

the community. He is a member of the Chinese Association, and she is a

co-founder of another association that organizes social activities for

youth. Given their level of involvement, it was no wonder that I saw them

at almost every community event I attended during my stay in Panama.

Both Esteban and Sophie are from the generation of people who went

to American Methodist schools where English was taught. The two speak

Spanish and English, while Esteban also speaks Cantonese because he

had spent a few years in China during his late teens. His fluency in three

languages gives him entry to all sorts of social spaces and conversations

within the diaspora. He moves with equal ease between the different cir-

cles of the immigrant and the Panamanian-born generations' though he

" G o o o - l

seems mol manian-bc

The que my conYer Lhrna- Iat\

People o had to fl, have the pro-demr with Chi manian-l crime. Tl flict, bus Panama. Taiwan. there is a the new, ernments

To unde state fepres ment and t the ROC gr with the R( sentation ir lationship t an extraor( Taiwanese 1 partnership

its model fc culate abou communiry equals rathr recalled a ti when its rer have any m barrassing r chased a car tory and a important it relations 'o.i

-ruerueJ dtrunruruoc er{t Jo Jeppel peloadsar V ')OU aq} q}r^\ suorleler

u8rero; uerueueued Surdeqs ur esaurqJ orrodsurp to eJuenpur luelrodurr aql paterlsnllr drols Jerlrouv 'iloddns

luntnru Jo asues e pue trtot -slq

Jo duo.n aqr Suqrela.r 'pe11cnqc relleldrots oql ,,'ruII toj re) € poseq)

J -rnd a16 'spunJ perlellor pue raqteSot lo8 dlrunuruor eql tuql Sursse.rreg

| -ura os sE^\ lI 'reJ e e^Eq uala t.uprp Jop€ss€qrue eq1 dauour due eleq

l(uprp SseuplarBl aql 'ueqr >peq 'sa1,, 'pelrturl eJe,v\ se)JnossJ sll uaq^

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'eseurq) uJoq-uErusru -eued

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((rrvs a'rcNfI'ars-croo3,, egt

aq q8noql ,su

-Jrl luaJeJJrp i SUOIlESJSAUOJ

aa.rql ur ,{ruar eq 3sn€f,aq as

4eeds o.rq ag.1 lua.tr ogrvr eldr 'erueue4 ur dr ruerJl .r\ES J lBr JoJ Sartrr^rlJE

P sr eqs pue .u

ur eAI]tB eJe 3

aroru ou dg as -lau drqsuul pr rrar{l PeilEls P 'elueu€d ur s3r

Jo qrog 'sPrI

eql;o arec 3ur ur l\oNI .uoou

uorplqrpuer8

arnlnJ er{r lnoq ISOIU SSOJf,E al

a,req daqr se 1 sJnlxel IIereAo e ogogs uJ'a^ll -dp yo les a,r.au r eJnlsalnlf,Je }u: {poq uI uorlEJa arrnbar plno^^ : -eluesardar ur ; 'etueup4 ur uor lng 'es rad uea 'raaa.troq teztse

rraql JoJ esou?4 -ruoJ r{lr.a of,u; esauB^\rel eqt lEql ernlnt urel -dra,ra aseurr{J

s r^rvs irf ) NII

" G o o D - B Y E , U N c L e S e r r , r "

bered, .,In the late :]g7os, General Omar Torrijos came to me to ask if

Panama should establish relations with mainland China, and I told him

that the Chinese community are pro-ROC and would not suppoft it. And

in the end, he decided not to switch relations." A more recent example

was the ROC embassy's public response to the r99os anti-Chinese immi-

grant incident and the police raiding of Chinese homes' The ambassador

issued a sratement on behalf of diasporic Chinese urging the Panamanian

government to give fair treatment to the recent immigrants. Aside from

these testimonies and events, a number of structures and institutions at-

rest to the ongoing collaboration between the ROC embassy and the di-

aspora. The Centro Cultural Chino-Panameflo (Chinese Panamania-n

Cultural Center) and the Sun Yat-Sen School afe two examples of their'

long-term PartnershiP. Throughout my field research, everyone I spoke with at one point or

another directed me to the Centro Cultural Chino-Panamefro, which rep-

, ",,,it' resents the "heaft" of the Chinese community for most Chinese and non-

chinese Panamanians alike. "It is the place where you can get help, get

information, find people, etc," explained Roberto. He continued, "'w'hen

people talk about the Chinese community in Panama, they are referring

to el Centro, not the Chinese Association. El Centro holds the leadership

position in the eyes of Panama. Most people are unaware of the Chinese

Association." Roberto, who is in his fifties, comes from a prominent Panamanian

Chinese family. His father, who is recognized as a significant patriarch of

the Chinese community was an astute businessman and an even more

sawy community leader, whose impeccable reputation garners respect

among not only diasporic chinese but also the Panamanian elite.

Roberto's father was instrumental in designing the cultural-political ar-

chitecture of the community and shaping the developmental trajectory of

diasporic Chinese in Panama. The family's social and political networks

are vasr, and they are connected to some of the most influential politi-

cians and businessmen in Panama. Roberto',s father immigrated to

panama in the rgzos and built his business empire around clothing man-

ufacturing. Roberto, who was born in Panama and educated in the

United States, is now running the family business. Continuing the work

that his father started, Roberto is very much involved in community ac-

tivities. He had served as president of the Chinese Panamanian Profes-

sionals Association for many years and is currently on the board of di-

rectors of the Chinese Panamanian Cultural Center'

r 8 4 " G o o o

As dis Center h, tural and for all tl karaoke activities,

cooking.

its leader neighbor "new Ch

Rober who plar spective (

der to sitr

El Cen want t( pride ir The Su opportr and tra nme rol list nor a b o u t ' other b one anl is that they rvi

A s l y e a r s . ' 1 people Panamt iega yei The tra absorbt and thi

The people r mlgranr ian-bor and ma Those r situatio how th

ruory dp^ E uer tprJt dnor8 eq1 ' ' ' 'erueued pedlaq eaer{ esaup^l,rpl eqr ,{,oq pup erueu€d ot etupf, slua&d Jrorp .{t{.44 pazlleue eleq or{^\ pue aJotu uorl€nlrs eqt tnoqe rq8noqr e^pq or{ \ souo eql ete o,qual /a ur pralo^ur er€ orlra asoql 'ue1qo.ld rreql se tJrltuor ue.,rareJ-eulrl3 er{r

Jo >luql t.uop ueqt 1o dueur pue 'eoueregrpur sr ererlt flrsoy,q 'uorurdo ltlds e e,req oqe deqr'[eseurq3 uroq-uer -ueureue4l Suoury 'seprs qrog qtr.Aa

IIeg deld oq.u. eldoed are ereql (stupr8rru

-IlIr Io xnuur ^aeu eql qrr-a,r'.vro51 'eurrSer lsrunruuroJ er{t ruort de,ue uer aldoad

erll Jo lsoru esneJeg ueinrel-ord uaaq s^{en1e peq dlrunuluor asruTr{J rr{I 'sdno;8 o,{r} aql uea^\teq seruereurp aqt lno qtoows dleq p.u. srqt pu€

'o4ua3 Ia Ttr. eft spDI Jreqt Jo tsory 'illunurruof, erll olur '1eeds ol os 'paqrosqe

uooq e^eq deql 'pessed seg stuer8truur ,laeu eseqt ro1 porred uorlrsu€Jl arll ' ' ' 'uortelndod asaurg3 eqt

Jo JIer{ lnoqe dn elptu .{rou de,{J ' ' ' 'sreed e8ar -roN arlr Surrnp ewer oq.a4, eseurq3;o dnor8 reqtoue err,eq no.{'ueq1 'eureue4

ur drolsrq Jrar{t aJeJt uer no.{ pue 'seqrurey petJedsar ruor; etuof, oqrvr eldoed

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TlBg Surqletuos a,,lr8 1prur leqr 'dlpyedoq puv 'urp

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Ig

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IBJnrlnJ uEruEurEuBd eseurr{J Jrll 'uortJnpoJlul aql ur psssnJsrp sv

-rP to preog er

-seJoJd uBrueu -38 dlrunlutuoJ

lroun agl Surnr eqr uI PetEJnP -ueu Surqrop

1 ol PslBr8tururr -1rt1od

IerluenUf s{ro./$.}eu IEJrlrl ;o ,fuorce{e.g pr -re

lecqqod-1el .EIIIE UUIUEU]PI

tf,adsal sJeuJpg eJoru ua^e uB p

Jo rloret.nBd tue uBruEurEu€d lu:

asaurrlJ erlr Jo e drgsrapeal aqr sg Sul;ra;er e.ru da1 uar{/A,, ,penurlur

re8 (d1eq

ta8 uEJ -uou pue asauiq. -der qcrq,,vr 'ouau

JO lurod ouo 1B r

Jrer.lr Jo seldurexr uBruerueuBd asel -1p aqr pue dsseq -lE suorlnlnsur pr ruoJJ ePrsv .slue.

ueruerueue4 aqt ! roPBssegure ar{J -r(ulur esou[I3_rlr aldruexe luoJal a, puy 'rl uoddns

t( urq plol l pue .e

Jr >lsE ol aru ot at

{(wvS arcun.: 58t.. wvS fl "I)N61'a,tt-aooC,,

r 8 6 " G o o D - B Y E . U N c r n S a l a "

China and the group that works with Taiwan are connected. They would be ingrates if they did not support Taiwan. Taiwan has done so much for Panama.

For me, home is Panama. . . . Basically, I am Panamanian, the only differ- ence is that the Chinese fbatures remain. I have values that are very important Chinese values, and I am culturally mixed. My responsibility is to Panama, and I will promote and help the Chinese community as much as I can. My fa- ther suffered and fled from communist China. He has dedicated his time, money, and effort to help build this overseas Chinese community. . . . I don't feel the same kind of pressure that my father did. That stage of history has passed. The community has matured. His era was the transition from being se- cluded to being involved in the Panamanian community . . . the integration of the community . . . that transition has already been made. My responsibility now is to help people I know to get involved. Panamanians of Chinese descent need to be more involved lin El Centro].

Identifying strongly as Panamanian of Chinese descent, Roberto is

committed to Panama and to strengthening the Chinese community

there. \Thereas he characterizes national integration as the biggest chal-

lenge that faced his father's generation, Roberto's primary concern now

is to nurture an active and self-consciously Chinese-identified community

that is both proud of being culturally Chinese and yet involved in all as-

pects of Panamanian life. The Chinese Panamanian Cultural Center, as he

has suggested, serves that purpose. Indeed, it is difficult to imagine dias-

poric Chinese cultural and political life in Panama without the center.

And yet, it would be equally difficult to think of the center without also

acknowledging the involvement of the ROC government in it. The inter-

connections are so deeply entrenched that the official and institutional-

ized versions of Chinese Panamanian identity and community cannot be easily unraveled from the center and thereby also from the influence of the ROC state.

T u n C U T N E S E P e N e U e N I A N C U L T U R A T C n N t s n : I N s r r r u r r o N A L r z r N c T e r w e N - D r e s p o R A T r E S

"El Centro Cultural Chino-Panamefio, por favor," I told the taxi driver

as I slammed the door shut behind me. The driver looked at me in his

rear view mirror and nodded, affirming that he knew where it was, and

we were off. Two stone lions, one on each side of the door, guard the front en-

trance. From the outside, the building looks quite new and well main-

tained. On entering the air-conditioned building, I encountered the bust

of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen that sits in the middle of the foyer, as if greeting visi-

" G o o o -

tors as thr ception at ment, I w was still il of being I the road, the librar floors. As yard, on I walked fr, names nel donors. F full-body r wan in 19 gymnasiur

At the end performan

the secreta She told n would pro munity. Ar dents coul more) the accented lr print of thr a pagoda,,

After th migrant v Dressed in parted on l walked int, I do for y< asked for n r 9 8 o , b u t 1 matter-of-f the Chinesr dents, and

"How u "The cor

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Jo sarueu erem ,(eqt reqr paurcldxa .{relorlas aql 'tueql ol lxau solueu

per{ sruoor eqt Jo ouros leqt Pernou 1 'Sutppnq or Surppnq ruory Pa{lE^\

e^r sV 's8urppnq uooJssulf, ororu eJE qJIq^\ Jo epIS Jal{lo oqt uo 'pre,(

-looqf,s el{l olul rq8u palpzlL o,l'Surppnq uleru oql Pellxe e^\ sV 'sroolJ

prlgl pue puo)as eqt uo stuoorssels pue roolt lsrl; el{l uo drerqrl aql

pup sef,rJJo Jlrlerlsrultupe aqr sesnoq 'ur ueaq rsnl peq I euo eqr (peo.r aqt

ot lsasolf, Surppnq eq1 'rralqo Surdp raqro eluos ro 11eq e dq rtq Sutaq ;o

JeaJ lnoqll/t punoJB >lle^{ of aurr} }re;rad al{l sE1r,\ 1r os 'uorsses uI III}S se^\

ssey3 'sndruef, aJrlua aqt Jo rnor e la8 o1 dretanos B rllrl\ lues sel\.I 'luaur

-lulodde ,(ur ro; dlree rrq B sP^A. I sy ';lasdru Pef,nPoJtul Puv eare uoltrdec

-er aql otul pallelv\ I 'urlq Jerte Perueu sI leqt IootlJS otlt Jalue daql se srol

-tSr,r 8ur1ae.r€

lsnq 3r{l Par; -ur€ru

IIa1I4. F -ua luo.rJ ar{:]

pue 'sezt lr a slq ur alu le JAATJP rx€l el

:u:

to af,uanlJur i aq louuec &r -lEuorlnlrlsur -Jelw eql'1r osF lnoqlrff\ 'Jeluaf, er{}

ln -serp aur8eurr aq se 5a1ua3 1 -sB

IIE ur P3^l dtruntutuof, pi .&\ou uJaJuoJ -1eqc rseSSrq I dllunruuroo a sr olreqoa .1r

luetrseP 0seurqS dl4rglsuodsar i yo uoller8elur a -as Suraq ruog i seg drolsrq ;o ; t.uopl"'lrF 'aurq slq patet -EI iW 'u€tr

I sI teuleued ol sr r luelrodrur Lra,r -regp dpo eqr

roJ qJnu os e eg ppoar deql

,(wvs a'rcNI Lgt..wvS fl'rcNg'a,ra-oooC,,

(l*

r 8 8 " G o o o - e v n , U N c r n S a l . "

about Chinese culture, Chinese 'roots,"' he replied. "The [Taiwanese]

embassy and government wanted to help them achieve this goal. And the

Center was founded as a result of their collaboration."

He went on to explain that the center had been built with donations

from the communify and the Taiwanese embassy and government, which

initiated the project with $z million. Most of the teachers are locals, al-

though several are recruited from Taiwan to teach Mandarin and Chinese

dance. I asked him how the center worked in conjunction with the com-

munity and the embassy, and he elaborated: "The center provides all

sorts of services that the community needs, especially cultural services,

such as promoting the image of Chinese in Panama and bettering the so-

cial position of Chinese through education and dispersal of information.

The founding members of the center, the donors, and representatives

from the Chinese Association and the [ROC] embassy elect the center's

board of directors every two years. The center communicates with the

community through all the Chinese organizations."

As I had discovered during my field research, the founding of the cen-

ter represented the conscious effort of diasporic Chinese to develop a cul-

tural-political apparatus for the community. It clearly illustrates the po-

litical agency of diasporic Chinese. More important, it illustrates the

particularly transnational manner in which this political agency was ex-

ercised. Since its inception, the center has always been conceptualized and

\f developed as a sustained collaboration between the ROC government

irand diasporic Chinese. This homeland state-diaspora relationship is

forged out of mutual support and understanding of each other's specific

predicaments. At the very least, the popular perception of their assumed

relations has bound them closer together. Although Panamanian-born

Chinese have achieved a certain level of acceptance in Panama, dominant

constructions of national belonging continue to associate ethnic groups

with their "place of origin," thus preventing them from attaining full cit-

izenship in Panama. The newspaper articles discussed in this chapter are

examples of this marginalizing process at work. No matter how many

generations they have been in Panama, diasporic Chinese are nonetheless

associated with the Chinese homeland. It is not surprising, then, that di-

asporic Chinese continue to stress the need for a positive and strong rep-

resentation of the Chinese state in Panama and that they have worked

closely with the ROC government toward that end. Aside from this ex-

plicit political agenda, diasporic Chinese also have looked to the ROC

government for cultural resources and knowledge of Chineseness' For ex-

" G o o o - e '

ample, Chit and the em wan-based i has played r and culture support of < relationship icance of d nurtures th homeland-d

their mutua and nationa

diasporic Cl As a join

the center is ductively sr acloss geog

communiry maintain a s ment. By sp community Sun Yat-Sen

of being Ch tion with bo national an continued r(

Part of th tation conce as the centet and celebrat their identifi social engag not merely i linked to esl the social oq Chineseness, would agree know, than t

(('r\,\ou>l l.uop no.{ Surrp aqr traou eql dJl o} ueql 'A\ou>l

nod Surql eqr 'p1o aqr dael 01 Jelleg sI tL, :ueqelsfl qlr.4 aor8e pporu'

oseuq) rtrodserp ,tueru legl 'uaql 'Sursrrdrns lou sI trI 'sseuoseull:)

1o sacurerd pue s8urueeru oql Pu€ erodsetp eq] Jo uoneztue8ro Flcos eql

Jo suret ur qroq 'esaurq3 crrodsrrp Sureg;o sde.u paqstlq€lse ol Pa{uI

]\ dlasolc st tegl auo ]ng 'acuere;yp lecrSoloepr ;o uorlsanb e ,,(leraru tou

sr uorl€tuaso.rder atBls aseuq) ul e8ueqc eql'e)ueH 'slueure8e8ue I€If,os

pue secrlrerd IEJntlnJ aseql ol PaIl sI ssauesJulrlJ r{}Ira uoI}EJItuuaPI Jleql

Jo r{rnru os pup 'dssequra IOU eqi dq perosuods-of, eJe suolt€rqaleo pu€

tsallrlrlle tsruerSord s,.(ltunululoc eql 1o dueur os tpeapul 'Jeluef, etll sE

qrns slca(ord erodserp-3oU e^nEJoqEIIol to eJnlnJ aql suJof,uof, uoltrEl

-uaserder alcls esaulqJ qrrm ueddeq IIIm lBr{.u;o uonsanb eqr Jo rred 'suolleleJ ponulluoJ

Jlaql JoJ slseq oql surJoI reql uoIl€f,IJIluaPI lEJnllnclq Pue lpuollEu -rq e Sururelsns uo stsuqdure slr{t sI lI 'erueued

PUE ue^\IEI l{loq qll.^a uoll

-f,auuo) IEnp E pue-dlsnoeuellnuls ueluetueued pue eseulq) Suleg;o -sseusnorf,suof, Ienp B Io uolleruJot eqr qloq e.rtdsut IooqJS ues-18 uns

slr pue JelueJ eql 'ue,Ltre1 ol surerSord qrnod pue tsalllrtllcB ,{}runruruoc tsocueruro;rad

lurntpo 6sasselc sue

Pu€ e8en8uel Sur.rosuods dg 'lueur

-urero8 f,OU oql qlL\\ uoneITIJJe ue Puv sseueseull{D to esuas € uleluleru

Ilrl'a or{^{ uarPlrq) Jo suoll€JJue8 ezrlelf,os sdlaq looqcs aql ,,{ltunruruoc aql to TJEaII oqt,, sluaseJdal .relueo eql elII{lN 'areds pcrqde.rSoaS ssorre

pue erurl q8norqr dtqsuotleler leuolleusu€Jl JIoI{1 sul€}sns dlea'urnp -ord leqt snlBreddr pcol tueuodlul lsour e13uls aql sduqred sI Jeluef, eql 'lueururolo8

)OU eql puu eseulq) ltrodsetp qroq Jo lra(ord lutol e sy

( 'ssausnolf,suoJ aseulqS ctrodsetp

I e ecnpo.ldar pue eteert ot lrolJe Pereqs eql Pue 'Sur8uolaq I€uoIlEu PUE

I drtrt.tgre Jo uoltrEltuoc agl 'iloddns prrrrTod-lernrFl to Peau ltnlnur rleql

I dq raqraSol pappe^\ 'acuaq 'e.re sarl.red o^\r er{I 'sarl erodserP-Puelaupq

Jo uorlJnporder aql pue suoueler poo8 Jo uoll€nulluol eql sarnlJnu

.(1e,ture luauru.rerto8 f,OU eqr 'acuul8e11e eseuq) clrodserp Jo aJu€JI

r -JIuBls eqt SurpuetsJePun 'olels-uolleu u€Iuerueued elp gflarr dtqsuottelar

fJ rrt .r"tp.* ,(llrorrpul pue ,(pcarrp qloq oq^\'osaurq3 crrodserp;o rroddns

egt satenaldde 'pueq reqro eql uo 'luoulurs,to8 399 eql 'Jlnllnf,

PUP {rolslq (uoItIp€J} aseuII{D

to suollou Surdeqs uI eloJ eAIlJe uE pa,(e1d seq

luaurure,roS Dou aql 'JeuuElu slql q 'sdoorl erado pue atuEP PasEq-uE,{^'

-lel iq seJupruroJJad pue sltsl.t tep8ar sezruB8ro osp ,(ssequre aql Pu€ 'ueurrre; ruory pollruf,er eJE srel{o€al aJueP pue aSenSuel esaulq3 'eldrue

.. wvs a'r)Nll'fi ,{€I-AOOC,, 68r

*xe JoJ .SSen

DOU aq] o: -xe srql uroj

Pe>lro.{,\. e^e -de.r Suorrs

1 -rp luql 'uaq

ssoleqleuou dueru moq: are raldugr r -rtr 1p;8uru sdnor8 cruq: lueurtuop'er uJog-uBrueu

Peurnss€ JrSt cryneds s,.raq sr dlqsuouel lueurure,LoS

PUE pezrlsru( -xe sB,u doua Oql seleJlsnl -od eqt saler -pc e dolerrel -uac oqt yo 3r

egl qtl&\ s31E ssJaluof, arp I sa,trleluesard 'uorleuJoJrn

-os aql Surret 'saor,tras yern

1u saprlord, -luol aql qlrd esouq) puB I -1e 's1eco1 ere rlolqnr (lueuru

suorleuop rllr

eqr puy'po8

[asauezvrrel] :

((rrvs irrsNI

190 " G o o D - B Y E . U N c t n S e v r "

C u r r u n a r , , N o r P o r r r r c e r , I o E N T I F I C A T I o N

Among another group of Panamanian-born Chinese, the China-Taiwan

question seemed irrelevant. It was \Tednesday night, and a group of seven

professionals in their thirties were getting together for dinner at Lung

Fung Restaurant. A good friend of mine had organized this gathering to

provide me with an opportunity to get to know this generation a little

better. I knew most of them already, so we began our conversation with

a quick survey of family histories. \?'ith the exception of one Euro-Amer-

ican male who was married to a Panamanian Chinese woman, all of them

were second- and third-generation Panamanian-born Chinese. There

were three married couples and one single male. All spoke English and

Spanish fluently and only one of them spoke Cantonese.

The six Panamanian Chinese grew up together. They went to the same

.^ schools, and many of their parents were friends. They noted that most of

{l their friends now were Panamanian Chinese. They attended activities

sponsored by Agrupaci6n, or Agrupa, an association that organizes social

activities primarily for Panamanian-born Chinese, including community

plays, Mother's Day celebrations, semi-formal dances, and debutante

balls. They said that attending these activities helped them maintain their

circle of friends and also provided opportunities for their children to in-

- termingle. When asked about their sense of identitg they all agreed that

) they felt "very Chinese . . . actually very Panamanian Chinese." Juliana ( elaborated, o'More than in any other place, I feel most Chinese in '

Panama. Most of my friends in Panama are Chinese. It was not that way

in the [United] States. There, my friends were more heterogeneous. Here,

I tend to be around Chinese people more. I feel'more Chinese, and yet

ll when I travel to China and Hong Kong,I don't feel like I belong there. I [l feel like an overseas Chinese, a Panamanian Chinese. . . . I really don't

practice Chinese traditions, except for eating Chinese food, giving and re-

ceiving lai see (red. envelopes of money), and worshipping ancestors with

my parents. Keeping 'Chinese values' is what makes me feel Chinese."

The group nodded in agreement.

"\7hat kind ofvalues?" I asked.

"Values like family closeness, respect for elders, working hard, hon-

esty, things like that . . ."

All of them nodded again in agreement, repeating, "Yes, it's these val-

ues that make us feel Chinese."

Yet what seemed more significant in shaping their sense of Chinese-

" G o o n

ness wel continua out, "I f are Chir without receivintr shared cr Chinese. everydal

I shift China-T and they somethir mocrati( in, "But is not as the Chiri ridiculou wan wat jected, "J A few of Carolina matter ur at his cot

I was have any one with suggeste( group, w and Taivr ROC, an other ide Cold Wa democral of peoplt fected by China-? China or histories r

pesserdxe luarua^lo^ur*uou pue ef,u€lsrp oql 'seurr{J o1\u aql Jo selJo}slq

eqr lnoqB urBlJof,un pue eJelABun J€edd€ uJarll Jo lsolu suelalel Jo BuIq)

Jer{lre o} uonseuuoJ IntSurupelu due lnoq}llN 'erPqaP ueA\IeI-EUII{J

aqt ur pelsa^ur ssel puE arun eql Jo slue^e IEJIrIIodoaS eql dq PelJeJ

.., t -JE ssel pauees iloqoJ slrll leldPr{f, slql uI JeIIrEe peuollusru oldoed to

^,,0,{"':' , sdnor$ orrrl snorrra.rd eqr eIrTuO 'rusrunururof, pue ursrplldetlf,cenouap '

-'n'; (,ttt^rtq uott'autlep lf,Irls Jtll dq parlrlduexa sE'orroleql rElN plof,

Y i. paserq-.S.n qlr^\ pal'uosoJ sluaurat'ls e.''os 'se3Jnos lecrSoloepr raqlo

dq peruro;ul ,(ltuaprle s31v\ Jeqlo aql Jo ouo JoJ iloddns Jlaqr Pu" (COU

aglJoJUdeqlJar{rlao}sluoluqf,€D€1$,eJpeqdeql'sJIlIIoduE^'\IEIpu? EurqJ qrr^\ eJuolJedxe lBuosJad 'due yr 'eprl1 peq sJeqluslu asoq^\ 'dnor8

srgl Suorue uele 'onssr sql uo snsuosuof, aIDIT s€A{ eJal{l reqr PelseSSns

uorssnf,srp sII{l Jo Surpue ldnrqu oq1 'sturodmar^ tuaJeJJrP Jleql {.{1I1V\ auo

-,(ue puego ol tu€1lA lou PIP deqr reqraqm ro PPE ol rotpJnJ Surqilue a'req

tou plp deqr asnecaq eJaLI pePue uollesJeluoJ aqr fl ul€ileJun sE^\ I

)l palarleJ peruaes tragl 'tueuraar8e ur SutppoN 'lueturuof, slr{ lE

" pa[urs pur pag]nl{c daql ('lensn se sseulsnq sr lt 'suaddeq r€q^\ Jolleur

oN 'eJ€f, l.uoP o^a ' ' ' sI euII tuonoq aq1,, 'peilesse 'pueqsnq s(€uIIoJE) 'srn1 pue 'uleEe aJuo

PunoJE 8uqoo1 's1eas rraql ul PerJIqs tuegr Jo -naal V

,,'Eull3 IEoJ eql sI 1I '€utqC 1uu€tro aql sI uB.AaIEI {1en}ee trn9,, 'palra(

.relur 'puegsnq s(€u€Ilnf 'oy1opo5 .,'8utql erues eql oP ol slue'4i\ uE^\

-rcI .epales ol sluBA\ lr puB (EureuEd Jo af,ur^otd e s,l1 ireql sI snoln3IPIJ

t/ ̂\oH .EruEued tuou apeJes 01 sluE,r\ rnbrrrq3 'anssl eulEuP4-mbr"rlq3 aqr

oIII sI €tutuayP EuIqC-uEraIEI aI{} 'eru o1 'sI }I {uql no,( sB PPq sE lou sI

lI 'lq E errnb padola^Jp seq rI '3Joleg ueqr uado eJolu sI eulq3 lng,, 'ut

pedurnt eurloJeD ...lsrunruruol sr eurqJ ',fulunoc lslelrdec pu€ slleJf,olu

-ep e sI tI asneJoq uEllAIeI iloddns pFoqs elN,, (ue8eq eueqnf 'Sutqlauros

des ol ouootuos ro; 8uDrc.Lr y se {1snotrnf, Jeq}o auo lB Pa>lool '{eqr pue 'esned e sEA aJeql 'erlaauvd ul 8ulp1olun sI IEI{I ereqep uE1!^'IEI-BuIq)

aqt ;o uorurdo rleql lnoqe Pe>lse PuE uolssnf,srp 1o crdol Jt{l PeUIqs I 'ssouesaulqJ

Jo asuJs rleql ef,nPoJdar leql selq /epdra,te

Jreql ur urro;.red .{oql suorllpeJl Sumrl dral aql eJe aseql leeJ u1 'eseulqS

-uou ruory rueqt qsrnSuusrp r€qt e8pe1rr.rou4 Pu€ seJrlf,eJd lerntpl PeJeqs

Jo las E Lllrl\^ ureql epvrord IIB drqs.rozrr, rolsecu€ pue 'aas ru1 Sutttacet

pue 3unr3 .poo; eseurq3 Sunee Io sltrE alduls eql (1r SuIZIuSooar

lnogltzn

puv (('eJoru aldoed aseulqJ Punore aq ol Pual I aJoH ' ' ' 'aseultl3 eJe

erueued uI sPual{ dru 1o tsolag ' ' ' 'erueutd uI aseulq3 lsoru Ieet L,

'Jno

pelurod pErl ]lesJor{ euerlnf sy 'sacr}cetd eseurqJ snoIJeA Jo uollBnulluof,

Jlsql Pu? eseuq) uEIu€uIEuEd Jeqlo qll\{ suol]JeJelul JIeqtr aJe^\ ssau

r6rs(wvS a'IONg'ala-crooC,,

-eseurq) to

-F^ aseqr s(l

-uoq 'preq I

..'osauqS Ie r{lr^{ sJo}s3f,r -ar pue 8uu,l

l,uop dlpar

1 'eregl 3uo1

1ed pue (eser

taleg'snoau

den leql tou ur esaurq] euerlnf ..'asl leqr paor8e 1 -uI ol uaJPIn Jreql urelurPl aluelnqep Pl dllunruuror I

IEIf,os sezruBi senr^rlf,e Pel Jo lsotu lBqr Olues eql ol I

pue qsrlSug OJerll'osatn

ureql;o 1e 'u

-J3tuv-orng l ulIA{ uorlesr; elilrT 3 uoBe. o1 Surreqle8 3un1 te raur uales yo dno: ue1'al€I-3ulq

(rrvs aTsN

192 " G o o D - B Y E , U N c r , e S e l t "

* -r/ |\r' r ' {

by this cohort suggest not only their sense of disconnection from Chinese

i, homeland politics but also their deep rootedness in defining home and

,urrtelonging in Panama.

Conclusion

By the end of t997,Panama had struck a perfect compromise: it would

[{maintain official relations with Taiwan while allowing the PRC to estab-

{ V ",r} l1

lirh "

commercial office in Panama. Though this decision setdes the issue

-^"f _,n, temporarily the struggle is far from being over, for as long as the China-

'u ^.\\, Taiwan conflict continues, so will the struggle for official relations with

Panama. I end this chapter with a truncated scenario, for its outcome is yet to

be determined. In early January 1997,I was at the airport, saying good-

bye to some friends who had visited for the holidays. There, I noticed a group of Chinese families standing around. From afar I recognized a few people, so I walked over to say hello.

Pedro (whose migration story is discussed in chapter 3 ) noticed me as

I approached the group. \flith his usual soft-spoken voice, he greeted me, o'What a surPrise to see You here."

"Yes. I was just dropping off a friend. Are you taking a trip?" "No. . . me . . . no. I am dropping off my sonwho is goingto spend a

few months in Taiwan." He pointed to a youth of apparently about fif-

teen, dressed in a white polo shirt and shorts, who was surrounded by

about ten similarly dressed youngsters.

"\7ow. How exciting. What is he going to do in Taiwan?'2 From pre-

vious interviews, I knew that Pedro did not haYe family in Taiwan, so I

eliminated a family visit as a possibility.

ll "Oh, well, he won a scholarship in Panama through El Centro, and 'i the Taiwanese government is sponsoring this program for him and the

others to learn Chinese. It's sort of a cultural exchange program. He'lI be

there for about two months." "That's wonderful. Congratulations! I'm sure he'll enjoy it very

much." "Yes, thank you. I am very proud of him." Noticing that the leader of the group was motioning them toward the

gate, I quickly said good-bye so as to give them more time to bid each other farewell.

This conversation marked the first time I had heard about this pro-

" G o o D - B '

gram for di governmenl abroad in'l was someth of the youd

sponsored I dered what discovering' Taiwanese g Chinese thn such as thesr of these effc As fourth-, I will they cot and belongir

iSur8uolaq pur

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Jo suolt€raua8 3u€raure eqr rot slroJJa osaql to slcaJJO rural-8uol aql tnoge ureel o] snolJno eq PFo.t\ 1 pue 'esegl sE rltns

surerSord pue JOlueJ IEJnrlnJ uulu€ureued eseuII{J agr g8norqr eseuII{J

crrodserp qlrll sall asolJ alnlJnu ol onulluof, III.{\ lueuuJJlo8 eseuemlel

aql rpqi ]redsns I 'sasuel esouealel q8nolqr ssouoseulqJ ,.Sur.leaocslp

-et,, are oqzrr qtnod Jo uollEJaueS ll|eu slql Jo sruoloq PFol!\ leq.ry\ PeJeP

1-uoz\\ 1 'stql uo

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