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Running head: 9/11 ATTACK
9/11 ATTACK ` 2
9/11 Terrorist Attack
Shaimika Jones
Waldorf University
HLS 4302
Jamie Gauthier
August 20. 2019
The September 11 was associated with four coordinated terrorist attack. The attack was conducted by the Islamic group Al-Qaeda in the United States. The attack caused 2996 deaths, over 6,000 injuries and approximately cost of $10 billion on infrastructure. Besides, people also succumbed to cancer and respiratory diseases. Furthermore, critical infrastructure plays an essential role in the security of a nation and protecting its citizens. It is essential that these infrastructural services should not be distracted in the willful acts of terrorism. Critical infrastructures include emergency services; these are the police, medical, fire, personnel and rescue systems that are called in to respond to emergencies. Other critical infrastructure include, transportation, information , gas and oil production communication, banking and finance, electric power storage and transportation, water supply systems and government services.
Disruptions that are caused by humans on this critical infrastructure shake the understanding of secure and sustainable living environments. The 9/11 terrorist attack was based on the idea of using hijacked aircraft as weapons. After the 9//11 terrorist attacks policy makers made swift changes and declare terrorism a threat to international security. The 9/11 terrorism attack had significant impacts on the environmental, political, economic, and sociological impacts in United States. America was not prepared for the 9/11 attacks since they were taken by surprise.
Yilmaz S. Defining Homeland Security and Its Underlying Concepts Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 22(1), 85-104
Yilmaz, in his articles affirms that the 9/11 attacks marked a milestone in the way the United States government approached terrorism. Shortly after the attack, the United States initiated homeland security that became a symbol of American society. Homeland security was defined after the 9/11 attack to prevent terrorism in United States and reduced the vulnerability of United States to attacks .Furthermore, it minimized the damages and recovery from attacks that constantly occurs in the U.S. The author also defines homeland security as measures taken collectively, activities that are performed in coordination to the whole society through a scientific based infrastructure to protect lives and properties of an individual. According to the author, for HS to reach its goals the federal, state, regional and local governments should cooperate.DHS was enacted to prevent terrorist attacks, strengthen homeland security enterprises and enhanced the nation’s preparedness resilience, response to homeland security threats.
The authors also provide major changes that occurred during the homeland security grant include interoperability. The 9/11 commission Act directed the homeland security department to address these interoperability challenges that occurred during the 9/11 attack. The author argues that the interoperability challenges were instituted due to the number of users that suffered because of weak radio strength. Furthermore, information sharing was another critical issue. The federal, state, local, tribal and territorial partners found it difficult to disseminate information regarding the terrorist attack. Since then, information sharing has greatly increased due to numerous existing channels used for sharing threat of information such as the National Terrorism Advisory systems and Homeland security information network where sensitive and unclassified information is accessed.DHS is also responsible for screening cargo that is transported on passenger aircraft through the implementation of Certified Cargo Screening Program. There is also the issue of surface transportation, grants and training through the implementation of Transit Security Grant Program. Furthermore, the U.s Department of Transportation estimated that nuclear terrorists attack in U.S seaport could create disruption in U.S trade that is valued at $ 200 billion. Congress enacted laws that required DHS to work with Federal and International partners to ensure that U.S containers were scanned before arriving at the United States.
The article plays a critical role in my research because I will get to understand some of the strategies that DHS initiated to counter future terrorist attacks after the 9/11 attack.
Rose, A. Z., Oladosu, G., Lee, B., & Asay, G. B. (2009). The economic impacts of the September 11 terrorist attacks: a computable general equilibrium analysis. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 15(2).
The authors provide the economic impacts of 9/11 World Trade Centre attack in the economies of various states in the United States. The infrastructural direct impacts include ordinary business destruction and relocation. The attack resulted to 95% of WTC firms and government agencies moving to other areas in New York and Metropolitan areas. Besides, business relocation had significant impacts on business, employment and relocation patterns. Relocations costs according to the authors were estimated at 5.9 billion dollars. The attack also led to destruction of air travel and dissociated tourism resulting to losses. An example is, Path Train Station to the New Jersey that was destroyed. It also created a fear factor in terms of air travel and decreased in spending in tourism. Further, the 9/11 attacks resulted to major economic shock in United States.
The article is important for my research because it explains on various infrastructural impacts that the 9/11 attack had on United States economy.
Yilmaz S. Defining Homeland Security and Its Underlying Concepts Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 22(1), 85-104
Rose, A. Z., Oladosu, G., Lee, B., & Asay, G. B. (2009). The economic impacts of the September 11 terrorist attacks: a computable general equilibrium analysis. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 15 (2).