counseling theories

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Not At All Like Me Neutral A Lot Like Me -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
A B C D E F G H I J K L -3
1. Individual problems are best viewed in the context of a family system. -1 -2
2. A major goal of therapy should be to assist the client in reaching a stage of unconditional self-acceptance by changing irrational beliefs. 3 -1
3. A warm relationship between the therapist and client is not a necessary or sufficient condition for effective personality change. -3 0
4. Behavior is a way to control perception. 3 1
5. Behavior is both consciously and unconsciously motivated by the environment and psychic energy. 2 2
6. Childhood events are the baseline for adult personality. 3 3
7. Childhood sexual attractions toward parents are responsible for later neurotic symptoms. 3
8. Clients are capable of imagining which behaviors are desirable and then working to make those images a behavioral reality. 2
9. Clients must take ultimate responsibility for the way their life is lived. 3
10. Coming to grips with the unconscious part of the personality is the only way to truly achieve individuation. 2
11. Dream interpretation, free association, hypnotic techniques, and fantasizing are good ways of gaining access to the client's unconscious. 0
12. Each person determines the essence of his or her existence. 3
13. Each person is unique and has the ability to reach full potential. 3
14. Everyone is unique. 3
15. Counseling should include advocating for clients. 3
16. Culture should be of utmost consideration in the counseling relationship. 3
17. Goals of therapy should include assisting the clients in learning the consciousness of their responsibility, bringing unconscious spiritual factors to the conscious, and recovering meaning to existence. 3
18. How a person thinks largely determines how that person feels and behaves. 3
19. Human problems stem not from external events or situations but from people's views or beliefs about them. -3
20. Humans are constantly strivnig to maintain equilibrium. 2
21. Humans are pulled by the future and are self-controlled. 0
22. Humans strive for actualization -- to maintain or promote growth. 3
23. Irrational beliefs are the principal cause of emotional disturbance. 1
24. It is important to fulfill one's needs, and to do so in a way that does not deprive others of the ability to fulfill their needs. 1
25. Maladaptive behaviors, like adaptive behaviors, are learned. They can also be unlearned. 3
26. Maladjusted behavior results in losing effective control over perceptions and over entire lives. 1
27. Gender is an important dynamic in the counseling relationship. 2
28. Movement toward psychological growth and self-actualizing is often sabotaged by self-defeating thoughts. 2
29. Mutual trust, acceptance, and sponteneity are important when building the counselor-client relationship. 3
30. People are sexual beings. 2
31. People control what they believe, not what actually exists. 3
32. People have both internal and external definitions of themselves. 3
33. People have the need to survive and reproduce -- basic biological needs. 3
34. Personality development is founded more on a progression of learned cognitions than on biological predispositions. 0
35. Personality is acquired through the use of negative and/or positive reinforcers. 3
36. Personality is constructed through the attribution of meaning. 3
37. Providing genuiness, unconditional positive regard, and empathic understanding is essential to promote growth in the client. 3
38. Recognizing cognitive processing in emotion and behavior is central in therapy. 2
39. Social urges take precedence over sexual urges in personality development. 1
40. Successful adaptation to life depends on the degree of social interest in goal striving. 3
41. The central focus of counseling should be the client's experiencing of feelings. 3
42. The conscious rather than the unconscious is the primary source of ideals and values. 0
43. Therapy would be optimal if all impacted family members came into the counseling office together. 2
44. Major therapeutic gains can occur in a short amount of time. 1
45. The integration of the total person in his or her own unique field is essential in therapy. 3
46. People's problems are best viewed as separate from themselves. 3
47. The past determines the present, even though human motivation should be focused on the future. -1
48. The process of individuation and self-realization should be the goal of living and therapy. 1
49. The purpose of therapy is to bring the unconscious to the conscious. 2
50. The role in the family is one of the biggest influences in determining the personality characteristics of the client. 3
51. The unconscious contains more than repressed material; it is a place of creativity, guidance, and meaning. 3
52. The ways people form, organize, and interpret their basic cognitive structures determine how they will perceive and behave. 2
53. Often individual problems occur due to the structure of one's immediate family. 0
54. Therapy should be based in the here-and-now, wher every moment of life matters. 2
55. Therapy should focus on living more honestly and being less caught up in trivialities. 2
56. There are no underlying causes for maladjustment. Maladjustive behavior can be directly defined and attacked. 3
57. Individual change occurs best by changing the family. -1
58. Much of how we define ourselves comes from our family. 2
59. There is no such thing as free will or voluntary behavior. -2
60. Viewing an event or situation out of context is one of the systematic errors in cognitive reasoning. 2
A B C D E F G H I J K L
Column Totals 10 7 7 15 16 10 9 0 11 9 2 13
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