Prejudice

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The supervision

of women: COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS, REHABILITATION, AND REENTRY

SECTION XI

Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader 2e 

© 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader 2e  © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Gender-Responsive Programming

  • Cases challenging practices in women’s prisons focused on disparity between male and female inmates
  • Barefield v. Leach (1974)
  • Glover v. Johnson (1979)
  • Cooper v. Martin (1980)
  • Canterino v. Wilson (1982)

Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader 2e 

© 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader 2e  © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Gender-Responsive Programming

  • Recognition of the need for gender-responsive programming
  • OJJDP
  • Six key principles provide guidance for the effective management of female offenders (See Table 11.3)
  • Gender
  • Environment
  • Relationships
  • Services and supervision
  • Socioeconomic status
  • Community

Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader 2e 

© 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader 2e  © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

The Supervision of Women in the Community

  • Probation allows offenders to remain in the community as long as they follow certain directives by the court
  • Community based services also struggle with being gender-responsive
  • Alternative to Incarceration programs
  • Focus on rehabilitation and restoration
  • Substance abuse treatment
  • Barriers to accessing services must be considered

Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader 2e 

© 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader 2e  © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

The Supervision of Women in the Community

  • Need for assessment tools that are appropriate for use among female offenders
  • LSI-R and its limitations

Can lead to over-classification

Context of risk is not available

Failure to capture needs

  • Moving On, an effective community-based program
  • Found to reduce recidivism rates
  • New instruments
  • Highlight needs and interrelated issues
  • Wraparound services

Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader 2e 

© 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader 2e  © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Women on Parole

  • Parole has different meanings
  • Parole is a correctional strategy applied following offender’s release from prison
  • In 2011, 853, 900 people who were supervised, 1% of the parole population were women
  • The role of parole officers has shifted
  • High caseloads: ability to provide individualized cases to offenders are limited
  • Majority of time is spent waiting to respond if an when an offender violate the conditions of their release

Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader 2e 

© 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader 2e  © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Reentry Issues

  • Transitioning offenders back into their communities
  • May face the same issues as before
  • Needs and obligations
  • Need coping skills to deal with the stress of reentry
  • Effect of the “ex-offender”/“ex-con” label
  • Ban the Box campaign
  • Minnesota

Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader 2e 

© 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader 2e  © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Reentry Issues

  • Ongoing issues such as drug addiction
  • Primary factor for women who reoffend
  • Need for community-based resources
  • Health care
  • Need therapeutic support, not just medication
  • Public assistance limited
  • Welfare Reform Act
  • Impact of ban on drug offenders

Disproportionately affects women of color and their children

  • 39 states have rescinded the ban

Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader 2e 

© 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader 2e  © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Reentry Issues

  • Federal welfare law prohibits assistance in cases of probation or parole violations
  • Women who are eligible face delays in receiving services
  • Women in one study see welfare benefits as progress toward successful recovery and independence
  • Women have difficulty accessing services
  • Limited availability, inability to pay, family considerations

Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader 2e 

© 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader 2e  © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Reentry Issues

  • Stability is important to success
  • Positive mentors can provide significant support
  • Initiatives providing valuable resources during the reentry process
  • Ready4Work (2003)
  • Prisoner Reentry Initiative (2005)
  • Second Chance Act (2007)

Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader 2e 

© 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader 2e  © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Recidivism and Female Offenders

  • What counts as recidivism?
  • It can be hard to measure
  • Protective factors serve to inhibit recidivism for women
  • The most punitive punishment may be the least effective in terms of rehab and reentry efforts
  • Building resiliency for women in prison
  • Relationships can serve as buffers against criminal behavior
  • Positive family relationships
  • Pro-social relationships
  • Supportive significant others
  • Motherhood

Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader 2e 

© 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader 2e  © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Reading 21

  • Introduction
  • Contesting Stigma with Identity Talk
  • Erving Goffman
  • Stigmatizing characteristics
  • Epilepsy
  • HIV
  • Homelessness
  • The Stigma of a Criminal Record
  • Struggle to meet basic needs
  • The Parolee Identity
  • Method

Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader 2e 

© 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader 2e  © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Reading 21

  • Becoming US: Recrafting Personal Identity by Resisting Stigma
  • Building a Post-Drug Using Self
  • Reclaiming Motherhood: Connecting to a culturally Coveted Social Identity
  • Conclusions

Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader 2e 

© 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader 2e  © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Reading 22

  • Prison population rates
  • Four times as large as it was 25 years ago
  • Welcome Home Ministries
  • Peer-drive, faith-based organization
  • Located in Oceanside, CA
  • Developing Outcome Objectives
  • Mental illness, breast exams, hepatitis, tuberculosis, HIV, hypertension, eye health, medications, dental hygiene

Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader 2e 

© 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader 2e  © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Reading 22

  • Implications for Community and Public Health Nurses
  • Conclusion

Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader 2e 

© 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Mallicoat, Women and Crime: A Text/Reader 2e  © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.